Jinn

Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Jinni (disambiguation), Jinn (disambiguation), Djinn (disambiguation) and Genie (disambiguation).

Jinn (ghoul) gathering for combat in a Persian poem, featuring their characteristic hoofs

Jinn (Arabic: جن, jinn) – also romanized as djinn or anglicized as genie (with the broader meaning of spirit or demon, depending on source) – are supernatural creatures in early pre-Islamic Arabian religious systems and later in Islamic mythology and theology. Like humans, they are created with fitra, neither born as believers nor as unbelievers; their attitude depends on whether or not they accept God's guidance. Since jinn are neither innately evil nor innately good, Islam acknowledged spirits from other religions, and was able to adapt spirits from other religions during its expansion. Jinn are not a strictly Islamic concept; they may represent several pagan beliefs integrated into Islam.

In an Islamic context, the term jinn is used for both a collective designation for any supernatural creature and also to refer to a specific type of supernatural creature. As referring to invisible creatures in general, jinn are often mentioned together with devils (shayāṭīn). Both devils and jinn feature in folklore and are held responsible for misfortune, possession, and diseases. The jinn in contrast are sometimes supportive and benevolent. They are mentioned frequently in magical works throughout the Islamic world, to be summoned and bound to a sorcerer, but also in zoological treatises as animals with a subtle body.

Etymology

Jinn is an Arabic collective noun deriving from the Semitic root JNN (Arabic: جَنّ / جُنّ, jann), whose primary meaning is 'to hide' or 'to adapt'. Some authors interpret the word to mean, literally, 'beings that are concealed from the senses'. Cognates include the Arabic majnūn (مَجْنُون, 'possessed' or, generally, 'insane'), jannah (جَنَّة, 'garden', 'eden' or 'heaven'), and janīn (جَنِين, 'embryo'). Jinn is properly treated as a plural (however in Classical Arabic, may also appear as jānn, جَانّ), with the singular being jinnī (جِنِّيّ).

The origin of the word jinn remains uncertain. Some scholars relate the Arabic term jinn to the Latin genius – a guardian spirit of people and places in Roman religion – as a result of syncretism during the reign of the Roman empire under Tiberius and Augustus; however, this derivation is also disputed. Another suggestion holds that jinn may be derived from Aramaic ginnaya (Classical Syriac: ܓܢܬܐ) with the meaning of 'tutelary deity' or 'guardian'. Others claim a Persian origin of the word, in the form of the Avestic Jaini, a wicked (female) spirit. Jaini were among various creatures in the possibly even pre-Zoroastrian mythology of peoples of Iran.

The anglicized form genie is a borrowing of the French génie, also from the Latin genius. It first appeared in 18th-century translations of the Thousand and One Nights from the French, where it had been used owing to its rough similarity in sound and sense and further applies to benevolent intermediary spirits, in contrast to the malevolent spirits called 'demon' and 'heavenly angels', in literature. In Assyrian art, creatures ontologically between humans and divinities are also called genie.

Pre Islamic era

The winged genie in the bucket and cone motif, depicting a demi-divine entity, probably a forerunner of the pre-Islamic tutelary deities, who became the jinn in Islam. Relief from the north wall of the Palace of king Sargon II at Dur Sharrukin, 713–716 BCE.

The exact origins of belief in jinn are not entirely clear. Some scholars of the Middle East hold that they originated as malevolent spirits residing in deserts and unclean places, who often took the forms of animals; others hold that they were originally pagan nature deities who gradually became marginalized as other deities took greater importance. In the regions north to the Hejaz, Palmyra and Baalbek, the terms jinni and ilah were often used synonymous.Still, jinn had been worshipped by many Arabs during the Pre-Islamic period, though, unlike gods, jinn were not regarded as immortal.

Although their mortality ranks them lower than gods, it seems that the veneration of jinn had played more importance in the everyday life of pre-Islamic Arabs than the gods themselves. According to common Arabian belief, soothsayers, pre-Islamic philosophers, and poets were inspired by the jinn. Their culture and society were analogous to that pre-Islamic Arabian culture, with tribal leaders, protected their allies and avenge murder for any member of their tribe or allies. Although the powers of jinn exceed those of humans, it is conceivable a man could kill a jinni in single combat. Jinn were thought to shift into different shapes, but were feared especially in their invisible form, since then they could attack without being seen. Jinn were also feared because they had been thought to be responsible for various diseases and mental illnesses. Julius Wellhausen observed that such spirits were thought to inhabit desolate, dingy, and dark places and that they were feared. One had to protect oneself from them, but they were not the objects of a true cult.

Some scholars argue that angels and devils were introduced by the Prophet Muhammad to Arabia and did not exist among the jinn. On the other hand, Amira el-Zein argues that angels were known to the pagan Arabs, but the term jinn was used for all kinds of supernatural entities among various religions and cults; thus, Zoroastrian, Christian, and Jewish angels and devils were conflated with 'jinn'. Al-Jahiz credits the pre-Islamic Arabs with believing that the society of jinn constitutes several tribes and groups and some natural events were attributed to them, such as storms. They also thought jinn could protect, marry, kidnap, possess, and kill people.

Islamic beliefs

In scripture

The 72nd chapter of the Qur'an entitled Al-Jinn (The Jinn), as well as the heading and introductory bismillah of the next chapter entitled al-Muzzammil (The Enshrouded One)

See also: Islamic mythology

Jinn are mentioned approximately 29 times in the Quran. In Islamic tradition, Muhammad was sent as a prophet to both human and jinn communities, and that prophets and messengers were sent to both communities. Traditionally, the 72nd surah, Al-Jinn, named after them, is held to tell about the revelation to jinn and several stories mention one of Muhammad's followers accompanied him, witnessing the revelation to the jinn.

