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Lost in Math: How Beauty Leads Physics Astray Hardcover – Illustrated, June 12, 2018
Sabine Hossenfelder (Author) Find all the books, read about the author, and more. See search results for this author |
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Whether pondering black holes or predicting discoveries at CERN, physicists believe the best theories are beautiful, natural, and elegant, and this standard separates popular theories from disposable ones. This is why, Sabine Hossenfelder argues, we have not seen a major breakthrough in the foundations of physics for more than four decades.
The belief in beauty has become so dogmatic that it now conflicts with scientific objectivity: observation has been unable to confirm mindboggling theories, like supersymmetry or grand unification, invented by physicists based on aesthetic criteria. Worse, these "too good to not be true" theories are actually untestable and they have left the field in a cul-de-sac. To escape, physicists must rethink their methods. Only by embracing reality as it is can science discover the truth.
- Print length304 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherBasic Books
- Publication dateJune 12, 2018
- Dimensions6.55 x 1.45 x 9.65 inches
- ISBN-100465094252
- ISBN-13978-0465094257
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Editorial Reviews
Review
"According to the physicist and prolific blogger Sabine Hossenfelder, Einstein and others who work in a similar way are 'lost in math,' the title of her lively and provocative book."―Wall Street Journal
"Hossenfelder ably mixes simplified explanation of the science with compelling portraits of the fascinating characters who study it."―Vanity Fair
"In her new book, Lost In Math, Sabine Hossenfelder adroitly confronts this crisis head on.... The book is a wild, deep, thought-provoking read that would make any reasonable person in the field who's still capable of introspection doubt themselves."―Forbes
"Lost in Math is self-aware and dosed with acerbic wit, and it asks bold questions."―Nature
"Sabine Hossenfelder's new book Lost in Math provides a well-informed take on the current situation in fundamental physical theory. The author is completely honest, utterly fearless, and often quite funny."―MAA Reviews
"[Hossenfelder's] critical assessment of the field is appropriately timed." ―Science
"Eavesdrop on accessible and frank conversations in Hossenfelder's Lost in Math, which wrestles with big questions of quantum mechanics and beauty in a fun, fascinating way."―Popular Science
Choice award for outstanding academic title
"Entertaining and engaging."―Ars Technica
"Hossenfelder's jaunt through the world of theoretical physics explicitly raises the question of whether the activities of thousands of physicists should actually count as 'science.' And if not, then what in tarnation are they doing?"―Weekly Standard (UK)
"Even educated readers will struggle to understand the elements of modern physics, but they will have no trouble enjoying this insightful, delightfully pugnacious polemic about its leading controversy."―Kirkus (starred review)
"This layreader-friendly, amusing treatise gives an enlightening look at a growing issue within physics."―Publishers Weekly
"Emphasizing how much researchers have achieved in quantum mechanics while using math that is decidedly ugly, Hossenfelder urges her colleagues to start focusing on reality, not conceptual style. A provocative appeal for unattractive but fruitful science."―Booklist
"Hossenfelder, a philosophically inclined physicist, presents the informed reader with a fascinating panorama of the current state of physics, replete with imaginative entities like wormholes, parallel universes, and bubbles associated with the baby universe whose existence cannot be established or falsified through standard experimental modes."―CHOICE
"Born too late to savor the heady era when the standard model of particle physics came together, Sabine Hossenfelder is impatient for new waves of discovery. Might the pace of insights be slowing because illusions of mathematical beauty have beguiled her fellow theorists? Lost in Math chronicles her quest--through interviews and conversations--to set her own course for exploration."―Chris Quigg, Distinguished Scientist Emeritus, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
"Lost in Math is a delight. It is engaging, witty, and utterly profound. If you want to know why so many contemporary theoretical physicists choose to believe unbelievable things, this is a great place to start."―Jim Baggott, author of Farewell to Reality
"Centered around insightful interviews with leading theorists, Lost in Math provides a well-informed take on the current state of fundamental physical theory, from a physicist who is utterly fearless, completely honest, and quite funny."―Peter Woit, mathematical physicist at Columbia University and author of Not Even Wrong
About the Author
Product details
- Publisher : Basic Books; Illustrated edition (June 12, 2018)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 304 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0465094252
- ISBN-13 : 978-0465094257
- Item Weight : 1.1 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.55 x 1.45 x 9.65 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #128,165 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #69 in Relativity Physics (Books)
- #103 in Quantum Theory (Books)
- #465 in History & Philosophy of Science (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the author
Sabine Hossenfelder has grown up in Frankfurt, Germany. She has a PhD in physics and is presently a Research Fellow at the Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies. Sabine is creator of the popular YouTube channel "Science without the gobbledygook." Her first book "Lost in Math: How Beauty Leads Physics Astray" was published by Basic Books in June 2018. Her second book is "Existential Physics: A Scientist's Guide to Life's Biggest Questions" (Viking, 2022). Her writing has been published, among others, in Scientific American, New Scientist, The Guardian, Aeon, Nautilus, and the New York Times.
