Old Hungarian script
| Old Hungarian Székely-magyar rovás | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | |
| Languages | Hungarian |
Time period | Attested from 12th century.[citation needed] Marginal use into the 17th century, revived in the 20th. |
Parent systems | Proto-Sinaitic
|
| Direction | Right-to-left |
| ISO 15924 | Hung, 176 |
Unicode alias | Old Hungarian |
| U+10C80–U+10CFF | |
The Old Hungarian script or Hungarian runes (Hungarian: Székely-magyar rovás, 'székely-magyar runiform', or rovásírás) is an alphabetic writing system used for writing the Hungarian language. Modern Hungarian is written using the Latin-based Hungarian alphabet. The term "old" refers to the historical priority of the script compared with the Latin-based one.[1] The Old Hungarian script is a child system of the Old Turkic alphabet.
The Hungarians settled the Carpathian Basin in 895. After the establishment of the Christian Hungarian kingdom, the old writing system was partly forced out of use and the Latin alphabet was adopted. However, among some professions (e.g. shepherds who used a "rovás-stick" to officially track the number of animals) and in Transylvania, the script has remained in use by the Székely Magyars, giving its Hungarian name (székely) rovásírás. The writing could also be found in churches, such as that in the commune of Atid.
Its English name in the ISO 15924 standard is Old Hungarian (Hungarian Runic).[2][3]
Name[edit]
In modern Hungarian, the script is known formally as Székely rovásírás ('Szekler script').[4] The writing system is generally known as rovásírás, székely rovásírás,[4] and székely-magyar írás (or simply rovás 'notch, score').[5]
History[edit]
Origins[edit]
Scientists cannot give an exact date or origin for the script.
Linguist András Róna-Tas derives Old Hungarian from the Old Turkic script,[6] itself recorded in inscriptions dating from c. AD 720. The origins of the Turkic scripts are uncertain. The scripts may be derived from Asian scripts such as the Pahlavi and Sogdian alphabets, or possibly from Kharosthi, all of which are in turn remotely derived from the Aramaic script.[7] Alternatively, according to some opinions, ancient Turkic runes descend from primaeval Turkic graphic logograms.[8]
Speakers of Proto-Hungarian would have come into contact with Turkic peoples during the 7th or 8th century, in the context of the Turkic expansion, as is also evidenced by numerous Turkic loanwords in Proto-Hungarian.
All the letters but one for sounds which were shared by Turkic and Ancient Hungarian can be related to their Old Turkic counterparts. Most of the missing characters were derived by script internal extensions, rather than borrowings, but a small number of characters seem to derive from Greek, such as .png){kind=small}
'eF'.[9]
The modern Hungarian term for this script (coined in the 19th century), rovás, derives from the verb róni ('to score') which is derived from old Uralic, general Hungarian terminology describing the technique of writing (írni 'to write', betű 'letter', bicska 'knife, also: for carving letters') derive from Turkic,[10] which further supports transmission via Turkic alphabets.
Medieval Hungary[edit]
Epigraphic evidence for the use of the Old Hungarian script in medieval Hungary dates to the 10th century, for example, from Homokmégy[11] The latter inscription was found on a fragment of a quiver made of bone. Although there have been several attempts to interpret it, the meaning of it is still unclear.
In 1000, with the coronation of Stephen I of Hungary, Hungary (previously an alliance of mostly nomadic tribes) became a Kingdom. The Latin alphabet was adopted as official script; however, Old Hungarian continued to be used in the vernacular.
The runic script was first mentioned in the 13th century Chronicle of Simon of Kéza,[12] where he stated that the Székelys may use the script of the Blaks.[13][14][15]
Early Modern period[edit]
The Old Hungarian script became part of folk art in several areas during this period.[citation needed] In Royal Hungary, Old Hungarian script was used less, although there are relics from this territory, too. There is another copy – similar to the Nikolsburg Alphabet – of the Old Hungarian alphabet, dated 1609. The inscription from Énlaka, dated 1668, is an example of the "folk art use".
There are a number of inscriptions ranging from the 17th to the early 19th[citation needed] centuries, including examples from Kibéd, Csejd, Makfalva, Szolokma, Marosvásárhely, Csíkrákos, Mezőkeresztes, Nagybánya, Torda, Felsőszemeréd,[16] Kecskemét and Kiskunhalas.
