Eliot Engel

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For the American scholar, see Elliot Engel.
Eliot Engel
Eliot Engel, official photo portrait.jpg
Chair of the House Foreign Affairs Committee
Assumed office
January 3, 2019
Preceded byEd Royce
Member of the
U.S. House of Representatives
from New York
Assumed office
January 3, 1989
Preceded byMario Biaggi
Constituency19th district (1989–1993)
17th district (1993–2013)
16th district (2013–present)
Member of the New York State Assembly
from the 81st district
In office
March 7, 1977 – December 31, 1988
Preceded byAlan Hochberg
Succeeded byStephen B. Kaufman
Personal details
Born
Eliot Lance Engel

(1947-02-18) February 18, 1947 (age 73)
New York City, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse(s)Patricia Ennis
Children3
EducationLehman College (BA, MA)
New York Law School (JD)

Eliot Lance Engel (/ˈɛŋɡəl/; born February 18, 1947) is an American politician who serves as the U.S. Representative for New York's 16th congressional district, which contains parts of the Bronx and Westchester County. He is in his 16th term as a congressman, having served in the House since 1989, having previously represented the 19th District from 1989 to 1993, and the 17th District from 1993 to 2013.

In 2019, following Democratic gains in the November 2018 elections, he took over as Chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee. In 2013, he became the Ranking Member of the Committee, replacing Howard Berman, who lost his re-election bid in the 2012 elections.

Early life, education, and teaching career[edit]

Engel was born in the Bronx, the son of Sylvia (née Bleend) and Philip Engel, an ironworker. His grandparents, of Ukrainian Jewish background,[1] were immigrants from the Russian Empire.[2]

He grew up in a city housing project, Eastchester Gardens, and attended New York City public schools.

In 1969, he graduated from Hunter-Lehman College of the City University of New York with a Bachelor of Arts in history. He subsequently received a master's degree in guidance and counseling in 1973 from the same institution, by now renamed Lehman College following the severance of its relationship with Hunter College. In 1987, he received a J.D. degree from New York Law School.

He began his political career in local Democrat clubs.

He taught in the New York City School District and was a guidance counselor. He taught at Intermediate School 52 from 1969 to 1976 and then at Intermediate School 174.

New York State Assembly[edit]

In 1977, Engel entered the special election for a seat in the New York State Assembly after the incumbent Democrat Alan Hochberg was forced to resign. He risked all of his life savings and won by 103 votes. He was the Liberal Party nominee in the special election, and on March 1, 1977, he defeated Democratic nominee Ted Weinstein and Republican nominee Arlene Siegel.[3]

Engel was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1977 to 1988, sitting in the 182nd, 183rd, 184th, 185th, 186th and 187th New York State Legislatures. He chaired the Committee on Alcoholism and Substance Abuse, as well as the Subcommittee on the Mitchell-Lama Housing Program.

U.S. House of Representatives[edit]

Elections[edit]

In 1988, Engel ran for the U.S. House of Representatives in New York's 19th congressional district. He defeated incumbent Democrat Mario Biaggi in the primary with 48% of the vote.[4] Biaggi had been charged with racketeering in the Wedtech scandal,[5] and Biaggi was eventually jailed by Rudy Giuliani. Engel won the general election with 56% of the vote.[6] Engel subsequently never won re-election with less than 61% in a general election. He only faced competitive primary elections (getting less than 70%) twice (1994 and 2000). In 1994, he defeated musician Willie Colón 62%-38%.[7] In 2000, Engel defeated State Senator Larry Seabrook, who had the support of Bronx County Democratic Party Chairman Roberto Ramirez, 50%-41%.[8]

Committee assignments[edit]

Party leadership
  • Vice Chair of the Democratic Task Force on Homeland Security
  • Assistant Democratic Whip
Caucus memberships

Attendance at the State of the Union address[edit]

Engel can be seen shaking hands with the president during televised State of the Union addresses.[16] Along with other Members of Congress, Engel shows up to the Capitol early in order to guarantee that he will get an aisle seat. Engel has managed to shake hands with the president at every address, and be seen by his constituents on television since 1989. He has expressed that, "It's an honor to shake the hand of the president of the United States no matter who it is."[17] Although not technically a State of the Union address, he chose not to do so for Trump's first address to a joint session of Congress [18]

