liber
English[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Latin liber (“the inner bark of a tree”). See libel.
Noun[edit]
liber (countable and uncountable, plural libers)
- (botany) The inner bark of plants, next to the wood. It usually contains a large proportion of woody, fibrous cells, and is the part from which the fibre of the plant is obtained, as that of hemp, etc.
Related terms[edit]
Part or all of this entry has been imported from the 1913 edition of Webster’s Dictionary, which is now free of copyright and hence in the public domain. The imported definitions may be significantly out of date, and any more recent senses may be completely missing.
(See the entry for “liber” in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.)
Anagrams[edit]
Czech[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
liber
Etymology 2[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
liber
French[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Latin liber (“book; the inner bark of a tree”). Doublet of livre.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
liber m (plural libers)
Related terms[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- “liber”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Anagrams[edit]
Latin[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From Old Latin lūber, from Proto-Italic *louðeros, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁léwdʰeros, from *h₁lewdʰ- (“people”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἐλεύθερος (eleútheros), Sanskrit रोधति (ródhati), Dutch lieden, German Leute, Russian лю́ди (ljúdi, “people”).
Pronunciation[edit]
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈliː.ber/, [ˈlʲiːbɛr]
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈli.ber/, [ˈliːber]
Audio (Classical) (file)
Adjective[edit]
līber (feminine lībera, neuter līberum, comparative līberior, superlative līberrimus, adverb līberē); first/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er)
- free, independent, unrestricted, unchecked
- 65 CE, Lucius Anneus Seneca Minor, Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium Epistula XCII:
- Nēmō līber est quī corporī servit.
- No one is free who is a slave to his body.
- Nēmō līber est quī corporī servit.
- Titus Maccius Plautus, Captivi Act III, scene IV:
- Haud istūc rogō. Fuistin līber? — Fuī.
- That isn’t what I’m asking about. Were you a freeman? — I was.
- Haud istūc rogō. Fuistin līber? — Fuī.
- open (not decided or settled)
- unbiased (pertains to lawyers)
- exempt, void
Declension[edit]
First/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er).
Number | Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case / Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
Nominative | līber | lībera | līberum | līberī | līberae | lībera | |
Genitive | līberī | līberae | līberī | līberōrum | līberārum | līberōrum | |
Dative | līberō | līberō | līberīs | ||||
Accusative | līberum | līberam | līberum | līberōs | līberās | lībera | |
Ablative | līberō | līberā | līberō | līberīs | |||
Vocative | līber | lībera | līberum | līberī | līberae | lībera |
- Genitive plural sometimes līberum
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
- Albanian: lirë (disputed)
- Corsican: liberu, libaru
- Emilian: lèbber
- Franco-Provençal: libro
- Istriot: leîbaro
- Italian: libero
- → Ladino: libero
- Ligurian: libero
- Lombard: liber, libar
- Navarro-Aragonese: [Term?]
- Aragonese: libre
- Old Leonese: [Term?]
- Old Occitan: liure
- Old Portuguese: livre, libre
- Old Spanish: [Term?]
- Piedmontese: lìber
- Rhaeto-Romance:
- Friulian: libar
- Romagnol: lébar
- Sardinian: líbberu, líveru
- Sicilian: lìbbiru, lìbburu
- Venetian: łìbaro
- → Old French: libre
Noun[edit]
līber m (genitive līberī); second declension
- (post-Classical) a child
Declension[edit]
Second-declension noun (nominative singular in -er).
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | līber | līberī |
Genitive | līberī | līberōrum |
Dative | līberō | līberīs |
Accusative | līberum | līberōs |
Ablative | līberō | līberīs |
Vocative | līber | līberī |
Usage notes[edit]
Until the post-classical era, this word was a pluralia tantum (only used in the plural). Even in the post-classical era, the singular was extremely rare in writing and for the most part, only found in the Code of Justinian. In the classical era, it seems it was used in the singular in Quintilian's Declamationes maiores 2.8.