Scholarly discussion[edit]
Hungarian script[17] was first described in late Humanist/Baroque scholarship by János Telegdy in his primer Rudimenta Priscae Hunnorum Linguae. Published in 1598, Telegdi's primer presents his understanding of the script and contains Hungarian texts written with runes, such as the Lord's Prayer.
In the 19th century, scholars began to research the rules and the other features of the Old Hungarian script. From this time, the name rovásírás ('runic writing') began to re-enter the popular consciousness in Hungary, and script historians in other countries began to use the terms "Old Hungarian", Altungarisch, and so on. Because the Old Hungarian script had been replaced by Latin, linguistic researchers in the 20th century had to reconstruct the alphabet from historic sources. Gyula Sebestyén, an ethnographer and folklorist, and Gyula (Julius) Németh, a philologist, linguist, and Turkologist, did the lion's share of this work. Sebestyén's publications, Rovás és rovásírás (Runes and runic writing, Budapest, 1909) and A magyar rovásírás hiteles emlékei (The authentic relics of Hungarian runic writing, Budapest, 1915) contain valuable information on the topic.
Popular revival[edit]
.JPG)
Beginning with Adorján Magyar in 1915, the script has been promulgated as a means for writing modern Hungarian. These groups approached the question of representation of the vowels of modern Hungarian in different ways. Adorján Magyar made use of characters to distinguish a/á and e/é but did not distinguish the other vowels by length. A school led by Sándor Forrai from 1974 onward did, however, distinguish i/í, o/ó, ö/ő, u/ú, and ü/ű. The revival has become part of a significant ideological nationalist subculture present not only in Hungary (largely centered in Budapest), but also amongst the Hungarian diaspora, particularly in the United States and Canada.[18]
Old Hungarian has seen other usages in the modern period, sometimes in association with or referencing Hungarian neopaganism,[citation needed] similar to the way in which Norse neopagans have taken up the Germanic runes, and Celtic neopagans have taken up the ogham script for various purposes. The use of the script sometimes has a political undertone, as they can be found from time to time in graffiti with a variety of content.[18]
Epigraphy[edit]
The inscription corpus includes:
- A labeled crest etched into stone from Pécs, late 13th century (Label: aBA SZeNTjeI vaGYUNK aKI eSZTeR ANna erZSéBeT; We are the saints [nuns] of Aba; who are Esther, Anna and Elizabeth.)[citation needed]
- Rod calendar, around 1300, copied by Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli in 1690.[19] It contains several feasts and names, thus it is one of the most extensive runic records.
- Nicholsburg alphabet[20][citation needed]
- Runic record in Istanbul, 1515.[citation needed]
- Székelyderzs: a brick with runic inscription, found in the Unitarian church[citation needed]
- Énlaka runic inscription, discovered by Balázs Orbán in 1864[20][21][citation needed]
- Székelydálya: runic inscription, found in the Calvinist church[citation needed]
- The inscription from Felsőszemeréd (Horné Semerovce), Slovakia (15th century)[citation needed]
Characters[edit]
The runic alphabet included 42 letters. As in the Old Turkic script, some consonants had two forms, one to be used with back vowels (a, á, o, ó, u, ú) and another for front vowels (e, é, i, í, ö, ő, ü, ű). The names of the consonants are always pronounced with a vowel. In the old alphabet, the consonant-vowel order is reversed, unlike today's pronunciation (ep rather than pé). This is because the oldest inscriptions lacked vowels and were rarely written down, similar to other ancient languages' consonant-writing systems (Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic, etc.). The alphabet did not contain letters for the phonemes dz and dzs of modern Hungarian, since these are relatively recent developments in the language's history. Nor did it have letters corresponding to the Latin q, w, x and y. The modern revitalization movement has created symbols for these; in Unicode encoding, they are represented as ligatures.
For more information about the transliteration's pronunciation, see Hungarian alphabet.