When, according to Al-Baqara, God informs the angels to create Adam as a successor (khalifa) on earth, some exegetes, like Tabari, regard the jinn to be the predecessor. Angels who question if the new creation would "shed blood" would speak of their experience with the jinn race, dwelling on earth before humans.

In the story of Solomon they appear as nature spirits comparable to Talmudic shedim. Solomon was gifted by God to talk to animals and spirits. God granted him authority over the rebellious jinn and devils forcing them to build the First Temple. In other instances, the Quran tells about Pagan Arabs, calling jinn for help, instead of God. The Quran reduced the status of jinn from that of tutelary deities to that of minor spirits, usually paralleling humans.

In this regard, the jinn appear often paired with humans. To assert a strict monotheism and the Islamic concept of Tauhid, all affinities between the jinn and God were denied, thus jinn were placed parallel to humans, also subject to God's judgment and afterlife.

The jinn are also mentioned in collections of canonical hadiths. According to the reports of the hadiths, the jinn eat like humans, but instead of fresh food, they prefer rotten flesh and bones. One hadith divides them into three groups, with one type of jinn flying through the air; another that are snakes and dogs; and a third that moves from place to place like human. This account parallels the jinn to humans, similar to the Quran, as another hadith divides humans into three groups, with one kind which is like four-legged beast, who are said to remain ignorant of God's message; a second one which is under the protection of God; and a last one with the body of a human, but the soul of a devil (shaitan).

Exegesis

Belief in jinn is not included among the six articles of Islamic faith, as belief in angels is, however many Muslim scholars believe it essential to the Islamic faith. Many scholars regard their existence and ability to enter human bodies as part of the aqida (theological doctrines) in the tradition of Ashari. In Quranic interpretation, the term jinn can be used in two different ways:

1. as invisible entities, noted in surah Ar-Rahman in the Qur'an, who roamed the earth before Adam, created by God out of "fire and air" (Arabic: مَارِجٍ مِن نَّار, mārijin min nār). They are believed to resemble humans in that they eat and drink, have children and die, and are subject to judgment, being sent to either heaven or hell according to their deeds; however, they were also much faster and stronger than humans. Along with humans, they are held accountable for their deeds (thaqalān). These jinn are distinct from the angelic tribe noted in surah Al-Kahf called Al-jinn, named after Jannah ('The Gardens'), heavenly creatures created out of the fires of samūm (Arabic: سَمُوم, 'poisonous fire') – in contrast to the genus of jinn, created out of mixture of fire – who waged war against the genus of jinn and regarded as able to sin, unlike their light-created counterpart.
2. as the opposite of al-Ins (something in shape) referring to any object that cannot be detected by human sensory organs, including angels, devils, and the interior of human beings. Accordingly, every devil and every angel is also a jinn, but not every jinn is an angel or a devil. Al-Jahiz categorizes the jinn in his work Kitab al-Hayawan as follows: "If he is pure, clean, untouched by any defilement, being entirely good, he is an angel, if he is faithless, dishonest, hostile, wicked, he is devil, if he succeeds in supporting an edifice, lifting a heavy weight and listening at the doors of Heaven he is a marid and if he more than this, he is an ifrit."

According to Tabari, the angels were created on Wednesday, the jinn on Thursday, and humans on Friday, though not in succession, but rather, more than 1000 years later, respectively. The community of the jinn race were like those of humans, but then corruption and injustice among them increased and all warnings sent by God were ignored. Consequently, God sent his angels to battle the infidel jinn. Just a few survived, and were ousted to far islands or to the mountains. With the revelation of Islam, the jinn were given a new chance to access salvation. However, because of their prior creation, the jinn would attribute themselves to a superiority over humans and envy them for their place and rank on earth.

The different jinn known in Islamic folklore are disregarded among most mufassirs – authors of tafsir – Tabari being an exception (though he is not specific about them, probably due to lack of theological significance). Since Tabari is one of the earliest commentators, the several jinn have been known since the earliest stages of Islam. The ulama (scholars of Islamic law) discuss permissiblity of jinn marriage. Since the Quran talks about marriage with human women only, many regard it prohibited. Some argue, someone who marriages a jinn will lose fear in God.

Al-Maturidi considers the jinn to be weaker than humans, unable to hurt them. Humans commit shirk, when they seek refuge among them. The jinn are not the source of fear, but human's own attitude towards them is. Whenever they act upon fear of jinn or humiliate themselves towards them, their dependence increases.

Belief in jinn

The cave chamber Majlis al Jinn, believed to be a gathering place of the jinn in Omani lore

Classical era

Although the Quran reduced the status of jinn from that of tutelary deities to merely spirits, placed parallel to humans, subject to God's judgment and the process of life, death and afterlife, they were not consequently equated with devils.

Spread from Arabia

The Singer Ibrahim and the jinn. Ibrahim has been imprisoned by his master Muhammad al-Amin and visited by a jinn in guise of an old man. The jinn offers him food and drink and is so impressed by Ibrahim's voice that he convinces Muhammad to free him.

When Islam spread outside of Arabia, belief in the jinn was assimilated with local belief about spirits and deities from Iran, Africa, Turkey and India.

Early Persian translations of the Quran identified the jinn either with peris or divs depending on their moral behavior. However, such identifications of jinn with spirits of another culture are not universal. Some of the pre-Islamic spirits remained. Peris and divs are frequently attested as distinct from jinn among Persian Muslim lore (as well as Turkish Muslim lore), but since both div as well as jinn are associated with demonic and the ability to transform themselves, they overlap sometimes.