Sabine is presently a Research Fellow at the Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies.
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A true cure addresses the fundamental cause … which, in this case, is simply the inability of modern physics to generate about two dozen dimensionless numbers.
Apparently they’ve given up and decided that these numbers are ‘picked out of a hat‘ … randomly. And that therefore the explanation of their quantities is that all possible permutations are instantiated in a “multi-verse” (or the like), i.e. explanation on the cheap. The unstated here is the nagging thought that there is only one universe … as historically proposed …
“For the generation of all things, one principle is sufficient” - Leibniz
… meaning that existence is logically generated from nothing. The job of theorists would then be … to create an accurate “logic map” of the universe that explains everything as a ‘function of nothing’.
The problem with this idea is that there are now thousands of constraints imposed by experiments. Hence, theorists are squeezed between a rock and a hard place. Regardless of the difficulty, the “one possible universe” paradigm cannot be given up after only a few centuries of trial. Giving up in favor of a multi-verse requires, at minimum, a trial of at least another millennium to satisfy even modest philosophical-moral obligation.
The way out of this ‘logic box’ is the ruthless re-assessment of every assumption (even those considered most certain). Such re-assessments may even eliminate parameters along with some of their related numbers.
The best example of this is Copernicus’ redesign of the solar system. Here, the sun-centered model eliminated Ptolemaic epicycles that our present theoreticians would be laboring to explain, in terms of new forces, that make Mars decelerate and go in the opposite direction for awhile. A similar ‘sun-centering’ might just disappear the magic of “dark energy” or “dark matter” or any other presently, or presumably fictitious parameter and their attendant fictitious numbers.
I enjoyed reading this book (more than Sabine’s “Existential Physics”) and do recommend it to anyone interested in such esoteric issues.
E. Beaubien (author: “Ex Nihilo - The Logic of Existence”)
Hossenfelder knows that data is important. She also knows that modern experimentation in the physical and cosmological sciences is expensive and sometimes takes years to produce data and sometimes not even then. The physicists know this too. It used to be that theories explained existing data and then made new predictions subsequently confirmed or ruled out by further experiments. But the easy experiments have been done. The problem is that there are too many physicists, too many people chasing the next grant, the next tenured position, and not enough money, or new data, to go around. This is a part of the problem, the economics, sociology, and politics of the field. She addresses these, but they are a secondary concern. Her primary concern is squarely philosophical.
At the present level of exploration of physical foundations there are darned few predictions to be confirmed or denied either because doing so is too expensive, experiments have resulted negative outcomes, or the predicted phenomena lie beyond any conceivable experiment. What then are the legions of theoreticians to do? Noticing that many of the successful physical theories of the past have a certain elegance and simplicity about them, intrepid physicists turn to beauty and the notion of naturalness. Neither of these ideas is bad, but they are not, by themselves, good arbiters of truth and this is exactly Dr. Hossenfelder's point and the primary subject of the book.