| Letter | Name | Phoneme (IPA) | Old Hungarian (image) | Old Hungarian (Unicode) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | a | /ɒ/ (help·info)
|
_JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲀 𐳀 |
| Á | á | /aː/ (help·info)
|
_JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲁 𐳁 |
| B | eb | /b/ (help·info)
|
.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲂 𐳂 |
| C | ec | /ts/ (help·info)
|
.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲄 𐳄 |
| Cs | ecs | /tʃ/ | _JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲆 𐳆 |
| D | ed | /d/ (help·info)
|
.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲇 𐳇 |
| (Dz) | dzé | /dz/ (help·info)
|
_JB.svg){kind=small}
|
Ligature of 𐲇 and 𐲯 |
| (Dzs) | dzsé | /dʒ/ | _JB.svg){kind=small}
|
Ligature of 𐲇 and 𐲰 |
| E | e | /ɛ/ (help·info)
|
_JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲉 𐳉 |
| É | é | /eː/ (help·info)
|
_JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲋 𐳋 |
| F | ef | /f/ (help·info)
|
.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲌 𐳌 |
| G | eg | /ɡ/ (help·info)
|
_JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲍 𐳍 |
| Gy | egy | /ɟ/ (help·info)
|
.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲎 𐳎 |
| H | eh | /h/ | .svg){kind=small}
|
𐲏 𐳏 |
| I | i | /i/ | _JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲐 𐳐 |
| Í | í | /iː/ (help·info)
|
_JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲑 𐳑 |
| J | ej | /j/ (help·info)
|
_JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲒 𐳒 |
| K | ek | /k/ (help·info)
|
.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲓 𐳓 |
| K | ak | /k/ (help·info)
|
_JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲔 𐳔 |
| L | el | /l/ (help·info)
|
_JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲖 𐳖 |
| Ly | elly, el-ipszilon | /j/ (help·info)
|
_JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲗 𐳗 |
| M | em | /m/ (help·info)
|
_JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲘 𐳘 |
| N | en | /n/ | _JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲙 𐳙 |
| Ny | eny | /ɲ/ (help·info)
|
_JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲚 𐳚 |
| O | o | /o/ | _JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲛 𐳛 |
| Ó | ó | /oː/ (help·info)
|
_JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲜 𐳜 |
| Ö | ö | /ø/ (help·info)
|
_JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲝 𐳝 𐲞 𐳞 |
| Ő | ő | /øː/ | _JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲟 𐳟 |
| P | ep | /p/ (help·info)
|
_JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲠 𐳠 |
| (Q) | eq | .svg){kind=small}
|
Ligature of 𐲓 and 𐲮 | |
| R | er | /r/ (help·info)
|
_JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲢 𐳢 |
| S | es | /ʃ/ (help·info)
|
.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲤 𐳤 |
| Sz | esz | /s/ (help·info)
|
.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲥 𐳥 |
| T | et | /t/ (help·info)
|
_JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲦 𐳦 |
| Ty | ety | /c/ (help·info)
|
_JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲨 𐳨 |
| U | u | /u/ | .svg){kind=small}
|
𐲪 𐳪 |
| Ú | ú | /uː/ (help·info)
|
.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲫 𐳫 |
| Ü | ü | /y/ | _JB.svg){kind=small} _JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲬 𐳬 |
| Ű | ű | /yː/ (help·info)
|
.svg){kind=small} _JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲭 𐳭 |
| V | ev | /v/ (help·info)
|
.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲮 𐳮 |
| (W) | dupla vé | /v/ (help·info)
|
.svg){kind=small}
|
Ligature of 𐲮 and 𐲮 |
| (X) | iksz | _JB.svg){kind=small}
|
Ligature of 𐲓 and 𐲥 | |
| (Y) | ipszilon | /i/ | _JB.svg){kind=small}
|
Ligature of 𐲐 and 𐲒 |
| Z | ez | /z/ (help·info)
|
_JB.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲯 𐳯 |
| Zs | ezs | /ʒ/ (help·info)
|
.svg){kind=small}
|
𐲰 𐳰 |
The Hungarian runes also include some non-alphabetical runes which are not ligatures but separate signs. These are identified in some sources as "capita dictionum" (likely a misspelling of capita dicarum[22]). Further research is needed to define their origin and traditional usage. Some examples:
- TPRUS:
- ENT:
𐲧 𐳧 - TPRU:
- NAP:
- EMP:
𐲡 𐳡 - UNK:
𐲕 𐳥 - US:
𐲲 𐳲 - AMB:
𐲃 𐳃
Features[edit]
Old Hungarian letters were usually written from right to left on sticks[citation needed]. Later, in Transylvania, they appeared on several media. Writings on walls also were right to left[citation needed] and not boustrophedon style (alternating direction right to left and then left to right).
