Winchester College

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Winchester College
Winchester College arms.png
Address
College Street

Winchester
,
Hampshire
,
SO23 9NA

England
Coordinates51°03′29″N 01°18′46″W / 51.05806°N 1.31278°W / 51.05806; -1.31278Coordinates: 51°03′29″N 01°18′46″W / 51.05806°N 1.31278°W / 51.05806; -1.31278
Information
TypePublic school
Independent boarding school
MottoManners makyth man
Religious affiliation(s)Church of England
Established1382; 640 years ago (1382)
FounderWilliam of Wykeham
Department for Education URN116532 Tables
WardenRichard Stagg
HeadmasterTimothy Hands
Staff~200
GenderMale
Age13 to 18
Enrolment~690
Houses11 (10 Commoner or Old Tutor Houses plus college)
(X) College
A. Chernocke House (Furley's)
B. Moberly's (Toye's)
C. Du Boulay's (Cook's)
D. Fearon's (Kenny's)
E. Morshead's (Freddie's)
F. Hawkins' (Chawker's)
G. Sergeant's (Phil's)
H. Bramston's (Trant's)
I. Turner's (Hopper's)
K. Kingsgate House (Beloe's)
Colour(s)Blue, brown & red    
PublicationThe Wykehamist, Quelle, The Spirit Lamp, The Trusty Servant
Former pupilsOld Wykehamists
School songDulce Domum
Websitewww.winchestercollege.org

Winchester College is a public school (a fee-charging independent school) in Winchester, Hampshire. It was founded by William of Wykeham in 1382 and has existed in its present location ever since. It is the oldest school of the nine considered by the Clarendon Commission and is regarded as among the most prestigious in the world.[1][2] The school is currently undergoing a transition to become co-educational and to accept day pupils, having previously been a boys' boarding school.

Official name[edit]

According to its 1382 charter and final statutes (1400), the school is called in Latin Collegium Sanctae Mariae prope Wintoniam, or Collegium Beatae Mariae Wintoniensis prope Winton, which translates as St Mary's College, near Winchester, or The College of the Blessed Mary of Winchester, near Winchester.[3][4]: 9, 45–47  It is sometimes referred to by pupils, former pupils and others as "Win: Coll:", and is more widely known as just "Winchester".

Wykehamists[edit]

Current pupils of Winchester College are known as Wykehamists, in memory of the school's founder, William of Wykeham; former pupils are known as Old Wykehamists,[5] or amongst themselves as Old Woks.[6]

History[edit]

Winchester College was founded in 1382 by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester and Chancellor to both Edward III and Richard II, and the first 70 poor scholars entered the school in 1394.[7] In the early 15th century the specific requirement was that scholars come from families where the income was less than five marks sterling (£3 6s 8d) per annum; in comparison, the contemporary reasonable living for a yeoman was £5 per annum.[8] It was founded in conjunction with New College, Oxford, for which it was designed to act as a feeder:[7] the buildings of both colleges were designed by master mason William Wynford. This double foundation was the model for Eton College and King's College, Cambridge, some 50 years later.[9]

At first only a small number of pupils other than scholars were admitted; by the 15th century the school had around 100 pupils in total, nominally the 70 scholars, 16 choirboys known as "quiristers", and the rest "commoners". Demand for places for commoners was high, and though at first restricted, numbers gradually rose.[10] From the 1860s, ten boarding houses, each for up to sixty pupils, were added, greatly increasing the school's capacity.[11] By 2020, the number of pupils had risen to 690.[12]

College[edit]

The seventy Scholars live in the original buildings, known as College; an individual scholar is known as a "Collegeman". College is not usually referred to as a house: hence the terms 'housemaster of College' and 'College house' are not used. The schoolmaster in charge of College is now known as the Master in College, although these duties formerly belonged to the Second Master. The same title, Master in College, is also used by the housemaster of the King's Scholars at Eton. The Collegemen wear black gowns, following the founding traditions of the school. Within the school, 'College', without 'the', means both the body of scholars and their buildings; 'Winchester College' and 'the college' refer to the school as a whole. The scholars, called 'Collegemen', enjoy certain privileges compared to the Commoners, such as having open fires and being allowed to walk across Meads, the field outside School.[13]

Boarding houses[edit]

Houses
Official Name Informal Name House Letter
Chernocke House Furley's A
Moberly's Toye's B
Du Boulay's Cook's C
Fearon's Kenny's D
Morshead's Freddie's E
Hawkins' Chawker's F
Sergeant's Phil's G
Bramston's Trant's H
Turner's Hopper's I
Kingsgate House Beloe's K

