1912 and 1913 United States Senate elections

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1912 and 1913 United States Senate elections
← 1910/11 January 16, 1912 –
January 29, 1913		 1914 →
32 of the 96 seats in the United States Senate
(as well as special elections)
49 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
  JohnWKern.jpg Jacob Harold Gallinger.jpg
Leader John W. Kern[a] Jacob H. Gallinger[b]
Party Democratic Republican
Leader's seat Indiana New Hampshire
Seats before 43 52
Seats won 17 12
Seats after 47 45
Seat change Increase 4 Decrease 7
Seats up 13 19
US 1912 senate election map.svg
Results including special elections
     Democratic gains      Republican gains
     Democratic holds      Republican holds
Majority conference chairman before election

Shelby Moore Cullom
Republican

Elected Majority conference chairman

John W. Kern
Democratic

For related races, see 1912 United States elections.
The senate after the elections in 1912

In the United States Senate elections of 1912 and 1913, Democrats gained control of the Senate from the Republicans. Of the 22 seats up for election, 17 were won by Democrats, thereby gaining 4 seats from the Republicans. Two seats were unfilled by state legislators who failed to elect a new senator on time.

These elections coincided with Democrat Woodrow Wilson's victory in the presidential election amid a divide in the Republican Party. In the Senate, Joseph M. Dixon and Miles Poindexter defected from the Republican Party and joined Theodore Roosevelt's new Progressive Party. Dixon, however, lost his seat during this election.

Some states elected their senators directly even before passage of the 17th Amendment in 1913. Oregon pioneered direct election and experimented with different measures over several years until it succeeded in 1907. Soon after, Nebraska followed suit and laid the foundation for other states to adopt measures reflecting the people's will. By 1912, as many as 29 states elected senators either as nominees of their party's primary or in conjunction with a general election.

This was the first time in 20 years that the Democrats won a majority in the Senate.

Results summary[edit]

Parties Total Seats
Incumbents This election Result +/-
Not up Up Re-
elected 		Held Gained Lost
  Democratic 43 30 13 5 5 Increase 7 Decrease 2 47 Increase 4
  Republican 52 33 19 6 4 Increase 2 Decrease 7 45 Decrease 7
Others 0 0 0 0 0 Steady Steady 0 Steady
Vacant 1 1 0 Steady Steady Increase 3 Steady 4 Increase 3
Total 96 64 32 11 9 Increase 12 Decrease 9 96 Decrease 3

Change in Senate composition[edit]

Before the elections[edit]

After the March 1912 elections to elect senators from the new states of New Mexico and Arizona.

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8
D18 D17 D16 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9
D19 D20 D21 D22 D23 D24 D25 D26 D27 D28
D38
S.C.
Ran 		D37
Okla.
Ran 		D36
N.C.
Ran 		D35
Miss.
Ran 		D34
Maine
Ran 		D33
La.
Ran 		D32
Ga.
Ran 		D31
Ala.
Ran 		D30 D29
D39
Va.
Ran 		D40
W.Va.
Ran 		D41
Ark.
Retired 		D42
Ky.
Retired 		D43
Tex.
Retired 		V1 R52
Tenn.
Retired 		R51
R.I.
Retired 		R50
N.H.
Retired 		R49
Mass.
Retired
Majority → R48
Del.
Retired
R39
Minn.
Ran 		R40
Mont.
Ran 		R41
Neb.
Ran 		R42
N.J.
Ran 		R43
N.M.
Ran 		R44
Ore.
Ran 		R45
S.Dak.
Ran 		R46
Wyo.
Ran 		R47
Colo.
Retired
R38
Mich.
Ran 		R37
Kan.
Ran 		R36
Iowa
Ran 		R35
Ill.
Ran 		R34
Idaho
Ran 		R33 R32 R31 R30 R29
R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25 R26 R27 R28
R18 R17 R16 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8

Result of the general elections[edit]