The numbers are almost the same as the Roman, Etruscan, and Chuvash numerals. Numbers of livestock were carved on tally sticks and the sticks were then cut in two lengthwise to avoid later disputes.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 50 | 100 | 500 | 1000 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
.svg){kind=small}
|
|
|
|
|
|
.svg){kind=small}
|
.svg){kind=small}
|
|
.svg){kind=small}
|
| 𐳺 | 𐳺𐳺 | 𐳺𐳺𐳺 | 𐳺𐳺𐳺𐳺 | 𐳻 | 𐳻𐳺 | 𐳻𐳺𐳺 | 𐳻𐳺𐳺𐳺 | 𐳻𐳺𐳺𐳺𐳺 | 𐳼 | 𐳽 | 𐳾 | 𐳿 |
- Ligatures are common. (Note: the Hungarian runic script employed a number of ligatures. In some cases, an entire word was written with a single sign.) The Unicode standard supports ligatures explicitly by using the zero width joiner between the two characters[23].
- There are no lower or upper case letters, but the first letter of a proper name was often written a bit larger. Though the Unicode standard has upper and lowercase letters, which are the same in shape, the difference is only their size.
- The writing system did not always mark vowels (similar to many Asian writing systems). The rules for vowel inclusion were as follows:
- If there are two vowels side by side, both have to be written, unless the second could be readily determined.
- The vowels have to be written if their omission created ambiguity. (Example: krk –
can be interpreted as kerék – 
[wheel] and kerek – [rounded], thus the writer had to include the vowels to differentiate the intended words.) - The vowel at the end of the word must be written.
- Sometimes, especially when writing consonant clusters, a consonant was omitted. This is a phonologic process, with the script reflecting the exact surface realization.
Text example[edit]
Text from Csíkszentmárton, 1501.
Runes originally written as ligatures are underlined.
Unicode transcription: 𐲪𐲢𐲙𐲔⁝𐲥𐲬𐲖𐲦𐲤𐲦𐲬𐲖⁝𐲌𐲛𐲍𐲮𐲀𐲙⁝𐲐𐲢𐲙𐲔⁝𐲯𐲢𐲞𐲦⁝𐲥𐲀𐲯𐲎⁝𐲥𐲦𐲙𐲇𐲞𐲂𐲉⁝𐲘𐲀𐲨𐲤⁝𐲒𐲀𐲙𐲛𐲤⁝𐲤𐲨𐲦𐲙⁝𐲓𐲛𐲮𐲀𐲆⁝𐲆𐲐𐲙𐲀𐲖𐲦𐲔⁝𐲘𐲀𐲨𐲀𐲤𐲘𐲤𐲦𐲢⁝𐲍𐲢𐲍𐲗𐲘𐲤𐲦𐲢𐲆𐲐𐲙𐲀𐲖𐲦𐲀𐲔 𐲍·𐲐𐲒·𐲀·𐲤·𐲐·𐲗·𐲗·𐲖𐲦·𐲀·
Interpretation in old Hungarian: "ÚRNaK SZÜLeTéSéTÜL FOGVÁN ÍRNaK eZeRÖTSZÁZeGY eSZTeNDŐBE MÁTYáS JÁNOS eSTYTáN KOVÁCS CSINÁLTáK MÁTYáSMeSTeR GeRGeLYMeSTeRCSINÁLTÁK G IJ A aS I LY LY LT A" (The letters actually written in the runic text are written with uppercase in the transcription.)
Interpretation in modern Hungarian: "(Ezt) az Úr születése utáni 1501. évben írták. Mátyás, János, István kovácsok csinálták. Mátyás mester (és) Gergely mester csinálták gijas ily ly lta"
English translation: "(This) was written in the 1501st year of our Lord. The smiths Matthias, John (and) Stephen did (this). Master Matthias (and) Master Gregory did [uninterpretable]"
Unicode[edit]
After many proposals[24] Old Hungarian was added to the Unicode Standard in June, 2015 with the release of version 8.0.