Of the twin notions, naturalness is the easier to quantify as it comes down to there being no, or few, "arbitrary numbers" needed to make the theory match the data. The number "1" (or numbers very close to it) is "natural" because it doesn't change what it multiplies. Un-natural parameters (outside of science known as "fudge factors") detract from a theory unless they can be satisfactorily explained. The demand for explanation of the fudge factors drives further theory building and she notes that as one is explained, others seem inevitably to appear. Beauty is a more vague idea still as are associated ideas of simplicity (related to naturalness) and elegance. Beauty is, after all, in they eye of the beholder and this is no less characteristic of physicists and their foundational theories as it is in art.
Dr. Hossenfelder traveled from Stockholm to Hawaii and points in between interviewing famous physicists to garner their opinions on this subject. These interviews form a goodly part of the book. Some of her interviewees work firmly in the mainstream of modern physics. Others occupy peripheral positions but have enough street credit to be read by their peers, at least for a while. Her interviews are brilliant and funny. She asks good questions, philosophical questions, and all her interviewees agree with her! The present tendency in physics she so well illuminates is a problem! But there is also consternation. "What else can we do?" is an oft repeated refrain.
Through the process of relating all of this to us, Dr. Hossenfelder expresses her own insecurities about her choice of specialty, and even physics altogether! Has she wasted her time she wonders? Perhaps. But if I had the power I would hire this woman instantly; not in physics, but in philosophy! This theoretical physicist has a lot to contribute to the philosophy of science. Not that the physicists will care much of course. As is often the case in philosophy, insights go unrecognized until after problems that might have been avoided have fully broken upon us.
Dr. Hossenfelder is not absolutely alone crying in the wilderness here. There are a few of her peers in the physics community who see the same problems and have written about them; Lee Smolin comes immediately to mind and there are, perhaps, a few others. She should not despair however. Her credentials are impeccable. She has a lot more to contribute, if not to physics directly, then to philosophy of science. She should embrace her new community!
Top reviews from other countries
Here is the problem. The two great foundations of physics, quantum theory and relativity, are completely successful to the precision of existing experiments and observations. Yet they are mutually inconsistent. Attempts at unification (there are many, including string theory) are presently untestable, their verification beyond the limits of colliders and instruments. There are other conundrums too such as the nature of dark energy and dark matter. In the absence of experimental data, ungrounded theories abound - they are cheap, after all! - driven by aesthetics and groupthink.
Hossenfelder is not a superstar physics-populist with a major TV contract and a slew of pop-sci publications. 'Lost in Math' is not intended for that market. It's an extended meditation on the consequences of the absence of meaningful experimental feedback. The author interviews the world's leading physicists (Witten excepted) and is typically unimpressed by what she hears. Her reactions are ironic, sardonic and hilarious. Her text reports back as if talking to peers. How refreshing.
As a bonus you get an insider's view of the hot issues: what's really happening at the LHC, the role of dark matter in cosmology and the evolution of the universe .. as well as the failure of all attempts to characterise it, the problems with the flavours of multiverse, the measurement problem, the black hole firewall controversy.
There's no easy solution to the great stagnation in fundamental physics. The author is keen that the community should be more aware of its cognitive biases, its herd behaviour and groupthink but it seems difficult to identity the incentive to improve.
As for Sabine Hossenfelder herself, she may believe that publication of this book has killed any chance of tenure for ever, but probably it hasn't. One niche closes, another opens.
I had my doubts about buying this book. Would I really learn anything that I hadn't already picked up from many other popular science books and innumerable blog posts? And is the fragility of beauty, naturalness and elegance as criteria for theory acceptability really enough to sustain a whole volume? Yet Hossenfelder's work is wider and more profound than that. Her tour of the state of the art is a joy to read, discerning and intelligent insights sprinkled throughout. I was engrossed from beginning to end.
Particle physics has gone nowhere in the last 40-odd years. The Standard Model of the 1970s is still the best available, despite having known shortcomings. The most recent prediction to have been experimentally verified (the existence of the top and bottom quarks) is from 1973. (The Higgs boson was proposed in the previous decade.) Since the 1970s, experimental results have succeeded only in disconfirming attempts to improve on the Standard Model. Why this stunning lack of progress?