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8
D18 D17 D16 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9
D19 D20 D21 D22 D23 D24 D25 D26 D27 D28
D38
La.
Hold 		D37
Ky.
Hold 		D36
Ark.
Hold 		D35
Va.
Re-elected 		D34
S.C.
Re-elected 		D33
Okla.
Re-elected 		D32
N.C.
Re-elected 		D31
Ala.
Re-elected 		D30 D29
D39
Miss.
Hold 		D40
Tex.
Hold 		D41
Colo.
Gain 		D42
Del.
Gain 		D43
Kan.
Gain 		D44
Mont.
Gain 		D45
N.J.
Gain 		D46
Ore.
Gain 		V1
Ill.3 		V2
Ga.
D Loss
Majority with vacancies → D47
Tenn.
Gain
R39
Wyo.
Re-elected 		R40
Mass.
Hold 		R41
Neb.
Hold 		R42
R.I.
Hold 		R43
S.Dak.
Hold 		R44
Maine
Gain 		R45
W.Va.
Gain 		V4
N.H.
R Loss 		V3
Ill.2
R Loss
R38
N.M.
Re-elected 		R37
Minn.
Re-elected 		R36
Mich.
Re-elected 		R35
Iowa
Re-elected 		R34
Idaho
Re-elected 		R33 R32 R31 R30 R29
R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25 R26 R27 R28
R18 R17 R16 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8

Beginning of the next Congress[edit]

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8
D18 D17 D16 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9
D19 D20 D21 D22 D23 D24 D25 D26 D27 D28
D38 D37 D36 D35 D34 D33 D32 D31 D30 D29
D39 D40 D41 D42 D43 D44 D45 D46 V1
Ill.3 		V2
Ga.
Majority with vacancies→ V3
Ill.2
R39 R40 R41 R42 P1
Wa.
Changed 		D48 D47 V5
W.Va.
Seated late 		V4
N.H.
R38 R37 R36 R35 R34 R33 R32 R31 R30 R29
R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25 R26 R27 R28
R18 R17 R16 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8

Beginning of the first session, April 7, 1913[edit]

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8
D18 D17 D16 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9
D19 D20 D21 D22 D23 D24 D25 D26 D27 D28
D38 D37 D36 D35 D34 D33 D32 D31 D30 D29
D39 D40 D41 D42 D43 D44 D45 D46 D47 D48
Majority → D49
Ga.
Gain
R39 R40 R41 R41 R43
W.Va.
Seated late 		R44
Ill.2
Gain 		R45
Ill.3
Gain 		P1 D50
N.H.
Gain
R38 R37 R36 R35 R34 R33 R32 R31 R30 R29
R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25 R26 R27 R28
R18 R17 R16 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
Key:
D# Democratic
P# Progressive
R# Republican
V# Vacant

Complete list of races[edit]

Special elections during the 62nd Congress[edit]