Political positions[edit]

Healthcare reform[edit]

A strong supporter of single payer healthcare, Engel supports quality access to health care, and refers to himself as pro-choice "all the way".[19] Engel is a co-sponsor of the United States National Health Care Act, which would implement a single-payer health care system in the United States. In 2010 he was a strong supporter of the landmark Affordable Care Act, committing his vote only after securing provisions that New York would not be penalized for being a do-gooder state.[20]

In 2008, Engel authored the ALS Registry Act (P.L. 110-373),[21] which established a national registry for the collection and storage of data on those suffering from ALS. He also authored the Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Act (P.L. 110-361),[22] which promoted research at Centers of Excellence for Muscular Dystrophy.

In 2010, Engel wrote the Partnering to Improve Maternity Care Quality Act to improve maternity care for mothers and newborns, and to do so in partnership with doctors, advocates, payers, and purchasers. In 2010 he also wrote the Gestational Diabetes Act of 2010, which passed the House, but didn't come to a vote in the Senate. In 2018, he reintroduced the legislation in the 115th Congress for consideration. It was not voted on.[23] The legislation would provide for better tracking and research into gestational diabetes, which, if untreated, could lead to Type 2 diabetes for both mother and child.

Global health[edit]

Rep. Engel supported an improved re-authorization of the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). Within the PEPFAR bill, Engel included his bill, the Stop Tuberculosis Now Act.[24] This measure would provide increased U.S. support for international Tuberculosis control activities, and promotes research to develop new drugs, diagnostics, and vaccines.

Energy[edit]

In 2005, Engel, along with Congressman Jack Kingston (R-GA), introduced the Fuel Choices for American Security Act (H.R. 4409), later modified and re-introduced in 2007 as the DRIVE Act (H.R. 670) - the Dependence Reduction through Innovation in Vehicles and Energy Act - with more than 80 bi-partisan co-sponsors. It was designed to promote America's national security and economic stability by reducing dependence on foreign oil through the use of clean alternative fuels and advanced vehicle technologies. It also called for increased tire efficiency - to increase a vehicle's gas miles.[25]

Many provisions of the DRIVE Act were included in the Energy Independence and Security Act, which was signed into law on December 19, 2007, and became Public Law No. 110-140. This law mandates increased fuel efficiency standards from 25 miles per gallon to 35 miles per gallon by 2020. The law also requires improved energy efficiency standards for appliances, lighting and buildings, and the development of American-grown biofuels like cellulosic ethanol, biodiesel, and biobutanol.

Engel introduced the Open Fuel Standards Act, alongside Congressmen Kingston, Steve Israel (D-NY) and Bob Inglis (R-SC).[26] This bill would have required 50 percent of new cars sold in the United States by 2012 (and 80 percent of new cars sold by 2015) to be flexible-fuel vehicles capable of running on any combination of ethanol, methanol, or gasoline. Flex fuel vehicles cost about $100 more than the same vehicle in a gasoline-only version.

Engel is the senior Representative from New York on the Energy and Commerce Committee, and the Representative from New York on the Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment. He played a key role in negotiating the American Clean Energy and Security Act, HR 2454,[27] which passed the House on June 26, 2009.[28] That legislation was intended to revitalize the economy by creating millions of new jobs, increase American national security by reducing dependence on foreign oil, and preserve the planet by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.[29] It passed the House in 2009, but was not voted on by the Senate in the 111th Congress.

Gun control[edit]

A supporter of gun control, Engel has in Congress "worked to ban assault weapons, high-capacity magazines and armor-piercing bullets, institute universal background checks, adopt extreme risk protection orders, and restore funding for gun violence research."[30] Engel has received an "F" grade from the National Rifle Association[31] and 100 percent ratings from the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence[32] and Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence.[33] He voted against a 2003 bill that immunized firearm manufacturers and dealers from civil liability for gun misuse, supports "smart gun" technology to prevent guns from being used by unauthorized persons, and voted against a bill to reduce the waiting period to purchase a gun at a gun show.[31] In 2009, Engel was one of 53 members of Congress who signed a letter to President Barack Obama, urging the new president to resume enforcement of a ban on the import of foreign assault weapons (authorized by the Gun Control Act of 1968 and enforced during the administrations of George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton).[34] In 2011, after 400,000 defective gun locks were recalled from the market, Engel introduced a bill intended to protect parents and children from faulty gun locks by instructing the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) to set a national quality standard for all child safety devices used on firearms.[35]

Other domestic issues[edit]

On December 22, 2010, President Barack Obama signed into law the Truth in Caller ID Act. The legislation was introduced by Bill Nelson in the Senate, passed the House on December 15, and is virtually identical to Rep. Engel's bill.[36] The new law cracks down on the use of caller ID spoofing, often used by criminals to trick their victims into giving out personal information. The legislation will help law enforcement combat identity theft.