Every pupil at Winchester, apart from the Scholars, lives in a boarding house, chosen or allocated when applying to Winchester. It is here that he studies, eats and sleeps. Each house is presided over by a housemaster (who takes on the role in addition to teaching duties), assisted by house tutors. Houses compete against each other in school sports. Each house has an official name, usually based on the family name of the first housemaster, which is used mainly as a postal address. Each house also has an informal name, usually based on the name or nickname of an early housemaster. Each house also has a letter, in the order of their founding, to act as an abbreviation, especially on laundry tags. A member of a house is described by the informal name of the house with "-ite" suffixed, as "a Furleyite", "a Toyeite", "a Cookite" and so on. College does not have an informal name, although the abbreviation Coll is sometimes used; X denotes no letter and was originally used only on laundry tags.[14]

Admission[edit]

Winchester has its own entrance examination, and does not use Common Entrance like other major public schools. Those wishing to enter a Commoner House make their arrangements with the relevant housemaster some two years before sitting the exam, usually sitting a test set by the housemaster and an interview. Those applying to College do not take the normal entrance examination but instead sit a separate, harder, exam called "Election": successful candidates may obtain, according to their performance, a scholarship, an exhibition or a Headmaster's nomination to join a Commoner House.[15] Admission to College was historically coupled to remission of fees but this has ceased;[16] instead, means-tested bursaries of from 5% to 100% of the school fee are provided according to need.[17] From 2022, Winchester will admit girls into their 6th form (year 12) as day students, with girls boarding from 2024.[18]

Academic structure[edit]

In addition to normal lessons, all boys throughout the school are required to attend a class called Division (known as "Div") which focuses on parts of history, literature, and politics that do not lead to external examinations; its purpose is to ensure a broad education that does not focus solely on examinations.[19]

From year 9, pupils study for at least nine GCSE and IGCSEs. Every pupil studies English, mathematics, Latin, French or German, and at least two sciences at this level, as well as "Div". Pupils then study three A-levels, "Div", and an Extended Project Qualification.[20]

Results[edit]

At Pre-U, 49.3% of grades achieved were D1 or D2, and 86.4% of grades achieved were D1-M1 in 2018. 68.4% of GCSEs were graded A* or equivalent (9 or 8), in comparison to 62.5% in 2017; 92.1% were graded A*/A or equivalent (9,8 or 7), in comparison to 90.5% in 2017. There were 36 Oxbridge offers; 18 at Oxford and 18 at Cambridge.[21]

Buildings[edit]

Chapel[edit]

  • Chapel

    Chapel

  • East window

    East window

  • Chapel ceiling

    Chapel ceiling

  • North side (before restoration)

    North side (before restoration)

  • North side (after restoration)

    North side (after restoration)

Situated on the south side of Chamber Court, the chapel is part of the original college buildings; it retains its original wooden fan-vaulted ceiling, designed by Hugh Herland, carpenter to Richard II.[22] A striking feature of the chapel is its stained glass. The East window depicts the Tree of Jesse. Down the chapel's north and south sides is a collection of saints. Little of the original medieval glass, designed by Thomas Glazier, survives. A firm of glaziers in Shrewsbury, Betton and Evans, was tasked with cleaning the glass in the 1820s. At that time there was no known process for cleaning the badly deteriorated glass and so it was copied, while most of the original glass was scattered or destroyed. Some pieces have been recovered. The art historian and Old Wykehamist, Kenneth Clark, bought back the Tree of Jesse section of the east window, now housed in Thurburn's Chantry. Further figures bequeathed by Otto von Kienbusch and two more donated by Coleorton Church, Leicestershire[citation needed] have been returned; they form the east window of Fromond's Chantry.[22] The Chapel Choir sings regular services in the chapel, as well as other venues. This consists of sixteen Quiristers (who attend The Pilgrims' School) and a similar number of senior boys and a few dons (masters).[22]

War Cloister[edit]

Winchester College War Cloister
Main article: Winchester College War Cloister

Situated to the west of Meads, this cloister serves as a memorial to the Wykehamist dead of the two World Wars. It was designed by Herbert Baker and dedicated in 1924. It is a listed building.[23] A bronze bust of Old Boy Air Chief Marshal Lord Dowding sits on the west side of the cloister.[23]