In Sindh, the concept of the jinni was introduced when Islam became acceptable. Since then, jinn have become a common part of local folklore, also including stories of both male jinn called jinn and female jinn called Jiniri. Folk stories of female jinn include stories such as the Jejhal Jiniri. While, due to the cultural influence, the concept of jinn may vary, all share some common features. The jinn are believed to live in societies resembling those of humans, practicing religion (including Islam, Christianity and Judaism), having emotions, needing to eat and drink, and can procreate and raise families. Additionally, they fear iron, generally appear in desolate or abandoned places, and are stronger and faster than humans. Since the jinn share the earth with humans, Muslims are often cautious not to accidentally hurt an innocent jinn by uttering "destur" (permission), before sprinkling hot water. Generally, jinn are thought to eat bones and prefer rotten flesh over fresh flesh.

Morocco, especially, has many possession traditions, including exorcism rituals, despite the fact that jinns' ability to possess humans is not mentioned in canonical Islamic scriptures directly. Jinn can not enter a person whenever the jinni wants; rather, the victim must be predisposed for possession in a state of dha'iyfah (Arabic: ضَعِيفَة, "weakness"). Feelings of insecurity, mental instability, unhappy love and depression (being "tired from the soul") are forms of dha'iyfah.

Javanese Muslims hold similar beliefs about the jinn as inhabiting lonely and haunted places, and might possess or scare people who trample their homes or accidentally kill a related jinni having assumed animal shape. In some cases, jinn might even take revenge by inflicting physical damage. Further it is acknowledged that jinn can be either belevolent or malevolent, the benevolent beings called jinn Islam, who are pious and faithful, and the latter called jinn kafir. The evil jinn follow the influence of devils (shayatin). The good jinn might even help a Muslim to do hard work and produce magical acts.

In Artas (Bethlehem) oral beliefs, the jinn form societies beneath the ground. Envying humans, they frequently ascend to the surface, causing sickness to children, snatching food, and taking revenge when humans mistreat them. Some jinn are nevertheless benevolent towards humans, teaching humans a moral lesson.

In Mughal or Urdu cultures, jinn often appear as obese characters and refer to their masters as "Aqa."

In later Albanian lore, jinn (Xhindi) live either on earth or under the surface, and may possess people who have insulted them, for example if their children are trodden upon or hot water is thrown on them.

The concept of jinn was also prevalent in Ottoman society, and much about their beliefs is yet to be known.

Among Turks, jinn (Turkish: Cin) are often mentioned alongside in, another demonic entity, sharing many characteristics with the jinn and only mentioned along with them. Alternative terms are cor and chort. Unlike iye, they are not regarded as tutelary spirits bound to a specific place. Turkish sources describe jinn as creatures who can cause illnesses, mental disorders, and sleep paralysis. Because it is their heartbeat that makes them invisible, they will leave a corpse behind when killed.

Debates

The black king of the djinns, Al-Malik al-Aswad, from the late 14th-century Book of Wonders

The composition and existence of jinn is the subject of various debates during the Middle Ages. According to Al-Shafi’i (founder of Shafi‘i schools), the invisibility of jinn is so certain that anyone who thinks they have seen one is ineligible to give legal testimony – unless they are a Prophet.

According to Ashari, the existence of jinn cannot be proven because arguments concerning the existence of jinn are beyond human comprehension. Adepts of Ashʿari theology explain that jinn are invisible to humans because humans lack the appropriate sensory organs to envision them. Jinn are "natural" in the classical philosophical sense of consisting of an element, undergoing change, and being bound in time and space. They resemble spirits or devils in the sense of evading sensory perception, but are not of immaterial nature as rūḥāniyya are. Thus they interact in a tactile manner with people and objects. In scientific treatises jinn are included and depicted as animals (hayawan) with a subtle body.

Sceptics argue, doubting the existence of jinn, that if jinn exist, their bodies must either be ethereal or made of solid material; if they are composed of the former, they would not be able to do hard work, like carrying heavy stones. If they are composed of the latter, they would be visible to any human with functional eyes. Therefore, sceptics refused to believe in a literal reading on jinn in Islamic sacred texts, preferring to view them as "unruly men" or metaphorical.

On the other hand, advocates of belief in jinn assert that God's creation can exceed the human mind; thus, jinn are beyond human understanding. Since they are mentioned in Islamic texts, scholars such as Ibn Taimiyya and Ibn Hazm prohibit the denial of jinn. They also refer to spirits and devils among the Christians, Zoroastrians, and Jews to "prove" their existence.

Ibn Taymiyya believed the jinn to be generally "ignorant, untruthful, oppressive, and treacherous". He held that the jinn account for much of the "magic" that is perceived by humans, cooperating with magicians to lift items in the air, delivering hidden truths to fortune tellers, and mimicking the voices of deceased humans during seances.

Other critics, such as Jahiz and Mas'udi, related sightings of jinn to psychological causes. According to Mas'udi, the jinn as described by traditional scholars are not a priori false, but improbable. Jahiz states in his Kitāb al-Hayawān that loneliness induces humans to mind-games and wishful thinking, causing waswās (Arabic: وَسْوَاس, 'devilish whisperings in the mind', traditionally thought to be caused by Satan). A human who is afraid may see things that are not real. These alleged appearances are told to other generations in bedtime stories and poems, and when children of the next generation, having grown up with such stories, are afraid or lonely, they remember these stories, encouraging their imaginations and causing another alleged sighting of jinn. However, Jahiz is less critical about jinn and devils than Mas'udi, holding that human fantasy at least encourages people to imagine such creatures.