The Unicode block for Old Hungarian is U+10C80–U+10CFF:
| Old Hungarian[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+10C8x | 𐲀 | 𐲁 | 𐲂 | 𐲃 | 𐲄 | 𐲅 | 𐲆 | 𐲇 | 𐲈 | 𐲉 | 𐲊 | 𐲋 | 𐲌 | 𐲍 | 𐲎 | 𐲏 |
| U+10C9x | 𐲐 | 𐲑 | 𐲒 | 𐲓 | 𐲔 | 𐲕 | 𐲖 | 𐲗 | 𐲘 | 𐲙 | 𐲚 | 𐲛 | 𐲜 | 𐲝 | 𐲞 | 𐲟 |
| U+10CAx | 𐲠 | 𐲡 | 𐲢 | 𐲣 | 𐲤 | 𐲥 | 𐲦 | 𐲧 | 𐲨 | 𐲩 | 𐲪 | 𐲫 | 𐲬 | 𐲭 | 𐲮 | 𐲯 |
| U+10CBx | 𐲰 | 𐲱 | 𐲲 | |||||||||||||
| U+10CCx | 𐳀 | 𐳁 | 𐳂 | 𐳃 | 𐳄 | 𐳅 | 𐳆 | 𐳇 | 𐳈 | 𐳉 | 𐳊 | 𐳋 | 𐳌 | 𐳍 | 𐳎 | 𐳏 |
| U+10CDx | 𐳐 | 𐳑 | 𐳒 | 𐳓 | 𐳔 | 𐳕 | 𐳖 | 𐳗 | 𐳘 | 𐳙 | 𐳚 | 𐳛 | 𐳜 | 𐳝 | 𐳞 | 𐳟 |
| U+10CEx | 𐳠 | 𐳡 | 𐳢 | 𐳣 | 𐳤 | 𐳥 | 𐳦 | 𐳧 | 𐳨 | 𐳩 | 𐳪 | 𐳫 | 𐳬 | 𐳭 | 𐳮 | 𐳯 |
| U+10CFx | 𐳰 | 𐳱 | 𐳲 | 𐳺 | 𐳻 | 𐳼 | 𐳽 | 𐳾 | 𐳿 | |||||||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
Pre-Unicode encodings[edit]
A set of closely related 8-bit code pages exist, devised in the 1990s by Gabor Hosszú. These were mapped to Latin-1 or Latin-2 character set fonts. After installing one of them and applying their formatting to the document – because of the lack of capital letters – runic characters could be entered in the following way: those letters which are unique letters in today's Hungarian orthography are virtually lowercase ones, and can be written by simply pressing the specific key; and since the modern digraphs equal to separate rovás letters, they were encoded as 'uppercase' letters, i.e. in the space originally restricted for capitals. Thus, typing a lowercase g will produce the rovas character for the sound marked with Latin script g, but entering an uppercase G will amount to a rovás sign equivalent to a digraph gy in Latin-based Hungarian orthography.
Gallery[edit]
Stone Shield pattern of Pécs with Old Hungarian Script (circa 1250 AD), Hungary
The alphabet of Nikolsburg, 1483
Rovás inscription from Homoródkarácsonyfalva, 13th century
Inscription in Énlaka's Unitarian church (1668)
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ "Consolidated proposal for encoding the Old Hungarian script in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-07-31.
- ^ "ISO 15924/RA Notice of Changes". ISO 15924. Archived from the original on 2012-10-30.
- ^ Code request for the Rovas script in ISO 15924 (2012-10-20)[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b
listen (help·info)
- ^ by the public. From the verb ró 'to carve', 'to score' since the letters were usually carved on wood or sticks.
- ^ Róna-Tas (1987, 1988)
- ^ András Róna-Tas: On the Development and Origin of the East Turkic "Runic" Script (In: Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungariae XLI (1987), p. 7-14
- ^ Franz Altheim: Geschichte der Hunnen, vol. 1, p. 118
- ^ Új Magyar Lexikon (New Hungarian Encyclopaedia) – Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1962. (Volume 5) ISBN 963-05-2808-8
- ^ András Róna-Tas A magyar írásbeliség török eredetéhez (In: Klára Sándor (ed.) Rovás és Rovásírás p.9–14 — Szeged, 1992, ISBN 963-481-885-4)
- ^ István Fodor – György Diószegi – László Legeza: Őseink nyomában. (On the scent of our ancestors) – Magyar Könyvklub-Helikon Kiadó, Budapest, 1996. ISBN 963-208-400-4 (Page 82)
- ^ Dóra Tóth-Károly Bera: Honfoglalás és őstörténet. Aquila, Budapest, 1996. ISBN 963-8276-96-7
- ^ Bodor, György: A blakok. In: Viktor Szombathy and Gyula László (eds.), Magyarrá lett keleti népek. Budapest, 1988, pp. 56-60.
- ^ Adolf Armbruster. Romanitatea Românilor: The History of an Idea. Editura Enciclopedică. Ch1.3. This is further strengthened by the quote by Kézai: Blackis, qui ipsorum (Romanorum) fuere pastores et coloni, remanentibus sponte in Pannonia.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-14. Retrieved 2016-11-29.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ Felvidék.Ma. "Sokol érsek 75 éves – nyugdíj Sokolnak, nyugalom a magyaroknak? - Felvidék.ma".