The College's South Africa Gate on Kingsgate Street commemorates the Wykehamist dead of the 1899–1902 Boer War. It leads to the War Cloister.[24] Another older war memorial in the school is the entry chamber to Chapel, known as "Crimea" after the Crimean War of 1853–56, and bearing the names of Wykehamists who died at the siege of Sebastopol.[25]

Sport[edit]

Winchester College has its own game, Winchester College football (also known as "Win: Co: Fo:" or "Winkies"), played only at Winchester.[26] It is played in the spring term with a competition between the school's houses; it is largely managed by the boys.[27]

A distinctive Winchester version of Fives resembles Rugby Fives but with a buttress on the court. The buttress enables a skilful player to cause the ball to ricochet in an unexpected direction.[28]

The school has an active rowing club called the Winchester College Boat Club which is based on the River Itchen. The club is affiliated to British Rowing (boat code WIN)[29] and was twice winner of the Princess Elizabeth Challenge Cup in 1949 and 1954, at the Henley Royal Regatta.[30]

Rivalry - particularly sporting - between Winchester and Eton has existed for centuries.[31]

Combined Cadet Force[edit]

Pupils of the school in their second year are currently required to serve in the college's Combined Cadet Force.[32]

The organisation was founded in 1860 as "The Winchester College Rifle Volunteer Corps" by various boys in their top year as a result of the perceived threat of Napoleon III after the Orsini plot, and remained entirely autonomous until it was taken over by the Second Master in 1868. It was enrolled as a Cadet Corps in the 1st Hants Volunteer Battalion. In 1908, the Officer Training Corps was established, and by 1914, through the request of the War Office that Senior Cadets be given appropriate training for the war effort, almost every student became involved in the Corps, though it was never explicitly compulsory. In the Second World War, it was renamed as "The Junior Training Corps", though its function was still to prepare boys for Officer responsibilities. Montgomery remarked on inspecting the Corps in 1946 that there was "latent leadership in all ranks". In 1948, the "Junior Training Corps" became known as the "Combined Cadet Force" (CCF) which incorporated RAF and RN sections. In 1963, "Alternative Service Activities" were introduced for boys who did not want to join the CCF. Pupils were made eligible to opt out of the CCF at the end of their second year after starting at the beginning of the year: this is still the school's policy.[33] In 2010, Winchester's Combined Cadet Force received the Queen's Colours, a regimental decoration.[34]

Traditions[edit]

Notions: the School Language[edit]

Main article: Notions (Winchester College)

A notion is a specialised term peculiar to Winchester College. The word notion is also used to describe traditions unique to the school. An example of a notion is "toytime", meaning homework, from the notion "toys", a wooden cubicle that serves as a pupil's workspace in a communal room, known as "mugging hall" in Commoner Houses or a "chamber" in College.[35]

Domum: the School Song[edit]

Not to be confused with Dulce Domum.

The school song is entitled "Domum" and is sung at the end of the summer term, known as Cloister Time. The origin of the song is unknown; it was described as "an old tradition" in the 1773 History and Antiquities of Winchester.[36] The traditional tune was composed by John Reading.[37][38] A new tune, by Malcolm Archer, was officially adopted by the school in about 2007.[39]

According to legend, the text was written in the 17th century by a pupil who was confined for misconduct during the Whitsun holidays.[40] (In one account, he was tied to a pillar.) It is said that he carved the words on the bark of a tree, which was thereafter called "Domum Tree", and cast himself into Logie (the river running through the school grounds).[36][41] There is still a "Domum Cottage" in that area. The author of the text apparently wrongly treated domum as a neuter noun.[42]

A "Domum Dinner" is held at the end of the summer term for leavers. It was formerly restricted to those former scholars of Winchester who were also scholars of New College, and distinguished guests. Until the reforms of the 19th century, there were three successive Election Dinners held during Election Week, culminating in a Domum Ball. Originally these festivities occurred around Whitsun, as suggested by references in the song to early summer such as "See the year, the meadow, smiling" and "Now the swallow seeks her dwelling".[37]

The Trusty Servant: the School Mascot[edit]

The Trusty Servant: 19th-century print
Main article: The Trusty Servant

The Trusty Servant is an emblematic figure in a painting at Winchester College, that serves as the unofficial mascot of Winchester College, and the name of the school's alumni magazine.[43] A painting of The Trusty Servant and accompanying verses both devised by the poet John Hoskins in 1579 hangs outside the college kitchen. The current version was painted by William Cave the Younger in 1809. The painting depicts a mythical creature with the body of a man, the head of a pig, with its snout closed with a padlock, the ears of an ass, the feet of a stag, and tools in his left hand.[44] The verses are on the virtues that pupils of the college were supposed to have. The college arms are shown in the background of the painting.[45]

Manners makyth man: the School Motto[edit]

Since the foundation, Winchester College has had numerous words and phrases directly associated with it, including its motto, its graces, and a prayer. A grace is read before and after every lunch and formal meal in College Hall. Two separate graces are traditionally sung during Election, the scholarship process.