The Qanoon-e-Islam, written 1832 by Sharif Ja'far, writing about jinn-belief in India, states that their bodies are constituted of 90% spirit and 10% flesh. They resemble humans in many regards, their subtle matter being the only main difference. But it is this very nature that enables them to change their shape, move quickly, fly, and, entering human bodies, cause epilepsy and illness, hence the temptation for humans to make them allies by means of magical practices.

In folk literature

The jinn can be found in various stories of the One Thousand and One Nights, including in:

• "The Fisherman and the Jinni";
• "Ma‘ruf the Cobbler": more than three different types of jinn are described;
• "Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp": two jinn help young Aladdin; and
• "Tale of Núr al-Dín Alí and his Son Badr ad-Dīn Ḥasan": Ḥasan Badr al-Dīn weeps over the grave of his father until sleep overcomes him, and he is awoken by a large group of sympathetic jinn.

In some stories, the jinn are credited with the ability of instantaneous travel (from China to Morocco in a single instant); in others, they need to fly from one place to another, though quite fast (from Baghdad to Cairo in a few hours).

Modern and post-modern era

Modernist interpretations

In Süleyman Ateş's Quran commentary, the jinn are described as hostile beings, whom the pagans made sacrifices to please them. They would have erroneously assumed that the jinn (and angels) were independent deities and thus fell into širk. By that, humans would associate partners with God and humiliate themselves towards the jinn spiritually.

Based on the origin of the term as meaning "hidden", the Ahmadi sect interpret jinn not as supernatural beings but as powerful men whose influences are felt even though they keep their distance from the common people. According to M.T. Ahmad, references to jinn could also mean microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses.

Others have also tried to reconcile the traditional perspective on jinn with modern sciences. F. Gülen, leader of Hizmet movement, put forward the idea that jinn may be the cause of schizophrenia and cancer, and that the Quranic references to jinn as "smokeless fire" could, for that matter, mean "energy".

Others, while not accepting connections between illnesses and jinn, believe in their existence, due to their occurrences in the Quran. Many modernists tend to reject belief in jinn, considering it a superstition that holds Islamic society back. References to jinn in the Quran are interpreted in their ambiguous meaning of something invisible, and might be forces or simply angels.

Otherwise, the importance of belief in jinn to Islamic belief in contemporary Muslim society was underscored by the judgment of apostasy by an Egyptian Sharia court in 1995 against liberal theologian Nasr Abu Zayd. Zayd was declared an unbeliever of Islam for – among other things – arguing that the reason for the presence of jinn in the Quran was that they (jinn) were part of Arab culture at the time of the Quran's revelation, rather than that they were part of God's creation. Death threats led to Zayd leaving Egypt several weeks later.

Salafism

Salafi tradition is largely ambivalent on the subject of jinn, but on one matter, the healing rituals common across Islamic culture used to prevent or expel jinn possession, it takes up the position that this is a form of shirk (polytheism). For that reason, Saudi Arabia, following the Wahhabism tradition of Salafism, imposes a death penalty for dealing with jinn to prevent sorcery and witchcraft. In modern times, many preachers talk only about devils, while referring to them as (evil) jinn.

Though discouraged by some teachings of modern Islam, cultural beliefs about jinn remain popular among Muslim societies and their understanding of cosmology and anthropology. Affirmation on the existence of jinn as sapient creatures living along with humans is still widespread in the Middle Eastern world, and mental illnesses are still often attributed to jinn possession.

Jinn are believed to interfere with political affairs, like the Gaza–Israel conflict. Hamas leader Sheikh Ahmed Namir states that he believes many hardships among Muslims are caused by Jewish jinn possessing Muslim Palestines. Seyed Sadigh states, he uses jinn for his own political advantage on matters of national security and to infiltrate Israeli agencies.

Prevalence of belief

According to a survey undertaken by the Pew Research Center in 2012, at least 86% of Muslims in Morocco, 84% in Bangladesh, 63% in Turkey, 55% in Iraq, 53% in Indonesia, 47% in Thailand and 15% elsewhere in Central Asia, affirm a belief in the existence of jinn. The low rate in Central Asia might be influenced by Soviet religious oppression. 36% of Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina believe in jinn, which is higher than the Euopean average (30%), although only 21% believe in sorcery and 13% would wear talisman for protection against jinn. 12% support offerings and appeal given to the jinn.

Sleep paralysis is understood as a "jinn attack" by many sleep paralysis sufferers in Egypt, as discovered by a Cambridge neuroscience study Jalal, Simons-Rudolph, Jalal, & Hinton (2013). The study found that as many as 48 percent of those who experience sleep paralysis in Egypt believe it to be an assault by the jinn. Almost all of these sleep paralysis sufferers (95%) would recite verses from the Quran during sleep paralysis to prevent future "jinn attacks". In addition, some (9%) would increase their daily Islamic prayer (salah) to get rid of these assaults by jinn. Sleep paralysis is generally associated with great fear in Egypt, especially if believed to be supernatural in origin.

However, despite belief in jinn being prevalent in Iran's folklore, especially among more observant believers of Islam, some phenomena such as sleep paralysis were traditionally attributed to other supernatural beings; in the case of sleep paralysis, it was bakhtak (night hag). But at least in some areas of Iran, an epileptic seizure was thought to be a jinn attack or jinn possession, and people would try to exorcise the jinn by citing the name of God and using iron blades to draw protective circles around the victim.