Etymology 2[edit]
From Proto-Italic *luβros, from Proto-Indo-European *lubʰ-ró-s, from *lewbʰ- (“to peel, cut off, harm”), perhaps from *lew- (“to cut off”).[1] Cognate with Old Church Slavonic лѹбъ (lubŭ, “bark of a tree”), Lithuanian lùpti (“to peel, to shell”).[2] See also English leaf, lobby, lodge, Ancient Greek λυπή (lupḗ, “pain”).
Alternative forms[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
liber m (genitive librī); second declension
- book
- the inner bark of a tree
Declension[edit]
Second-declension noun (nominative singular in -er).
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | liber | librī |
Genitive | librī | librōrum |
Dative | librō | librīs |
Accusative | librum | librōs |
Ablative | librō | librīs |
Vocative | liber | librī |
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
- Aragonese: libro
- → Albanian: libër
- → Basque: liburu
- Corsican: libru
- Dalmatian: lebro
- Emilian: lîber
- → English: liber, libro-
- Franco-Provençal: lévro
- French: liber, libro-
- Friulian: libri
- → Ido: libro
- Istriot: leîbro
- Italian: libro
- Ladin: liber
- Ligurian: libbro
- Lombard: libar, liber, libru
- → Old French: livre (semi-learned)
- → Old Irish: lebor
- Old Leonese: [Term?]
- Old Portuguese: livro, libro
- Old Occitan: libre
- Old Spanish: libro
- Piedmontese: lìber
- → Proto-Brythonic: *llɨvr
- Romagnol: lìbar
- Sardinian: líbbaru, líbberu, libbru, líbburu
- Sicilian: libbru
- Venetian: łìbro
- Walloon: lîv, live
Etymology 3[edit]
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Pronunciation[edit]
Verb[edit]
līber
References[edit]
- līber, adj. in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- līber, n. in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- liber in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- liber in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
- Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
- Cicero's philosophical writings: Ciceronis de philosophia libri
- to write a book: librum scribere, conscribere
- to compose, compile a book: librum conficere, componere (De Sen. 1. 2)
- to publish a book: librum edere (Div. 1. 3. 6)
- to open a book: librum evolvere, volvere
- to dedicate a book to some one: librum mittere ad aliquem (Fin. 1. 3. 8)
- the title of a book: index, inscriptio libri
- to be engaged on a book: librum in manibus habere (Acad. 1. 1. 2)
- to take up a book in one's hands: librum in manus sumere
- to lay down a book (vid. sect. XII. 3, note vestem deponere...): librum de manibus ponere
- to polish, finish a work with the greatest care: perpolire, limare diligenter librum, opus
- (ambiguous) to make extracts from Cicero's writings: aliquid, multa ex Ciceronis libris excerpere (not excerpere librum)
- to furnish a book with notes, additional extracts, marks of punctuation: librum annotare, interpolare, distinguere
- (ambiguous) in the time of the Republic: libera re publica
- (ambiguous) to accept as one's own child; to make oneself responsible for its nurture and education: tollere or suscipere liberos
- (ambiguous) to treat as one's own child: aliquem in liberorum loco habere
- (ambiguous) the teaching of children: disciplina (institutio) puerilis (not liberorum)
- (ambiguous) the work when translated; translation (concrete): liber (scriptoris) conversus, translatus
- (ambiguous) the book is entitled 'Laelius': liber inscribitur Laelius (Off. 2. 9. 30)
- (ambiguous) Cicero says in his 'Laelius.: Cicero dicit in Laelio (suo) or in eo (not suo) libro, qui inscribitur Laelius
- (ambiguous) there exists a book on..: est liber de...
- (ambiguous) the book is still extant: exstat liber (notice the order of the words)
- (ambiguous) the book has been lost: liber intercidit, periit
- (ambiguous) a book which has been entirely lost sight of: liber deperditus
- (ambiguous) a lost book of which fragments (relliquiae, not fragmenta) remain: liber perditus
- (ambiguous) a book which is attributed to some one: liber qui fertur alicuius
- (ambiguous) the book is attributed to an unknown writer: liber refertur ad nescio quem auctorem
- (ambiguous) the book treats of friendship: hic liber est de amicitia (not agit) or hoc libro agitur de am.