In these special elections, the winners were seated in the 62nd Congress during 1912 or before March 4, 1913; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Virginia
(Class 1) 		Claude A. Swanson Democratic 1910 (Appointed) Interim appointee elected January 23, 1912.
New Mexico
(Class 1) 		New seat New senator elected March 27, 1912.
Republican gain.
New Mexico
(Class 2) 		New seat New senator elected March 27, 1912.
Republican gain.
Winner was also subsequently elected to the next term, see below.
Arizona
(Class 1) 		New seat New senator elected March 26, 1912, ratifying the popular selection made in December 12, 1911 state elections.
Democratic gain.
Arizona
(Class 3) 		New seat New senator elected March 26, 1912, ratifying the popular selection made in December 12, 1911 state elections.
Democratic gain.
Maine
(Class 2) 		Obadiah Gardner Democratic 1911 (Appointed) Interim appointee elected April 2, 1912.[3]
Colorado
(Class 3) 		Vacant Charles J. Hughes, Jr. (D) had died January 11, 1911.
New senator elected January 14, 1913, ratifying the popular selection made in 1912 state elections.
Democratic gain.
  • Green tickY Charles S. Thomas (Democratic) 28 votes
  • Waterman 4 votes
  • Vincent (Progressive) 1 vote[4]
    In state elections:
  • [Data unknown/missing]
Tennessee
(Class 2) 		Newell Sanders Republican 1912 (Appointed) Interim appointee retired.
New senator elected January 23, 1913.
Democratic gain.
Winner did not run for election to the following term, see below.
Texas
(Class 2) 		Rienzi Johnston Democratic 1912 (Appointed) Interim appointee lost election.
New senator elected January 23, 1913.
Democratic hold.
Winner also elected to the next term, see below.
Idaho
(Class 3) 		Kirtland I. Perky Democratic 1912 (Appointed) Interim appointee lost election to finish the term.
New senator elected January 24, 1913.
Republican gain.
Arkansas
(Class 2) 		John N. Heiskell Democratic 1913 (Appointed) Interim appointee retired.
New senator elected January 27, 1913.
Democratic hold.
Winner did not run for election to the following term, see below.
Nevada
(Class 1) 		William A. Massey Republican 1912 (Appointed) Interim appointee lost election to finish the term.
New senator elected[d] January 28, 1913, ratifying the popular selection made in 1912 state elections.
Democratic gain.

Races leading to the 63rd Congress[edit]