Telling jinn stories and recounting alleged encounters with them were a common pastime in parts of the Muslim world, similar to telling ghost stories in western cultures, until a couple of decades ago when these stories fell out of fashion, thanks to the increasing penetration of digital entertainments and modern recording equipment which undermined their credibility.

Post-modern literature and movies

Jinn feature in the magical realism genre, introduced into Turkish literature by Tekin (1983), who uses magical elements known from pre-Islamic and Islamic Anatolian lore. Since the 1980s, this genre has become prominent in Turkish literature. A story by Tekin combines elements of folkloric and religious belief with a rationalized society. The protagonist is a girl who befriends inanimate objects and several spirits, such as jinn and peri. While the existence of jinn is generally accepted by the people within the novel, when her family moves from rural Anatolia into the city, the jinn do not appear anymore.

Jinn are still accepted as real by Muslims in the novel's urban setting, but play no part in modern life. The existence of jinn is accepted throughout the novel, but when the setting changes to the city, they cease to have any importance, symbolizing the replacement of tradition by modernization for Anatolian immigrants.

In modern Middle Eastern horror movies, jinn are frequently the monster of choice. In Turkish horror, jinn have been popular since 2004. Out of 89 films, 59 have direct references to jinn as the antagonist, 12 use other sorts of demons, while other types of horror, such as the impending apocalypse, hauntings, or ghosts, constitute only 14 films. The presentation of jinn usually combines Quranic with oral and cultural beliefs about jinn. Similarly, jinn appear in Iranian horror movies despite a belittling of the popular understanding of jinn by increasingly haughty, arrogant reformists.

Jinn and devils

Both Islamic and non-Islamic scholarship generally distinguishes between angels, jinn, and devils as three different types of spiritual entities in Islamic traditions. Due to their concealment from human sight, devils might be considered a sort of jinn. However, their similarities are limited to this property. Jinn, on the other hand, have many characteristics in common with humans, which devils lack. In writings the lines between devils and jinn are often blurred. Especially in folklore, jinn share many characteristics usually associated with devils, as both are held responsible for mental illness, diseases and possession.

The Quran emphasizes similarity between humans and jinn, both being taqalan ('accountable ones'), in that they have free will and will be judged according to their deeds. Since devils are exclusively evil, they are not among taqalan; thus, like angels, their destiny is prescribed.

Folklore differentiates both types of creatures, as well. Field researches in 2001–2002 among Sunni Muslims in Syria recorded many oral tales in which jinn feature frequently in everyday stories. Tales about Satan (Iblīs) and his lesser devils (shayāṭīn) were much less common. Devils seem to be primarily associated with their role within Islamic scriptures, as abstract forces tempting Muslims into everything disapproved by society, while jinn can be encountered by humans in lonely places. This fits the general notion that devils whisper into the hearts (qalb) of humans, but do not possess them physically. In everyday speech, devils, demons (div) and jinn are often used interchangeably.

Since the term shaitan is also used as an epithet to describe the taqalan (humans and jinn), naming malevolent jinn also as shayāṭīn in some sources, it is sometimes difficult to hold them apart. Satan and his hosts of devils (shayatin) generally appear in traditions associated with Jewish and Christian narratives, while jinn represent entities of polytheistic background.

Depictions

Supernaturality and intercourse with humans

Jinn are not supernatural in the sense of being purely spiritual and transcendent to nature; while they are believed to be invisible (or often invisible) they also eat, drink, sleep, breed with the opposite sex, and produce offspring that resemble their parents. Intercourse is not limited to jinn alone, but is also possible between human and jinn.

According to Pierre Lory, some jinn tend to have sexual intercourse with humans. There are some hadiths, considered fabricated (maudhu) by some Sunni hadith scholars (muhaddith), in support of this view.:

“The Hour will come when the children of jinn will become many among you.”

— Suyuti, Laqt al-marjân, 38.

“Among you are those who are expatriated (mugharrabûn);” and this, he explained, meant “crossed with jinn.”

— Suyuti, Laqt al-marjân, 28.

Lory states that, in Islamic belief, love is one of the most frequent causes of relationships between humans and jinn Sylvaine Camelin, in her study of exorcism in the Yemeni province of Hadramawt, states:

Love seems to be the most frequent occasion of contact between men and jinn. A jinni meets a woman and falls in love with her, or vice versa... This possession is manifest notably when the jinni has sexual intercourse with the person he/she possesses. In that case, the individual behaves with gestures and words as if they were having sexual intercourse, although he/she is apparently alone in the room. Besides, this person seems to suddenly lose all interest for his/her environment."

Some scholars say that, while marriage is permissible between a jinn and a human, it is undesirable (makruh) whilst others go further and strongly forbid it haram.

In his book Rahe Belayet, Abdullah Zahangir states that, evil jinn get chances to influence human mind, when it is in a sinful (or bodily impure) state or in deep emotions such as deep joy, deep sorrow, deep anger, deep frustration, deep obsession and deep sexual urge, but they avoid people who ere extremely pious.

Appearance

A Sinai desert cobra. Snakes are the animals most frequently associated with jinn. Black snakes are commonly believed to be evil jinn, whereas white snakes are held to be benign (Muslim) jinn.

The appearance of jinn can be divided into three major categories:

• zoomorphic
• storms and shadows
• anthropomorphic

Zoomorphic manifestation

Jinn are assumed to be able to appear in shapes of various animals such as cats, owls, and onagers (wild asses).