Rep. Engel originally introduced the Securing our Borders and Our Data Act in July 2008, HR 6702.[37] That bill would ensure that when a traveler enters the United States, a border agent cannot search or seize the traveler's data or equipment without cause.[38] The legislation was re-introduced in the 111th Congress as HR 239.[39] The Department of Homeland Security altered their rules to prevent agents from searching and seizing without cause.[40] This encompassed much of Rep. Engel's legislation.

In the 109th Congress, Engel introduced the Calling Card Consumer Protection Act, HR 3402.[41] The bill was intended to stop some of the massive fraud in the prepaid calling card industry.[42] The legislation passed the House unanimously, but the Senate did not act on it. In 2011, Rep. Engel introduced the Drug Testing Integrity Act, which would prohibit products to be sold that enable cheating on drug tests.

In 2010, Engel urged the Federal Housing Finance Agency to stop their plan to ban private transfer fees on cooperative apartment sales. Some developers and investors had been abusing the system by imposing transfer fees that would have provided them with percentages on all future sales of the property over many decades. The transfer fee, when used correctly, can help owners and developers fund projects and remain affordable. The FHFA decided not to pursue this plan in 2011.

In 2012, Engel introduced SNOPA, the Social Network Online Protection Act. It would guarantee online privacy and ensure that employers and educational institutions cannot use personal data as a bargaining chip for employment or education. Employers/schools would be barred from requesting or requiring usernames or passwords to social media sites as part of the hiring, employment, or enrollment process. The bill was re-introduced in the 113th Congress, with Rep. Michael Grimm as the Republican lead, and Rep. Jan Schakowski as an original co-sponsor.

International affairs[edit]

Engel with Nelson Mandela

Engel is a supporter of recognizing Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, and has also been an advocate for the causes of Albanian-Americans and ethnic Albanians in Kosovo. In 2003, he authored the Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act, which was signed into law by President George W. Bush on December 12, 2003.[43] In this Law, Congress authorized penalties and restrictions on US relations with Syria for its occupation of Lebanon, and for its relationship with terrorist groups. Syria withdrew all forces from Lebanon in 2005 after the Cedar Revolution.

Western Hemisphere Subcommittee[edit]

As Chairman of the House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, Engel has called for stronger U.S. relations with Latin America and the Caribbean. His Subcommittee has held hearings on issues such as the crisis in Haiti, poverty, and inequality in Latin America.

Engel pushed for increased funding for emergency relief in Haiti, and for Temporary Protective Status (TPS) of Haitian nationals in the U.S.[44] Engel is also supportive of the "Mérida Initiative", in which the U.S. is cooperating with Mexico, Central America, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti to counter narco-trafficking and related violence in the region. In the 110th United States Congress, he introduced the Social Investment and Economic Development Act for the Americas of 2007[45] (re-introduced in 2009, where it also died in committee[46]) and sponsored the Western Hemisphere Energy Compact Act to develop partnerships to strengthen diplomatic relations with the Government of Brazil, and the governments of other countries in the Western Hemisphere (died in committee).[47]

The bi-partisan Western Hemisphere Drug Policy Commission Act of 2009 (sponsored by Rep. Engel) was passed by the House on December 8, 2009; it would have taken a fresh look at the United States' counter-narcotics efforts, both at home and abroad. The bill did not pass the Senate.[48]

Middle East[edit]

Engel before greeting the new King Salman of Saudi Arabia, in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in January 2015

Engel is one of the leading congressional supporters of Israel. Although he has supported resolutions critical of both Israelis and Palestinians, his criticisms of Israeli policies have usually been couched as warnings of their harm to Israel itself. In 2008, he was the lead Democrat on a resolution condemning Palestinian rocket attacks on Israeli civilians by Hamas and other Palestinian terrorist organizations.[49] Shortly after entering Congress, he sponsored a resolution declaring Jerusalem the undivided capital of Israel.[50] A very pro-Israel position, this was contrary to official American policy until President Donald Trump adopted it in December, 2019. He also wrote the Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act, which was signed into law by President George W. Bush on December 12, 2003.[51] This law authorized restrictions on American relations with Syria, and penalties for its occupation of Lebanon, and for its relationship with terrorist groups.