In these general elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1913; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral
history
Alabama John H. Bankhead Democratic 1907 (Appointed)
1907 (Special) 		Incumbent re-elected early January 17, 1911, for the term beginning March 4, 1913.
Arkansas John N. Heiskell Democratic 1913 (Appointed) Interim appointee retired.
New senator elected January 29, 1913.
Democratic hold.
Colorado Simon Guggenheim Republican 1907 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 14, 1913, ratifying the popular selection made in 1912 state elections.[d]
Democratic gain.
Delaware Harry A. Richardson Republican 1907 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 29, 1913.
Democratic gain.
Elected by popular vote after ratification of the 17th Amendment
Georgia Augustus Bacon Democratic 1894
1900
1907 (Appointed)
1907 (Special) 		Incumbent ran for re-election but the legislature failed to elect.
Democratic loss.
Incumbent was then appointed to begin the term.[4] 		Augustus Bacon (Democratic)
Idaho William Borah Republican 1907 Incumbent re-elected January 14, 1913.
Illinois Shelby M. Cullom Republican 1882
1888
1894
1901
1907 		Incumbent lost renomination.
Legislature failed to elect.
Republican loss.
A new senator was later elected, see below. 		Bernard Berlyn (Socialist)
Charles Boeschenstein (Democratic)
Frank H. Funk (Progressive)
J. Hamilton Lewis (Democratic)
McDonald (Socialist)
Lawrence Y. Sherman (Republican)[4]
Iowa William S. Kenyon Republican 1911 (Special) Incumbent re-elected January 21, 1913.
Kansas Charles Curtis Republican 1907 (Special)
1907 		Incumbent lost re-election.[d]
New senator elected January 28, 1913, ratifying the popular selection made in 1912 state elections.[d]
Democratic gain.
Kentucky Thomas H. Paynter Democratic 1906 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 16, 1912.
Democratic hold.
Louisiana Murphy J. Foster Democratic 1900
1904 		Incumbent lost renomination.
New senator elected May 21, 1912.
Democratic hold.
Maine Obadiah Gardner Democratic 1911 (Appointed)
1912 (Special) 		Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected January 15, 1913.
Republican gain.
Massachusetts Winthrop M. Crane Republican 1904 (Appointed)
1905 (Special)
1907 		Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 14, 1913.
Republican hold.
Michigan William A. Smith Republican 1911 Incumbent re-elected January 14, 1913.
Minnesota Knute Nelson Republican 1895
1901
1907 		Incumbent re-elected January 21, 1913, ratifying the popular selection made in 1912 state elections.[d]
Mississippi LeRoy Percy Democratic 1910 (Special) Incumbent lost renomination.
New senator elected January 16, 1912.
Democratic hold.
Montana Joseph M. Dixon Republican 1907 Incumbent lost re-election as a Progressive.[d]
New senator elected January 14, 1913, ratifying the popular selection made in 1912 state elections.
Democratic gain.
Nebraska Norris Brown Republican 1907 Incumbent lost renomination.[14]
New senator elected January 21, 1913, ratifying the popular selection made in 1912 state elections.
Republican hold.
New Hampshire Henry E. Burnham Republican 1901
1907 		Incumbent retired.
Legislature failed to elect.
Republican loss.
New senator was elected late, see below. 		Robert P. Bass (Progressive)
Sherman E. Burroughs (Republican)
Clarence Carr (Democratic)
Henry F. Hollis (Democratic)
John H. Bartlett (Republican)
Edward N. Pearson (Republican)
William Swart (Independent)
Henry B. Quinby (Republican)
Gordon Woodbury (Democratic)
New Jersey Frank O. Briggs Republican 1907 Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected January 28, 1913.
Democratic gain.
New Mexico Albert B. Fall Republican 1912 (New state) Incumbent re-elected June 6, 1912.
Legislature invalidated the election.
Incumbent then re-elected January 28, 1913. 		January 28, 1913 election:
North Carolina Furnifold Simmons Democratic 1901
1907 		Incumbent re-elected January 21, 1913.
Oklahoma Robert L. Owen Democratic 1907 Incumbent re-elected January 21, 1913.[d]
Oregon Jonathan Bourne, Jr. Republican 1907 Incumbent lost renomination and then lost re-election as Popular Government candidate.
New senator elected, ratifying the popular selection made in 1912 state elections.[d]
Democratic gain.
Rhode Island George P. Wetmore Republican 1894
1900
1907 (No election)
1908 (Special) 		Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 21, 1913.[18]
Republican hold.
South Carolina Benjamin Tillman Democratic 1894
1901
1907 		Incumbent re-elected January 28, 1913.
South Dakota Robert J. Gamble Republican 1901
1907 		Incumbent lost renomination.[19]
New senator elected January 22, 1913.
Republican hold.
Tennessee Newell Sanders Republican 1912 (Appointed) Interim appointee retired.
New senator elected January 23, 1913.
Democratic gain.
Texas Rienzi Johnston Democratic 1912 (Appointed) Interim appointee retired.
New senator elected January 28, 1913.
Democratic hold.
Virginia Thomas S. Martin Democratic 1893 (Early)
1899 (Early)
1906 		Incumbent re-elected January 24, 1912.
West Virginia Clarence Watson Democratic 1911 (Special) Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected January 28, 1913.
Republican gain.
Winner took seat late.
Wyoming Francis E. Warren Republican 1890
1893 (Lost)
1895
1901
1907 		Incumbent re-elected January 28, 1913.

Early election to the following Congress[edit]

In this early general election, the winner was seated in the 64th Congress, starting March 4, 1915.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Louisiana
(Class 3) 		John Thornton Democratic 1910 (Special) Incumbent retired.
New senator elected early May 21, 1912.
Democratic hold.

Elections during the 63rd Congress[edit]

In these elections (some special, some merely late), the winners were seated in 1913 after March 4; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
New Hampshire
(Class 2) 		Vacant Legislature had failed to elect, see above.
New senator elected March 13, 1913.
Democratic gain.
Illinois
(Class 2) 		Vacant Legislature had failed to elect, see above.
New senator elected March 26, 1913.
Democratic gain.
Illinois
(Class 3) 		Vacant 1909 election of William Lorimer (R) had been voided July 13, 1912.
New senator elected March 26, 1913.
Republican gain.
Elected by popular vote after ratification of the 17th Amendment
Georgia
(Class 2) 		Augustus Bacon Democratic 1894
1900
1907 (Appointed)
1907 (Special)
1913 (Appointed) 		Interim appointee re-elected July 15, 1913.
Maryland
(Class 1) 		William P. Jackson Republican 1912 (Appointed) Appointee retired when elected successor qualified.
New senator elected November 4, 1913 to finish the term ending March 3, 1917.
Winner did not qualify until January 28, 1914.[23]
Democratic gain.
  • Green tickY Blair Lee (Democratic)
  • [Data unknown/missing]