Serpents are the animals most associated with jinn; in Islamic tradition, many narratives concern a serpent who is actually a jinni. The term jann refers to both snakes and jinn. The connection between jinn and serpents is strong enough that those who believe in jinn fear killing a serpent, believing that a jinni might avenge the murder. Other chthonic animals regarded as forms of jinn include scorpions and lizards. Both scorpions and serpents have been venerated in the ancient Near East. Some sources even speak of killed jinn leaving behind a carcass similar to either a serpent or a scorpion.

Dogs are another animal often associated with jinn, especially black dogs. (Piebald dogs are, rather, identified with hinn.) Associations between dogs and jinn prevailed in Arabic literature, but lost their meaning in Persian scriptures. With that being said, except for in the 'udhrut from Yemeni folklore, jinn cannot appear in the form of wolves, who are thought of as natural predators of jinn and block their ability to vanish.

Gazelles, foxes, and ostriches are also associated with jinn, though not necessarily thought to be an embodiment of jinn, but rather their mounts or hosts (i.e. mythical vehicles).

In form of storms and shadows

Jinn are also related to wind, and may appear in mists or sandstorms.

Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, who is held to have accompanied Muhammad during his lecture to the jinn, is said to view jinn as shadowy ghosts with no individual structure. According to a narration, Ghazali asked Ṭabasī, who is famous for jinn-incantations, to reveal the jinn to him. Accordingly, Tabasi showed him the jinn, who appeared as "a shadow on the wall." After Ghazali asked to speak to them, Ṭabasī stated that for now he could not see more.

Although sandstorms are believed to be caused by jinn, others, such as Abu Yahya Zakariya' ibn Muhammad al-Qazwini and Ghazali attribute them to natural causes. Otherwise, sandstorms are thought to be caused by a battle between different groups of jinn.

Anthropomorphic manifestation

Though a common characteristic of the jinn is their lack of individuality, they may gain individuality by materializing in human forms, such as Sakhr and several jinn known from magical writings.

In their anthropomorphic shape, however, they are said to stay partly animal and are not fully human. Therefore, individual jinn are commonly depicted as monstrous and anthropomorphized creatures with body parts from different animals or human with animal traits. Commonly associated with jinn in human form are the Si'lah and the Ghoul. However, since they stay partly animal, their bodies are depicted as fashioned out of two or more different species. Some of them may have the hands of cats, the heads of birds, or with wings rising from their shoulders.

Visual art

Although there are very few visual representations of jinn in Islamic art, when they do appear, it is usually related to a specific event or individual jinn.

Visual representations of jinn appear in manuscripts and their existence is often implied in works of architecture by the presence of apotropaic devices like serpents, which were intended to ward off evil spirits. Lastly, King Solomon is illustrated very often with jinn as the commander of an army that included them.

The seven jinn kings

The red king of the djinns, Al-Ahmar, from the late 14th-century Book of Wonders.

In the Kitab al-Bulhan (or the Book of Surprises) compiled in the 14th century by Abd al-Hasan Al-Isfahani, there are illustrations of 'The seven jinn kings'. In general, each 'King of the Jinn' was represented alongside his helpers and alongside the corresponding talismanic symbols. For instance, the 'Red King of Tuesday' was depicted in the Kitab al-Bulhan as a sinister form astride a lion. In the same illustration, he holds a severed head and a sword. This was because the 'Red King of Tuesday' was aligned with Mars, the god of war. Alongside that, there were illustrations of the 'Gold King' and the 'White King'.

Aside from the seven 'Kings of the Jinn', the Kitab al-Bulhan included an illustration of Huma, or the 'Fever'. Huma was depicted as three-headed and as embracing the room around him, in order to capture someone and bring on a fever in them.

Ornamentation of intertwined serpents above the door of the Citadel of Aleppo.

Architectural representation

In addition to these representations of jinn in vicinity to kingship, there were also architectural references to jinn throughout the Islamic world. In the Citadel of Aleppo, the entrance gate Bab al-Hayyat made reference to jinn in the stone relief carvings of serpents; likewise, the water gate at Ayyubid Harran housed two copper sculptures of jinn, serving as talismans to ward off both snakes and evil jinn in the form of snakes.

Alongside these depictions of the jinn found at the Aleppo Citadel, depictions of the jinn can be found in the Rūm Seljuk palace. There are a phenomenal range of creatures that can be found on the eight-pointed tiles of the Seal of Sulaymān device. Among these were the jinn, that belonged among Solomon's army and as Solomon claimed to have control over the jinn, so did the Rūm Seljuk sultan that claimed to be the Sulaymān of his time. In fact, one of the most common representations of jinn are alongside or in association with King Solomon. It was thought that King Solomon had very close ties to the jinn, and even had control over many of them. The concept that a great and just ruler has the ability to command jinn was one that extended far past only King Solomon– it was also thought that emperors, such as Alexander the Great, could control an army of jinn in a similar way. Given this association, Jinn were often seen with Solomon in a princely or kingly context, such as the small, animal-like jinn sitting beside King Solomon on his throne illustrated in an illuminated manuscript of The Wonders of Creation and the Oddities of Existence by Zakariyya al-Qazwini, written in the 13th century.

Talismanic representation

The jinn had an indirect impact on Islamic art through the creation of talismans that were alleged to guard the bearer from the jinn and were enclosed in leather and included Qur'anic verses. It was not unusual for those talismans to be inscribed with separated Arabic letters, because the separation of those letters was thought to positively affect the potency of the talisman overall. An object that was inscribed with the word of Allah was thought to have the power to ward off evil from the person who obtained the object, though many of these objects also had astrological signs, depictions of prophets, or religious narratives.