In January 2017, Engel introduced a House resolution condemning the UN Security Council Resolution 2334, which condemned Israeli settlement building in the occupied Palestinian territories as a violation of international law.[52]

Kosovo and the Balkans[edit]

In 1996, The Washington Post wrote, "The Kosovo cause has been kept alive in Washington by a small group of congressmen led by Rep. Eliot L. Engel (D-N.Y.)...."[53] While a member of the Subcommittee on Europe and Chair of the Congressional Albanian Issues Caucus, Engel fought ethnic cleansing in the 1999 Kosovo War and voiced support in Congress for the unilateral 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence from Serbia. A street has been named after him in Pejë, and he was the first foreign dignitary to address the Kosovo parliament.[54]

Cyprus[edit]

Engel called for the withdrawal of Turkish troops from Cyprus, and authored a resolution in 1996 calling for its demilitarization. His 1994 law allowed the United States Department of State to conduct an investigation of five Americans who disappeared during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, and found the remains of one.[55] Engel received the George Paraskevaides Award on May 17, 2007, given to those who have utilized ancient Hellenic values to contribute to the nations and people of Cyprus and America and to the Hellenics in the modern world.[56]

Iraq War[edit]

In 2002, although 133 members of the House of Representatives voted against it, Engel voted for the resolution granting President Bush the authority to use force in Iraq, as did the two Senators from New York, Chuck Schumer and Hillary Clinton, and almost 300 members of the United States House of Representatives.[57] After revelations that intelligence provided to Congress was partially unreliable, and the subsequent problems faced after Saddam Hussein was deposed, Engel has come to regret his decision to support the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and consistently votes in favor of gradual withdrawal. He has met with anti-war activists, and in 2008, he publicly called for the closing of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. Engel received an "A" grade from the Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans in 2008.[58]

Irish affairs[edit]

In 2007, Engel became a Co-Chair of the Congressional Ad Hoc Committee on Irish Affairs. He supported the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, and aided Irish nationals facing deportation from the United States.[59] He has been a friend of Gerry Adams, leader of Sinn Féin,[60] and was the author of legislation that prohibits employers in Northern Ireland and Ireland from receiving U.S. funds from the International Fund for Ireland, unless they comply with fair employment and non-discrimination principles called the "MacBride Principles".[61] In 2010, Rep. Engel was instrumental in helping Joe Byrne return to the United States, after a bureaucratic problem left him detained in Ireland and separated from his family in Rockland County.

Human rights[edit]

Engel with Hong Kong activists who have become prominent figures in the 2019 Hong Kong protests

As a member of the Congressional Human Rights Caucus, Engel has supported Albanian-Americans and ethnic Albanians in Kosovo. He is co-author of the Harkin-Engel Protocol, along with Senator Tom Harkin (D-IA), which addresses child labor in the cocoa fields of West Africa.

In early 2001, he wrote the House resolution condemning the Taliban for forcing Hindu citizens to wear distinguishing marks as reminiscent of the Nazis forcing Jews to wear a yellow Star of David.[62] In 2008, he wrote a resolution commending the U.S.-Brazil Joint Action Plan to Promote Racial and Ethnic Equality.[63]

Engel sponsored a bill to support the Day of Silence, during which students vow to remain silent to bring attention to the harassment and discrimination faced by lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people in schools.[64] That bill has been re-submitted in the 111th United States Congress.[65] He also voted against the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which allowed for states not to be required to recognize same-sex marriages in other states.[66] In 2010, he voted in 2010 to repeal the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy, enabling homosexuals to serve openly in the U.S. Military.