Alabama[edit]

Main article: 1911 United States Senate election in Alabama
See also: List of United States Senators from Alabama

Arkansas[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate election in Arkansas
See also: 1913 United States Senate special election in Arkansas and List of United States Senators from Arkansas

Arkansas (Special)[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate special election in Arkansas
See also: 1913 United States Senate election in Arkansas and List of United States Senators from Arkansas

Arizona[edit]

Main article: 1912 United States Senate elections in Arizona
See also: List of United States Senators from Arizona

Colorado[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate election in Colorado
See also: 1913 United States Senate special election in Colorado and List of United States Senators from Colorado

Colorado (Special)[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate special election in Colorado
See also: 1913 United States Senate election in Colorado and List of United States Senators from Colorado

Delaware[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate election in Delaware
See also: List of United States Senators from Delaware

Georgia[edit]

Main article: 1912 United States Senate election in Georgia
See also: List of United States Senators from Georgia

Idaho[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate election in Idaho
See also: 1913 United States Senate special election in Idaho and List of United States Senators from Idaho

Idaho (Special)[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate special election in Idaho
See also: 1913 United States Senate election in Idaho and List of United States Senators from Idaho

Illinois[edit]

Main article: 1912 United States Senate election in Illinois
See also: List of United States Senators from Illinois

Illinois (Specials)[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate special elections in Illinois
See also: List of United States Senators from Illinois

Iowa[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate election in Iowa
See also: List of United States Senators from Iowa

Kansas[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate election in Kansas
See also: List of United States Senators from Kansas

Kentucky[edit]

Main article: 1912 United States Senate election in Kentucky
See also: List of United States Senators from Kentucky

Louisiana[edit]

Main article: 1912 United States Senate election in Louisiana
See also: List of United States Senators from Louisiana

Maine[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate election in Maine
See also: 1912 United States Senate special election in Maine and List of United States Senators from Maine

Maine (Special)[edit]

Main article: 1912 United States Senate special election in Maine
See also: 1913 United States Senate election in Maine and List of United States Senators from Maine

Massachusetts[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
See also: List of United States Senators from Massachusetts

Michigan[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate election in Michigan
See also: List of United States Senators from Michigan

Minnesota[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate election in Minnesota
See also: List of United States Senators from Minnesota

Mississippi[edit]

Main article: 1912 United States Senate election in Mississippi
See also: List of United States Senators from Mississippi

Montana[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate election in Montana
See also: List of United States Senators from Montana

Nebraska[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate election in Nebraska
See also: List of United States Senators from Nebraska

Nevada (Special)[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate special election in Nevada
See also: List of United States Senators from Nevada

New Hampshire[edit]

Main article: 1912 United States Senate election in New Hampshire
See also: List of United States Senators from New Hampshire

New Jersey[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate election in New Jersey
See also: List of United States Senators from New Jersey

New Mexico[edit]

Main article: 1912 United States Senate elections in New Mexico
See also: List of United States Senators from New Mexico

North Carolina[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate election in North Carolina
See also: List of United States Senators from North Carolina

Oklahoma[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate election in Oklahoma
See also: List of United States Senators from Oklahoma

Oregon[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate election in Oregon
See also: List of United States Senators from Oregon

Rhode Island[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate election in Rhode Island
See also: List of United States Senators from Rhode Island

South Carolina[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate election in South Carolina
See also: List of United States Senators from South Carolina