In witchcraft and magical literature

Zawba'a or Zoba'ah, the jinn-king of Friday

Witchcraft (Arabic: سِحْر, sihr, which is also used to mean 'magic, wizardry') is often associated with jinn and afarit around the Middle East. Therefore, a sorcerer may summon a jinn and force him to perform orders. Summoned jinn may be sent to the chosen victim to cause demonic possession. Such summonings were done by invocation, by aid of talismans or by satisfying the jinn, thus to make a contract.

Jinn are also regarded as assistants of soothsayers. Soothsayers reveal information from the past and present; the jinn can be a source of this information because their lifespans exceed those of humans. Another way to subjugate them is by inserting a needle to their skin or dress. Since jinn are afraid of iron, they are unable to remove it with their own power.

Ibn al-Nadim, Muslim scholar of his Kitāb al-Fihrist, describes a book that lists 70 jinn led by Fuqṭus (Arabic: فقْطس), including several jinn appointed over each day of the week. Bayard Dodge, who translated al-Fihrist into English, notes that most of these names appear in the Testament of Solomon. A collection of late 14th- or early 15th-century magico-medical manuscripts from Ocaña, Spain describes a different set of 72 jinn (termed "Tayaliq") again under Fuqtus (here named "Fayqayțūš" or Fiqitush), blaming them for various ailments. According to these manuscripts, each jinni was brought before King Solomon and ordered to divulge their "corruption" and "residence" while the Jinn King Fiqitush gave Solomon a recipe for curing the ailments associated with each jinni as they confessed their transgressions.

A disseminated treatise on the occult, written by al-Ṭabasī, called Shāmil, deals with subjugating devils and jinn by incantations, charms and the combination of written and recited formulae and to obtain supernatural powers through their aid. Al-Ṭabasī distinguished between licit and illicit magic, the latter founded on disbelief, while the first on purity.

Seven kings of the Jinn are traditionally associated with days of the week. They are also attested in the Book of Wonders. Although many passages are damaged, they remain in Ottoman copies. These jinn-kings (sometimes afarit instead) are invoked to legitimate spells performed by amulets.

Associations

Planet	Day	Angel that monitors the associated ‘Afārīt (Arabic; Hebrew equivalent)	‘Afārīt		Type of madness (جُنُون, junūn) and parts of the body attacked	Remarks
			Common name	Known other names
Sun	Sunday	Ruqya'il (روقيائيل); Raphael (רפאל)	Al-Mudhdhahab/ Al-Mudhhib/ Al-Mudhhab (المذهب; The Golden One)	Abu 'Abdallah Sa'id		the name "Al-Mudh·dhahab" refers to the jinn's skin tone.
Moon	Monday	Jibril (جبريل); Gabriel (גבריאל)	Al-Abyaḍ (الابيض; The White One)	Murrah al-Abyad Abu al-Harith; Abu an-Nur	Whole body	the name "Al-Abyaḍ" refers to the jinn's skin tone, however he is portrayed as a "dark black, charcoal" figure. The possible connection of this name is with another name "Abū an-Nūr" ("Father of Light"); his names are the same as whose applied to Iblīs.
Mars	Tuesday	Samsama'il (سمسمائيل); Samael (סמאל)	Al-Aḥmar (الاحمر; The Red One)	Abu Mihriz; Abu Ya'qub	Head, uterus	the name "Al-Aḥmar" refers to the jinn's skin tone.
Mercury	Wednesday	Mikail (ميكائيل); Michael (מיכאל)	Būrqān/ Borqaan (بورقان; Two Thunders)	Abu al-'Adja'yb; Al-Aswad	Back
Jupiter	Thursday	Sarfya'il (صرفيائيل); Zadkiel (צדקיאל)	Shamhuresh (شمهورش)	Abu al-Walid; At-Tayyar	Belly
Venus	Friday	'Anya'il (عنيائيل); Anael (ענאל)	Zawba'ah (زوبعة; Cyclone, Whirlwind)	Abu Hassan		It is said the "whirlwind" (zawba'ah), to be caused by an evil jinn which travels inside it.
Saturn	Saturday	Kasfa'il (كسفيائيل); Cassiel (קפציאל)	Maymun (ميمون; Prosperous)	Abu Nuh	Feet	His name means "monkey"

During the Rwandan genocide, both Hutus and Tutsis avoided searching local Rwandan Muslim neighborhoods because they widely believed the myth that local Muslims and mosques were protected by the power of Islamic magic and the efficacious jinn. In the Rwandan city of Cyangugu, arsonists ran away instead of destroying the mosque because they feared the wrath of the jinn, whom they believed were guarding the mosque.

Comparative mythology

Ancient Mesopotamian religion

Beliefs in entities similar to the jinn are found throughout pre-Islamic Middle Eastern cultures. The ancient Sumerians believed in Pazuzu, a wind demon, who was shown with "a rather canine face with abnormally bulging eyes, a scaly body, a snake-headed penis, the talons of a bird and usually wings." The ancient Babylonians believed in utukku, a class of demons which were believed to haunt remote wildernesses, graveyards, mountains, and the sea, all locations where jinn were later thought to reside. The Babylonians also believed in the Rabisu, a vampiric demon believed to leap out and attack travelers at unfrequented locations, similar to the post-Islamic ghūl, a specific kind of jinn whose name is etymologically related to that of the Sumerian galla, a class of Underworld demon.