In 2018, Engel condemned the genocide of the Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar and called for a stronger response to the crisis.[67]

Engel urged the Trump administration to take a tougher line on China by imposing sanctions on Chinese officials who are responsible for human rights abuses against the Uyghur Muslim minority in China's northwestern Xinjiang region. In March 2019, the group of lawmakers led by Engel wrote a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo that read in part, "This issue is bigger than just China. It is about demonstrating to strongmen globally that the world will hold them accountable for their actions."[68]

Iran nuclear deal[edit]

In August 2015, Engel announced that he would oppose the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Iran nuclear deal in congress, saying that, "The answers I've received simply don't convince me that this deal will keep a nuclear weapon out of Iran's hands, and may in fact strengthen Iran's position as a destabilizing and destructive influence across the Middle East."[69]

Controversies[edit]

Trump–Ukraine scandal
A request by U.S. president Trump (right) to Ukrainian president Zelensky (left) to investigate Joe Biden and his son sparked the scandal.
Events
People
Companies
Conspiracy theories

In March 2009, the Associated Press reported that Engel had been taking an annual tax credit on his Potomac, Maryland residence for at least ten years (cumulatively receiving thousands of dollars in tax credits), despite the fact that the credit is reserved for people who declare Maryland their primary residence. Maryland officials revoked the tax credit.[70] The matter was reviewed by the Office of Congressional Ethics, which also looked into similar tax credits claimed by three other members of the House.[71] The OCE eventually ended its review on Engel and two of the other members of Congress (Doris Matsui and Edolphus Towns) without recommending further investigation by the House Ethics Committee.[72]

Publisher Christopher Hagedorn has often used his Bronx weekly newspapers, the Bronx News, the Parkchester News, and the Co-op City News, to attack Engel.[73] Hagedorn believes that Engel, when he was still an assemblyman, was behind a failed effort in 1988 to evict the Co-op City News from its offices in Co-op City.[74] Since 1988, Hagedorn has published numerous editorials and articles attacking Engel and even reprinted critical articles about him that have been published in other newspapers. Hagedorn has often endorsed Engel's opponents in the Democratic primary and the general election but the Congressman always won re-election to Congress. In 2000, Hagedorn intensified his campaign against Engel when the leadership of the powerful Bronx County Democratic organization decided to support former Assemblyman and City Councilman Larry Seabrook in the primary against Engel.[75] Seabrook, whose campaign was plagued with problems, lost the primary to Engel by a wide margin.

Engel has mostly ignored Hagedorn's attacks. In 1995, however, his then-communications director Greg Howard, told the Bronx Beat newspaper, which wrote about the feud, "We don't consider Mr. Hagedorn a legitimate journalist. He uses the paper as his own personal platform for whatever agenda he has. He chooses the paper to malign people with whom he has philosophical differences."[73] In the last decade, Hagedorn's newspapers have mostly ignored Engel.

In July 2014, Engel appeared at a pro-Israel rally in New York City with anti-Muslim activist Pamela Geller. He was criticised for sharing a stage with Geller. [76]

Grades and recognition[edit]

Engel received an "A" on the Drum Major Institute's 2005[77] Congressional Scorecard on middle-class issues. He also received a 100% from the League of Conservation Voters for his record on the environment.

Engel has received positive marks from major environmental groups such as the League of Conservation Voters[78] and the Sierra Club.[79]

Engel received the "National Association of Public Hospitals Safety Net Award" in 2007 primarily for the introduction of The Public and Teaching Hospital Preservation Act.[80] He also earned the "100% Perfection in the Pursuit of Equality" in 2002 from the Human Rights Campaign. Engel was presented with "The AIDS Institute National HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment Award" in 2007[81] and is the 2008 "Distinguished Community Health Superhero" as deemed by the National Association of Community Health Centers.[82]

He was honored in 2008 by the American Farm Bureau Federation and the New York Farm Bureau as a "Friend of the Farm Bureau" for his support of farm issues during the 110th United States Congress.[83] He received an "A" on the Drum Major Institute's Congressional Scorecards in 2005 and 2008 for supporting middle-class issues.[84] Engel has had a nearly 100% rating from the AFL-CIO over his entire legislative career.[85] On 11 November 2011 the Municipality of Pejë, Kosovo, gave Engel the title of "Honorary Citizen of Peje".[86]

Electoral history[edit]

[3]