Manners makyth man
– Motto of Winchester College, New College, Oxford, and the founder of the two colleges, William of Wykeham

O, Eternal God, the Life and the Resurrection of all them that believe in Thee, always to be praised as well for the Dead as for those that be Alive, we give Thee most hearty Thanks for our Founder, William of Wykeham; and all other our Benefactors, by whose Benefits we are here brought up to Godliness and the studies of good Learning; beseeching Thee that we, well using all these Thy Blessings to the Praise and Honour of Thy Holy Name, may at length be brought to the Immortal Glory of the Resurrection, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
– "Thanksgiving for the Founder", a prayer used an numerous religious services at the school

Benedic nobis, Domine Deus, (Bless us, Lord God,)
Atque iis donis tuis, (And those Thy gifts,)
Quae de tua largitate (Of which through Thy bounty)
Sumus Sumpturi,'' (We are about to partake,)
Per Jesum Christum, Dominum nostrum. Amen. (Through Jesus Christ, our Lord. Amen.)
– Grace, read before meals (with an English translation in brackets)

Agimus tibi gratias, (We return thanks to Thee,)
Omnipotens Deus, (Almighty God,))
Pro his et universis donis tuis (For these and all Thy gifts,)
Quae de tua largitate (Which through They bounty)
Accepimus, (We have received)
Qui vivis et regnas, (Who livest and reigneth,)
Et es Deus, (And art God,)
In saecula saeculorum. Amen (World without end. Amen.)
– Grace, read after meals (with an English translation in brackets)

Benedic nobis, Domine Deus, (Bless us, Lord God,)
Atque iis donis tuis, (And those Thy gifts,)
Quae de tua largitate (Of which through Thy bounty)
Sumus Sumpturi,'' (We are about to partake,)
Per Jesum Christum, Dominum nostrum. (Through Jesus Christ, our Lord.)
– Grace, traditionally sung before meals during Election (with an English translation in brackets)

Benedictus sit Deus in donis suis. (Blessed be God in His gifts.)
Response: Et sanctus in omnibus operibus ejus. (And holy in all His works.)
Adjutorium nostrum est in nomine Domini. (Our help is in the name of the Lord.)
Response: Qui fecit coelum et terram (Who made heaven and earth.)
Sit nomen Domini benedictum (Blessed be the name of the Lord.
Response: Ex hoc nunc usque in saecula saeculorum (From this time henceforth and for evermore.)
Amen. (Amen.)
– Grace, traditionally sung after meals during Election (with an English translation in brackets)

Headmasters[edit]

William Waynflete (Headmaster 1430 to 1441)
Hubert Burge (Headmaster 1901 to 1911), from Vanity Fair

Former pupils[edit]

See List of Old Wykehamists

Controversy[edit]

Bash camps[edit]

The college knew in 1982 of allegations of sadomasochistic abuse of boys and young men attending summer camps run by the Iwerne Trust in the 1970s, "to ensure that future members of the establishment were committed Christians". These were known as “Bash camps” after the nickname of their founder, E. J. H. Nash. Neither the college nor the Trust reported these bare-buttocks beatings to the police.[47] The perpetrator, John Smyth QC, now deceased, was warned off and moved to Zimbabwe and then South Africa where abuse continued. Hampshire police are investigating and the college is cooperating.[48] An independent review in the abuse, commission by the college, was published in January 2022.[49]

Price-fixing[edit]

In 2005, Winchester College was one of fifty of the country's leading independent schools which were found guilty of running an unlawful price-fixing cartel by the Office of Fair Trading ("OFT").[50] All of the schools involved agreed to make penalty payments totalling three million pounds into a trust designed to benefit pupils who attended the schools during the period in which fee information was shared.[51] The OFT offered both Winchester College and Eton a fifty percent reduction in their penalties in return for their full cooperation with the investigation.[52] However, Jean Scott, the head of the Independent Schools Council, said that independent schools had always been exempt from anti-cartel rules applied to business, were following a long-established procedure in sharing the information with each other, and that they were unaware of the change to the law (on which they had not been consulted). She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT director-general, saying, "They are not a group of businessmen meeting behind closed doors to fix the price of their products to the disadvantage of the consumer. They are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed."[53]