- (ambiguous) the book contains something... (not continet aliquid): libro continetur aliquid
- (ambiguous) the book contains something... (not continet aliquid): libro scriptor complexus est aliquid
- (ambiguous) at the end of the book: in extremo libro (Q. Fr. 2. 7. 1)
- (ambiguous) to be engaged on a book: liber mihi est in manibus
- (ambiguous) the book, speech can easily be obtained: liber, oratio in manibus est
- (ambiguous) a carefully written book: liber accurate, diligenter scriptus
- (ambiguous) to make extracts from Cicero's writings: aliquid, multa ex Ciceronis libris excerpere (not excerpere librum)
- (ambiguous) a very charming book: liber plenus delectationis
- (ambiguous) the frank but defiant demeanour of Socrates (before his judges): libera contumacia Socratis (Tusc. 1. 29. 71)
- (ambiguous) the Republic: libera res publica, liber populus
- (ambiguous) an independent spirit: a partibus rei publicae animus liber (Sall. Cat. 4. 2)
- (ambiguous) to enslave a free people: liberum populum servitute afficere
- (ambiguous) to grant a people its independence: populum liberum esse, libertate uti, sui iuris esse pati
- (ambiguous) the free men are sold as slaves: libera corpora sub corona (hasta) veneunt (B. G. 3. 16. 4)
- (ambiguous) with wife and child: cum uxoribus et liberis
- Cicero's philosophical writings: Ciceronis de philosophia libri
- liber in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898) Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
- liber in Samuel Ball Platner (1929), Thomas Ashby, editor, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, London: Oxford University Press
- liber in William Smith, editor (1848) A Dictionary of Greek Biography and Mythology, London: John Murray
- liber in William Smith et al., editor (1890) A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
- ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume II, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 690
- ^ “libro” in: Alberto Nocentini, Alessandro Parenti, “l'Etimologico — Vocabolario della lingua italiana”, Le Monnier, 2010, →ISBN
Lombard[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
Akin to Italian libero, from Latin liber.
Adjective[edit]
liber
Etymology 2[edit]
Akin to Italian libro, from Latin liber.
Noun[edit]
liber
Romanian[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Borrowed from Latin liber, French libre (19th century). Aromanian libir appears to be inherited.
Pronunciation[edit]
Adjective[edit]
liber m or n (feminine singular liberă, masculine plural liberi, feminine and neuter plural libere)
Declension[edit]
Synonyms[edit]
Related terms[edit]
- English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *lewbʰ (cut off)-
- English terms borrowed from Latin
- English terms derived from Latin
- English lemmas
- English nouns
- English uncountable nouns
- English countable nouns
- en:Botany
- Czech 2-syllable words
- Czech terms with IPA pronunciation
- Czech non-lemma forms
- Czech noun forms
- French terms derived from Latin
- French doublets
- French 2-syllable words
- French terms with IPA pronunciation
- French terms with audio links
- French lemmas
- French nouns
- French masculine nouns
- French countable nouns
- Latin terms inherited from Old Latin
- Latin terms derived from Old Latin
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin 2-syllable words
- Latin terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latin terms with Ecclesiastical IPA pronunciation
- Latin terms with audio links
- Latin lemmas
- Latin adjectives
- Latin first and second declension adjectives with nominative masculine singular in -er
- Latin first and second declension adjectives
- Latin terms with quotations
- Latin nouns
- Latin masculine nouns
- Latin second declension nouns
- Latin masculine nouns in the second declension
- Post-classical Latin
- Latin non-lemma forms
- Latin verb forms
- Latin words in Meissner and Auden's phrasebook
- Latin heteronyms
- la:Books
- la:Ethics
- Lombard lemmas
- Lombard adjectives
- Lombard nouns
- Romanian terms borrowed from Latin
- Romanian terms derived from Latin
- Romanian terms borrowed from French
- Romanian terms derived from French
- Romanian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Romanian lemmas
- Romanian adjectives