Lamashtu, also known as Labartu, was a divine demoness said to devour human infants. Lamassu, also known as Shedu, were guardian spirits, sometimes with evil propensities. The Assyrians believed in the Alû, sometimes described as a wind demon residing in desolate ruins who would sneak into people's houses at night and steal their sleep. In the ancient Syrian city of Palmyra, entities similar to jinn were known as ginnayê, an Aramaic name which may be etymologically derived from the name of the genii from Roman mythology. Like jinn among modern-day Bedouin, ginnayê were thought to resemble humans. They protected caravans, cattle, and villages in the desert and tutelary shrines were kept in their honor. They were frequently invoked in pairs.

Judaism

The description of jinn is almost identical with that of the shedim from Jewish mythology. As with the jinn, some of whom follow the law brought by Muhammad, some of the shedim are believed to be followers of the law of Moses and consequently good. Both are said to be invisible to human eyes but are nevertheless subject to bodily desires, like procreating and the need to eat. Some Jewish sources agree with the Islamic notion that jinn inhabited the world before humans. Asmodeus appears both as an individual of the jinn or shedim, as an antagonist of Solomon.

Buddhism

As in Islam, the idea of spiritual entities converting to one's own religion can be found in Buddhism. According to lore, Buddha preached to Devas and Asura, spiritual entities who, like humans, are subject to the cycle of life, and who resemble the Islamic notion of jinn, who are also ontologically placed among humans in regard to eschatological destiny.

Christianity

Van Dyck's Arabic translation of the Old Testament uses the alternative collective plural "jann" (Arab:الجان); translation:al-jānn) to render the Hebrew word usually translated into English as "familiar spirit" (אוב, Strong #0178) in several places (Leviticus 19:31, 20:6; 1 Samuel 28:3,7,9; 1 Chronicles 10:13).

Some scholars evaluated whether the jinn might be compared to fallen angels in Christian traditions. Comparable to Augustine's descriptions of fallen angels as ethereal, jinn seem to be considered as the same substance. Although the concept of fallen angels is not absent in the Quran, the jinn nevertheless differ in their major characteristics from that of fallen angels: While fallen angels fell from heaven, the jinn did not, but try to climb up to it in order to receive the news of the angels. Jinn are closer to daemons.

Children from a union between humans and jinn are not considered demonic offspring, as those from intercourse with Christian demons like a succubus or an incubus, but rather gifted and talented people with special abilities. Historical persons were sometimes thought to be the offspring of jinn and humans.

In popular culture

Main article: Genies in popular culture

See also

• Al-Baqara 255
• Daeva
• Daemon (classical mythology)
• Demonology
• Fairy
• Genius loci
• Genius (mythology)
• Abu Jann and Jann ibn Jann
• Mimi (folklore)
• Nasnas
• Qareen
• Qutrub
• Rig-e Jenn
• Shadow People
• Superstitions in Muslim societies
• Theriocephaly
• Uthra
• Will of the wisp
• Wish
• Yazata
• Yōkai

References

Sources

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• Dozy, R. (1967). Supplément aux Dictionnaires arabes (in French) (3rd ed.). Leyden.
• el-Shamy, H. (1995). Folk Traditions of the Arab World: A guide to motif classification. Vol. 1–2. Bloomington, IL.
• Yazdī, Abū Bakr Moṭahhar Jamālī (1967). Afshār, Ī. (ed.). Farrokh-nāma. Tehran, IR.
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• Lane, E.W. (1968). An Arabic-English Lexicon (PDF). Beirut, LB.
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• Nöldeke, T. (1913). "Arabs (Ancient)". In Hastings, J. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Vol. I. Edinburgh, UK. pp. 659–673.
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• Esterābādī, Solṭān-Moḥammad ibn Tāj al-Dīn Ḥasan (n.d.). Toḥfat al-majāles. Tehran, IR.
• Nünlist, Tobias (2015). Dämonenglaube im Islam. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-110-33168-4.
• Ṭūsī, Moḥammad b. Maḥmūd (1966). Sotūda, M. (ed.). Ajāyeb al-makhlūqāt va gharā'eb al-mawjūdāt. Tehran, IR.

Further reading

• Asad, Muhammad (1980). "Appendix III: On the term and concept of jinn". The Message of the Qu'rán. Gibraltar, Spain: Dar al-Andalus Limited. ISBN 1-904510-00-0.

• Crapanzano, V. (1973). The Hamadsha: A study in Moroccan ethnopsychiatry. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
• Drijvers, H.J.W. (1976). The Religion of Palmyra. Leiden, NL: Brill.
• el-Zein, Amira (2009). Islam, Arabs, and the intelligent world of the Jinn. Contemporary Issues in the Middle East. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-3200-9.
• El-Zein, Amira (2006). "Jinn". In Meri, J.F. (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization – an Encyclopedia. New York, NY & Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 420–421.
• Goodman, L.E. (1978). The case of the animals versus man before the king of the jinn: A tenth-century ecological fable of the pure brethren of Basra. Library of Classical Arabic Literature. Vol. 3. Boston, MA: Twayne.
• Maarouf, M. (2007). Jinn Eviction as a Discourse of Power: A multidisciplinary approach to Moroccan magical beliefs and practices. Leiden: Brill.
• Peterson, Mark Allen (2007). "From Jinn to Genies: Intertextuality, media, and the making of global folklore". In Sherman, Sharon R.; Koven, Mikel J. (eds.). Folklore/Cinema: Popular film as vernacular culture. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press – via Utah State U. digital commons.

• Taneja, Anand V. (2017). Jinnealogy: Time, Islam, and ecological thought in the medieval ruins of Delhi. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-0393-6.
• Zbinden, E. (1953). Die Djinn des Islam und der altorientalische Geisterglaube [The Djinn of Islam and Ancient Eastern Spiritual Belief] (in German). Bern, CH: Haupt.

External links

• Etymology of genie