Examination fraud[edit]

In 2017 Winchester College suspended a member of the staff for providing students with information about questions on an upcoming public exam.[54] The headmaster of Winchester confirmed that the school had treated the matter "very seriously" and that no boy was responsible for the "exam irregularity". The information was widely distributed resulting in their papers being disallowed.[55][56]

Southern Railway V (Schools) Class Locomotive No. 901[edit]

As with other prominent public schools, a locomotive of the Southern Railway V Class was named after Winchester College. The second of the class, No. 901 Winchester was constructed by Southern at the nearby Eastleigh Works; it entered service in 1930. It was selected by the railway's new chief mechanical engineer Oliver Bulleid for rebuilding with a Lemaître multiple-jet blastpipe and wide-diameter chimney from 1939 onwards. Upon passing into British Railways ownership in 1948, it was renumbered 30901. It was withdrawn from service in 1962.[57]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Best Schools https://www.best-schools.co.uk/schools/2616/winchester-college. Retrieved 26 February 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ^ "Winchester College - Senior school in Winchester". www.talkeducation.com. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  3. ^ Hebron, Malcolm (30 January 2019). "The statutes of Winchester College, 1400". In Foster, Richard (ed.). 50 Treasures from Winchester College. SCALA. p. 55. ISBN 9781785512209.
  4. ^ Foster, Richard, ed. (2019). 50 Treasures from Winchester College. SCALA. ISBN 9781785512209.
  5. ^ Spicer, Paul (2014). Sir George Dyson: His Life and Music. Boydell & Brewer. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-84383-903-3.
  6. ^ Adams, Michael (2012). Slang: The People's Poetry. Oxford University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-19-998653-8.
  7. ^ a b "Winchester College | Heritage". www.winchestercollege.org. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  8. ^ Harwood, Winifred A. (2004). "The Household of Winchester College in the later Middle Ages 1400-1560" (PDF). Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club Archaeological Society. 59: 163–179. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  9. ^ Clutton-Brock, A. (1900). Eton. George Bell and Sons. pp. 3–5.
  10. ^ Turner, David (2014). The Old Boys : the decline and rise of the public school. Yale University Press. pp. 2–9. ISBN 978-0-300-18992-6.
  11. ^ "Houses: Why is it so important to belong?". Winchester College. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  12. ^ "Winchester College". SchoolSearch.co.uk. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  13. ^ "Winchester College". The City of Winchester. 1990. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  14. ^ "Houses". Winchester College. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  15. ^ "Timeline for Entry". Winchester College. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  16. ^ Scholarships for College Archived 8 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Winchester College. Retrieved on 13 August 2013.
  17. ^ "Bursaries". Winchester College. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  18. ^ "Winchester College in the 21st Century". Winchester College. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  19. ^ "Div". Winchester College. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  20. ^ "Curriculum". Winchester College. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  21. ^ Hands, Tim (2018). "Headmasters Message". Wykeman Journal. 2018: 11.
  22. ^ a b c "Chapel". Winchester College. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  23. ^ a b "The War Cloister, Winchester College". Historic England. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  24. ^ "Wykehamists- Boer War". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  25. ^ "Winchester College Crimea". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  26. ^ "Arcane public school games explained: Anyone for Rugby Fives, The Field Game or Winkies?". The Independent. 29 August 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  27. ^ "Sport: Winchester College Football". Winchester College. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  28. ^ "Get Active: Why Winchester Fives is better than squash". Southern Daily Echo. 19 March 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  29. ^ "Club details". British Rowing.
  30. ^ "Results". Friends of Rowing History. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  31. ^ Sherwood, H. (16 February 2020). "Winchester College v Eton feud comes to Downing Street". UK Guardian. Retrieved 19 January 2022. [Eton and Winchester] have been rivals for centuries
  32. ^ Combined Cadet Force Archived 21 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Winchester College. Retrieved on 13 August 2013.
  33. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  34. ^ http://www.winchestercollege.org/winchester-college-combined-cadet-force-celebrates-150-years-of-unbroken-service[permanent dead link]
  35. ^ Lawson, W.H., Hope, J.R. and Cripps, A.H.S., Winchester College Notions, by Three Beetleites: Winchester 1901, pp. 81, 126–127
  36. ^ a b Adams, Henry Cadwallader (1878). Wykehamica: A History of Winchester College and Commoners, from the Foundation to the Present Day. J. Parker and Company. pp. 407–.
  37. ^ a b The British Minstrel, and Musical and Literary Miscellany: A Selection of Standard Music, Songs, Duets, Glees, Choruses, Etc. and Articles in Musical and General Literature. W. Hamilton. 1843. pp. 131–.
  38. ^ William of Wykeham and his Colleges. D. Nutt. 1852. p. i.
  39. ^ "Winchester College - The School Song: Domum". www.winchestercollege.org. Archived from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  40. ^ The Gentleman's Magazine, 1796, vol. 66, pp. 208–210.
  41. ^ Charles Dickens, All the Year Round 29 June 1872 p 160.
  42. ^ Robert Townsend Warner, Winchester (1900) p 168.
  43. ^ "Publications". Winchester College. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  44. ^ Skull, Joseph (30 January 2019). "Dr Collegio Wintoniensi, 1640s". In Foster, Richard (ed.). 50 Treasures from Winchester College. SCALA. p. 86. ISBN 9781785512209.
  45. ^ Burnett, Mark Thornton (2002). Constructing "monsters" in Shakespearean drama and early modern culture. Macmillan. p. 139.
  46. ^ "Winchester College - Meet the Headmaster". www.winchestercollege.org. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  47. ^ Laville, Sandra; Sherwood, Harriet (2 February 2017). "Public school defends role in alleged cover up of abuse at Christian camps". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  48. ^ Sherwood, Harriet (13 August 2019). "Welby in spotlight over sadistic abuse claims at Christian camps". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  49. ^ "Review Of Abuse In The 1970s And 1980s By John Smyth QC Of Pupils From Winchester College". www.winchestercollege.org. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  50. ^ [The Schools Competition Act Settlement Trust "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)]
  51. ^ "The Office of Fair Trading: OFT names further trustees as part of the independent schools settlement". oft.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 10 June 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  52. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) The Times Online
  53. ^ "Private schools send papers to fee-fixing inquiry". The Daily Telegraph. London. 3 January 2004. Archived from the original on 25 June 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  54. ^ Adams, Callum (28 August 2017). "Exam fraud scandal at Winchester College". The Times. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  55. ^ Adams, Richard (30 August 2017). "Eton pupils' marks disallowed over second exam paper leak". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  56. ^ Miranda Green (1 September 2017), The rigged crapshoot of top exam grades, The Financial Times, archived from the original on 10 October 2017
  57. ^ Russell, J. H. A Pictorial History of Southern Locomotives, Haynes Publishing, 1991, p. 306