  • 1988
    • Democratic primary – NY District 19
    • General election
      • Eliot Engel (D) – 59%
      • Mario Biaggi (R) – 29%
      • Robert Blumetti (O) – 9%
      • Martin O'Grady (O) – 3%
  • 1990
    • Democratic Primary – NY District 19
      • Eliot Engel – 71%
      • Dominick Fusco – 29%
    • General Election
      • Eliot Engel (D) – 61%
      • William Gouldman (R) – 23%
      • Kevin Brawley (O) – 16%
  • 1992
    • Democratic Primary – NY District 17
    • General Election
      • Eliot Engel (D, L) – 81%
      • Martin Richman (R) – 14%
      • Kevin Brawley (C) – 3%
      • Martin O'Grady (RTL) – 2%
      • Nana LaLuz (NLP) – 1%
  • 1994
    • Democratic Primary – NY District 17
    • General Election
      • Eliot Engel (D, L) – 74%
      • Edward Marshall (R) – 19%
      • Kevin Brawley (Other) – 5%
      • Ann Noonan (Other) – 2%
  • 1996
    • Democratic Primary – NY District 17
      • Eliot Engel – 76%
      • Herbert Moreira-Brown – 24%
    • General Election
      • Eliot Engel (D, L) – 85%
      • Denis McCarthy (R) – 14%
      • Dennis Coleman (Ind.) – 2%
  • 1998
    • Democratic Primary – NY District 17
      • Eliot Engel – 80%
      • Herbert Moreira-Brown – 20%
    • General Election
      • Eliot Engel (D, L) – 88%
      • Peter Fiumefreddo (R) – 12%
  • 2000
    • Democratic Primary – NY District 17
    • General Election
      • Eliot Engel (D, L) – 89%
      • Patrick McManus (R) – 11%
  • 2002
    • Democratic Primary – NY District 17
      • None
    • General Election
      • Eliot Engel (D, WF) – 62%
      • C. Scott Vanderhoef (R) – 35%
      • Arthur Gallagher (RTL) – 2%
      • Elizabeth Shanklin (Green) – 1%
  • 2004
    • Democratic Primary – NY District 17
      • Eliot Engel – 65%
      • Kevin McAdams – 23%
      • Jessica Flagg – 12%
    • General Election
      • Eliot Engel (D, WF) – 76%
      • Matthew Brennan (R) – 23%
      • Kevin Brawley (Con.) – 2%
  • 2006
    • Democratic Primary – NY District 17
      • Eliot Engel – 83%
      • Jessica Flagg – 17%
    • General Election
      • Eliot Engel (D, WF) – 76%
      • James Faulkner (R) – 24%
  • 2008
    • Democratic Primary – NY District 17
      • None
    • General Election
  • 2010
    • Democratic Primary – NY District 17
      • No Democratic Primary. Anthony Mele defeated York Kleinhandler 51% to 49% in the Republican primary.
    • General Election
      • Eliot Engel (D, WF) – 73%
      • Anthony Mele (R) – 23%
      • York Kleinhandler (Con) – 4%
  • 2012
    • Democratic Primary – NY District 16

Democratic Primary – NY District 17

      • Eliot Engel – 90.9%
      • Aniello Grimaldi – 9.1%
    • General Election
      • Eliot Engel (D, WF) – 66.4%
      • Joseph McLaughlin (R) – 2%
      • Joseph Diaferia (Green) – 1.1%
      • Other – 12.5%

