BabyCenter's editorial team is committed to providing the most helpful and trustworthy pregnancy and parenting information in the world. When creating and updating content, we rely on credible sources: respected health organizations, professional groups of doctors and other experts, and published studies in peer-reviewed journals. We believe you should always know the source of the information you're seeing. Learn more about our editorial and medical review policies.
Brodey BB, et al. 2016. Development of the perinatal depression inventory (PDI)-14 using item response theory: A comparison of the BDI-II, EPDS, PDI, and PHQ-9. Archives of Women's Mental Health 19: 307-316. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4799794/ [Accessed March 2020]
Castro E Couto T, et al. 2015. What is the best tool for screening antenatal depression? Journal of Affective Disorders 178: 12-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25770478 [Accessed March 2020]
CDC. 2011. Mental illness surveillance among adults in the United States. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealthsurveillance/ [Accessed March 2020]
Cox JL, et al. 1987. Detection of postnatal depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry 150(6): 782-786. http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/150/6/782 [Accessed March 2020]
Maurer DM, et al. 2018. Depression: Screening and diagnosis. American Family Physician 98(8): 508-515. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/1015/p508.html [Accessed March 2020]
Su KP, et al. 2007. Different cutoff points for different trimesters? The use of Edinburgh postnatal depression scale and Beck depression inventory to screen for depression in pregnant Taiwanese women. General Hospital Psychiatry 29(5): 436-41. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17888811 [Accessed December March 2020]
Wisner KL, et al. 2002. Postpartum depression. The New England Journal of Medicine 347(3): 194-199. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp011542 [Accessed March 2020]
Zhong Q, et al. 2014. Comparative performance of patient health questionnaire-9 and Edinburgh postnatal depression scale for screening antepartum depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 162: 1-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24766996 [Accessed March 2020]