Hossenfelder, herself an accomplished theoretical physicist, argues it is because physicists are beguiled by the idea of (mathematical) “beauty”, and are being led astray in their work. Rather than being steered by real-world data, they are following beautiful theories, such as string theory, down mathematical rabbit holes, further and further from experimental checks, ending up in the bizarre place of having to redefine science itself to allow for the absence of even the possibility of experimental validation. The book weaves clear explanations of the problem with snippets of interviews with several of the physicists involved.
Her argument has two main components. Firstly, theoretical beauty is not a reliable guide. There are past examples of a beautiful theory having to give way to a less beautiful one when confronted with disconfirming experimental data. And many times the “beauty” of a theory becomes appreciated, or possibly learned, only after the theory has been accepted and established. Secondly, physics absolutely has to be grounded in experimental validation. Mathematics is the language used to express the theories, and like any language, you can say many different things in it. The only way to discover which, if any, of these is right, is to look to the real world.
This is a great book that will win Hossenfelder few friends in the subject. It cuts deep to the heart of the problem, in a very accessible manner, and exposes the groupthink lying at the heart of today’s fundamental physics.
You may think that Germans have no sense of humor – think again, Sabin is hilarious, the barbs are mostly subtle, but they are sharp.
Example; talking about the repeated failure of SUSY to produce experimental results, she quotes the researches as repeatedly claiming “the experiment produced interesting bounds”, in English – we found nothing but need more funding.
This is an important book for all scientists but especially Physicists, we have too much tolerance now for “non-empirical theory assessment”, which is exactly the opposite of what science is based on. The problem is that these notions are now sort of accepted, that “beauty” and “natural” are supposed to be the main drivers for the direction of research.
Too much garbage is being published, the chaff hides any fresh approaches and the establishment (and there are two sides) is set on status quo.
Major problem: research allocations – The large contributors are keen on large projects where their name is prominent, even if no scientific advance results, they don’t want to “dirty their hands” in sifting through thousands of research grant application, so they love to have (say) four large projects (LHC et al), which have the shine of something “super” and not too much work or responsibility.
The people who make the recommendations are senior (older) people with history, of likes and dislikes, who don’t need to show results, so they do what comes naturally – obey their biases.
The most painful are these wide spread excuses for physics which are sprouted by the very top of the hierarchy, namely: The multiverse (it would be called fantasy if proposed by a Sci-Fi writer), many worlds (which is sort of off-the-wall rational, but has left the earth for other galaxies as far as your next useful theory), SUSY which was very interesting until all its predictions failed, taking with it most of string theory to the bottom of Uranus’ ice core.
Sabine and fellow fundamental theorists have a difficult task which should be rewarding for them and humanity, but the great “Physics Establishment” machine is completely missing its function, instead of hundreds of billion dollars projects it should change the landscape.
From a garden with (say) four huge trees and bare earth for miles, move to thousands of shrubs (small projects), establishing a diverse research community with multi-year funding, giving the participants time to do actual research instead of wasting their time on the politics of applying for a grant every year or two. Diversity worked for evolution, why not try it for science.
The book details her search around the world to discover if physicists are taking beauty over function when trying to explain the universe. It seems they are, although one man's meat is another man's pet. Written almost in the form of a diary, the style is chatty and easy to digest. Diagrams, where necessary, are clear and simple. On the whole, it is effortless to read and. for the most part, not too far out of my comfort zone regarding the topics she covers. Highly recommended.
A recommended companion read to this would be:
"Bankrupting Physics - How today's scientists are gambling away their credibility"
by Alexander Unzicker and Sheilla Jones.
My personal gripes?
Math???? Maths, please. Sabine is German but has taken on board too many ugly Americanisms in her writing, probably more her fault. Whenever an American writes "dove" when they mean "dived" I think of the bird until the context clicks in. The same with "span", I always think or a bridge, when the writer actually means "spun". She also uses "gotten", another hideous word in any form you use it. Every time you think to write "got" outside speech marks, please use a Thesaurus and use a real word. I remember when people speaking English as a second language learned proper grammar and vocabulary, unfortunately Americanism seems preferable to good English these days.
It is an important book, that deserves to be read by those even mildly interested in science, those actually practising the dark 'arts' and those sifting through research proposals.