Further reading[edit]

  • Adams H. C., Wykehamica: A History of Winchester College: Oxford, London and Winchester 1878
  • Cook, A. K., About Winchester College: London 1917
  • Custance, R., (ed.), Winchester College: Sixth Centenary Essays: Oxford, 1982 ISBN 0-19-920103-X
  • Dilke, Christopher, Dr Moberly's Mint-Mark: A Study of Winchester College: London 1965
  • Fearon, W. A., The Passing of Old Winchester: Winchester 1924, repr. 1936
  • Firth, J. D'E., Winchester College: Winchester 1961
  • Kirby, T. F., Annals of Winchester College: London 1892
  • Leach, Arthur F., A History of Winchester College: London 1899 (Review)
  • Mansfield, Robert, School Life at Winchester College: 1866
  • Rich, Recollections of the Two St. Mary Winton Colleges: 1883
  • Sabben-Clare, James, Winchester College: Paul Cave Publications, 1981, ISBN 0-86146-023-5
  • Stevens, Charles, Winchester Notions: The English Dialect of Winchester College: London, 1998
  • Tuckwell, The Ancient Ways: Winchester Fifty Years Ago: 1893
  • Townsend Warner, Robert (1900). Winchester (Reprint 2016 ed.). London: George Bell and Sons. ISBN 9781371142766.
  • Walcott, Mackenzie E. C., William of Wykeham and his Colleges: 1852
  • Charles Wordsworth, The College of St Mary Winton near Winchester: Oxford and London, 1848

External links[edit]

  1. ^ Ackermann, Rudolph; Combe, William (1816). "The History of the Colleges of Winchester, Eton, and Westminster: With the Charter-House, the Schools of St. Paul's, Merchant Taylors, Harrow, and Rugby, and the Free-school of Christ's Hospital". Google Books.
  2. ^ "OFT issues statement of objections against 50 independent schools". The Office of Fair Trading. 9 March 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
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