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ In Dnepropetrovsk, a Stylish Passover Despite Ukraine's Rumblings, Lubavitch World Headquarters (27 April 2014)
  2. ^ "engel". freepages.rootsweb.com.[permanent dead link]
  3. ^ Engel, a Liberal, Barely Wins Race for Assembly in The New York Times on March 2, 1977 (subscription required)
  4. ^ "Our Campaigns - NY District 19 - D Primary Race - Sep 15, 1988". ourcampaigns.com.
  5. ^ May, Clifford D. (June 7, 1987). "Wedtech Scandal Gets Messier And Messier". The New York Times. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
  6. ^ "Our Campaigns - NY District 19 Race - Nov 08, 1988". ourcampaigns.com.
  7. ^ "Our Campaigns - NY District 17 - D Primary Race - Sep 13, 1994". ourcampaigns.com.
  8. ^ "Our Campaigns - NY District 17 - D Primary Race - Sep 12, 2000". ourcampaigns.com.
  9. ^ "Members". New Democrat Coalition. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  10. ^ "Our Members". U.S. House of Representatives International Conservation Caucus. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  11. ^ "Members". Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  12. ^ Resnick, Gideon (19 July 2018). "70 Democrats Sign On to New 'Medicare for All' House Caucus". The Daily Beast.
  13. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-04-02. Retrieved 2018-08-29.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ^ "90 Current Climate Solutions Caucus Members". Citizen´s Climate Lobby. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  15. ^ "Members". U.S. - Japan Caucus. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  16. ^ "The Democrat who hogs the aisle seat at every presidential address to Congress | Top of the Ticket". Latimesblogs.latimes.com. 2009-02-24. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  17. ^ Ann, Mary. "The Sleuth - Obama Makes Rep. Engel 21 for 21 on Handshakes". Voices.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  18. ^ "Bronx Rep. Engel to Skip Aisle Seat and Handshake with Trump at Joint Session Address". ny1.com. 2017-01-03. Retrieved 2017-01-03.
  19. ^ Gonzalez, David (August 2, 1992). "Issue in Campaign Is Biaggi's Record, but Which One?". The New York Times. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
  20. ^ Video on YouTube
  21. ^ "ALS Registry Act Signed by President - The ALS Association". Alsa.org. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  22. ^ "H.R.5265: Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Community Assistance, Research, and Education Amendments of 2008". OpenCongress. 2008-02-08. Archived from the original on 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  23. ^ "Congressman Engel Reintroduces the Gestational Diabetes Act".
  24. ^ Robyn Shepherd (June 19, 2009). "http://www.results.org/blog/mdr-tb_photos_displayed_in_u.s._capitol/". RESULTS. Retrieved 2014-01-07. External link in |title= (help)
  25. ^ "H.R. 670 (110th Congress)" (PDF). Government Printing Office.
  26. ^ "H.R. 1476 (111th Congress)" (PDF). Government Printing Office.
  27. ^ "Energy Bill An Important First Step, More Still Must Be Done" (Press release). June 29, 2009.
  28. ^ http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2009/roll477.xml
  29. ^ "Chairmen Waxman, Markey Release Discussion Draft of New Clean Energy Legislation". Energycommerce.house.gov. 2009-03-31. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  30. ^ "Engel Statement on National Gun Violence Awareness Day" (Press release). June 1, 2018.
  31. ^ a b "On the Issues - Elliot Engel on Gun Control". ontheissues.org. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
  32. ^ "Project Vote Smart - Coalition to Stop Gun Violence Rating". Votesmart.org. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  33. ^ "Project Vote Smart - Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence Rating". Votesmart.org. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  34. ^ "Engel Urges President Obama to Enforce Bush 41/Clinton Restrictions on Imported Assault Weapons" (Press release). February 12, 2009.
  35. ^ "400,000 Gun Locks Recalled". CBS News. February 7, 2001.
  36. ^ 111th Congress (2009) (January 7, 2009). "S. 30 (111th)". Legislation. GovTrack.us. Retrieved June 25, 2012. Truth in Caller ID Act of 2009
  37. ^ "HR 6702 - Securing Our Borders and Our Data Act of 2008 - U.S. House Bill". Theorator.com. 2008-07-31. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  38. ^ "Travelers' Laptops May Be Detained At Border". washingtonpost.com. 2008-08-01. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  39. ^ [1][dead link]
  40. ^ "DHS Clarifies Laptop Border Crossing Rules: What You Need to Know". PCWorld. 2009-08-29. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
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External links[edit]

New York Assembly
Preceded by
Alan Hochberg 		Member of the New York Assembly
from the 81st district
1977–1988 		Succeeded by
Stephen B. Kaufman
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by
Mario Biaggi 		Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 19th congressional district
1989–1993 		Succeeded by
Hamilton Fish IV
Preceded by
Jerrold Nadler 		Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 17th congressional district
1993–2013 		Succeeded by
Nita Lowey
Preceded by
José E. Serrano 		Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 16th congressional district
2013–present 		Incumbent
Preceded by
Ed Royce 		Chair of the House Foreign Affairs Committee
2019–present
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded by
Frank Pallone 		United States Representatives by seniority
13th 		Succeeded by
Nita Lowey
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eliot_Engel&oldid=946267415"