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Ethical Principles for Medical Research
The Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and Declaration of Geneva provide a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation and clinical care.
Read the Nuremberg Code Nuremberg Code Read the Declaration of Helsinki Declaration of Helsinki Read the Geneva Declaration Geneva DeclarationThe Nuremberg Code
The Nuremberg Code is a 10-point set of rules for the conduct of human experiments articulated in 1947 in the trials of Nazi doctors and bureaucrats convicted of crimes against humanity for their roles in concentration camp experiments.
The Nuremberg Code 70 Years Later
JAMA | Viewpoint, August 17, 2017
Related Material
Medicine Against Society: Lessons From the Third Reich
JAMA | November 27, 1996
The Nuremberg Code and the Nuremberg Trial: A Reappraisal
JAMA | November 27, 1996
US Medical Researchers, the Nuremberg Doctors Trial, and the Nuremberg Code: A Review of Findings of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments
JAMA | November 27, 1996
Nuremberg and the Issue of Wartime Experiments on US Prisoners: The Green Committee
JAMA | November 27, 1996
Teaching of Human Rights in US Medical Schools
JAMA | November 27, 1996
The Social Responsibilities of Health Professionals: Lessons From Their Role in Nazi Germany
JAMA | November 27, 1996
Legacies of Nuremberg: Medical Ethics and Human Rights
JAMA | November 27, 1996
The Foundations of Bioethics
JAMA | November 27, 1996
The Path to Nuremberg in the Pages of JAMA, 1933-1939
JAMA | November 27, 1996
Institutional Review Boards Under Stress: Will They Explode or Change?
JAMA | November 27, 1996
Bioethics Advisory Commission Holds First Meeting to Define Governing Principles of Ethical Research
JAMA | November 27, 1996
Nazi Origins of an Anatomy Text: The Pernkopf Atlas
JAMA | November 27, 1996
Nazi Origins of an Anatomy Text: The Pernkopf Atlas
JAMA | November 27, 1996
Nazi Origins of an Anatomy Text: The Pernkopf Atlas-Reply
JAMA | November 27, 1996
The Declaration of Helsinki
The World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki provides principles for medical researchers to guide the ethical conduct of research involving human participants.
World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki
JAMA | Special Communication, November 27, 2013
Previous Versions
Fifth Revision
JAMA | Special Communication, December 20, 2000
Perspectives on the Fifth Revision of the Declaration of Helsinki
JAMA | Commentary, December 20, 2000
Fourth Revision
JAMA | March 19, 1997
Second Revision
JAMA | September 12, 1966
Original
JAMA | Medical News, September 28, 1964
Editorials and Correspondence
The Declaration of Helsinki, 50 Years Later
JAMA | Viewpoint, November 27, 2013
The 50th Anniversary of the Declaration of Helsinki: Progress but Many Remaining Challenges
JAMA | Viewpoint, November 27, 2013
Declaration of Helsinki and Protection for Vulnerable Research Participants
JAMA | Comment & Response, March 26, 2014
Related material
International Research Ethics Education
JAMA | Viewpoint, February 3, 2015
How to Enroll Participants in Research Ethically
JAMA | Commentary, April 20, 2011
Legal Issues in Scientific Research
JAMA | Health Law and Ethics, January 2, 2002
Updating Protections for Human Subjects Involved in Research
JAMA | Policy Perspectives, December 9, 1998
The Declaration of Geneva
The World Medical Association Declaration of Geneva outlines the professional duties of physicians and affirms the ethical principles of the global medical profession.
The Revised Declaration of Geneva: A Modern-Day Physician’s Pledge
JAMA | Viewpoint, August 14, 2017
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