South Dakota[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate election in South Dakota
See also: List of United States Senators from South Dakota

Tennessee[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate election in Tennessee
See also: 1913 United States Senate special election in Tennessee and List of United States Senators from Tennessee

Tennessee (Special)[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate special election in Tennessee
See also: 1913 United States Senate election in Tennessee and List of United States Senators from Tennessee

Texas[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate election in Texas
See also: 1913 United States Senate special election in Texas and List of United States Senators from Texas

Texas (Special)[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate special election in Texas
See also: 1913 United States Senate election in Texas and List of United States Senators from Texas

Virginia (General & Special)[edit]

Main articles: 1912 United States Senate election in Virginia and 1912 United States Senate special election in Virginia
See also: List of United States Senators from Virginia

Virginia held non-binding primaries in September 1911 for the class 2 seat held by Democrat Thomas S. Martin, who was running for re-election, and the class 1 seat held by Democrat Claude Swanson, who had been appointed to fill a vacancy.[24] Claude A. Swanson won the Class 1 Democratic primary for the term ending in 1917 with 67,495 votes over Carter Glass's 28,757 votes.[25] Thomas S. Martin won the Class 2 Democratic primary for the term ending in 1919, receiving 57,120 votes to 25,005 for William Atkinson Jones. On January 24, 1912, the Virginia General Assembly unanimously elected both Swanson and Martin, thus ratifying the results of the primary.[26][27]

West Virginia[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate election in West Virginia
See also: List of United States Senators from West Virginia

Wyoming[edit]

Main article: 1913 United States Senate election in Wyoming
See also: List of United States Senators from Wyoming

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ as Democratic Conference Chairman
  2. ^ as Republican Conference Chairman
  3. ^ [sic], probably "William J. Mills"
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Senator was selected by some form of direct voting and then subsequently elected by state legislatures.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j United States Senators Chosen, 1912, p. 457.
  2. ^ a b "AZ US Senate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
  3. ^ Byrd, p. 118.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m United States Senators Chosen, 1913, p. 458.
  5. ^ a b c d e f United States Senators Chosen, 1913, p. 460.
  6. ^ "Our Campaigns - NV US Senate - Special Race - Nov 05, 1912". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  7. ^ United States Senators Chosen, 1911, p. 455.
  8. ^ "CO US Senate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
  9. ^ United States Senators Chosen, 1913, pp. 458–459.
  10. ^ "KS US Senate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m United States Senators Chosen, 1913, p. 459.
  12. ^ "MN US Senate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
  13. ^ "MT US Senate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
  14. ^ "NE US Senate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
  15. ^ "NE US Senate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
  16. ^ "OK US Senate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
  17. ^ "OR US Senate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
  18. ^ The New York Times, January 22, 1913, p. 4.
  19. ^ "SD US Senate - R Primary". Our Campaigns. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
  20. ^ United States Senators Chosen, 1913, pp. 459–460.
  21. ^ "Anti-Saloon Men Heard at Richmond". Washington Gerald. Washington, DC. January 25, 1912. p. 1.
  22. ^ "NH US Senate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
  23. ^ "U.S. Senate: The Election Case of William P. Jackson v. Blair Lee of Maryland (1914)". www.senate.gov. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
  24. ^ "Martin-Swanson Majority Swells". Newport Daily Press. Newport News, Virginia. September 9, 1911. p. 1.
  25. ^ Bell, James B. (1911). Congressional Directory, 62nd Congress, 2nd Session. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. p. 107.
  26. ^ "Return Martin to Senate: Virginia Assembly Re-Elects him Senator, also Elects Swanson". Belvidere Daily Republican. Belvidere, IL. January 25, 1912. p. 1.
  27. ^ "Returned to United States Senate by Vieginia". New Philadelphia Daily Times. New Philadelphia, Ohio. January 25, 1912. p. 8.

Sources[edit]

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