- ^ Diringer, David. 1947. The Alphabet. A Key to the History of Mankind. London: Hutchinson's Scientific and technical Publications, pp. 314-315. Gelb, I. J. 1952. A study of writing: The foundations of grammatology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 142, 144. Gaur, Albertine. 1992. A History of Writing. London: British Library. ISBN 0-7123-0270-0. pp. 143. Coulmas, Florian. 1996. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems. ISBN 0-631-19446-0. pp. 366-368
- ^ a b Maxwell, Alexander (2004). "Contemporary Hungarian Rune-Writing: Ideological Linguistic Nationalism within a Homogenous Nation", Anthropos, 99: 2004, pp. 161-175
- ^ Klára Sándor: A bolognai rovásemlék, Szeged, 1991; ISBN 963-481-870-6
- ^ a b https://web.archive.org/web/20060622052625/http://www.rovas.hu/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=4
- ^ "ROVÁS.hu - A régi magyar írás - Képek rólunk". web.archive.org. 30 September 2007.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-04-28. Retrieved 2017-09-24.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "True Ligatures" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-07-31.
- ^ Old Hungarian/Szekely-Hungarian Rovas Ad Hoc Committee: Old Hungarian/Sekely-Hungarian Rovas Ad hoc Report Archived 2015-01-04 at the Wayback Machine, 2012-11-12
- Jenő Demeczky, György Giczi, Gábor Hosszú, Gergely Kliha, Borbála Obrusánszky, Tamás Rumi, László Sípos, Erzsébet Zelliger: About the consensus of the Rovas encoding – Response to N4373 (Resolutions of the 8th Hungarian World Congress on the encoding of Old Hungarian)[dead link]. Registered by UTC (L2/12-337), 2012-10-24
- György Gergely Gyetvay (World Federation of Hungarians): Resolutions of the 8th Hungarian World Congress on the encoding of Old Hungarian Archived 2015-01-04 at the Wayback Machine, 2012-10-22
- Jenő Demeczky, György Giczi, Gábor Hosszú, Gergely Kliha, Borbála Obrusánszky, Tamás Rumi, László Sípos, Erzsébet Zelliger: Additional information about the name of the Rovas script Archived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine, 2012-10-21.
- Jenő Demeczky, Gábor Hosszú, Tamás Rumi, László Sípos, Erzsébet Zelliger: Revised proposal for encoding the Rovas in the UCS Archived 2014-03-17 at the Wayback Machine, 2012-10-14.
- Tamás Somfai: Contemporary Rovas in the word processing Archived 2015-01-04 at the Wayback Machine, 2012-05-25
- Michael Everson & André Szabolcs Szelp: Consolidated proposal for encoding the Old Hungarian script in the UCS Archived 2012-12-03 at the Wayback Machine, 2012-05-06
- Miklós Szondi (president of the "Természetesen" society and chair of the "Egységes rovás" conference) Declaration of Support for the Advancement of the Encoding of the old Hungarian Script Archived 2015-01-04 at the Wayback Machine, 2012-04-28
- Gábor Hosszú (Hungarian National Body): Code chart font for Rovas block Archived 2012-05-16 at the Wayback Machine, 2012-02-06
- André Szabolcs Szelp: Remarks on Old Hungarian and other scripts with regard to N4183 Archived 2012-05-27 at the Wayback Machine, 2012-01-30
- Michael Everson (Irish National Body): Code chart fonts for Old Hungarian Archived 2012-05-27 at the Wayback Machine, 2012-01-28
- Gábor Hosszú (Hungarian National Body): Proposal for encoding the Szekely-Hungarian Rovas, Carpathian Basin Rovas and Khazarian Rovas scripts into the Rovas block in the SMP of the UCS Archived 2012-04-07 at the Wayback Machine, 2011-12-15
- Hungarian Runic/Szekely-Hungarian Rovas Ad Hoc Committee: Hungarian Runic/Sekely-Hungarian Rovas Ad-hoc Report Archived 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, 2011-06-08
- Gábor Hosszú: Issues of encoding the Rovas scripts Archived 2011-11-19 at the Wayback Machine, 2011-05-25
- Gábor Hosszú: Comments on encoding the Rovas scripts Archived 2011-11-19 at the Wayback Machine, 2011-05-22
- Gábor Hosszú: Revised proposal for encoding the Szekely-Hungarian Rovas script in the SMP of the UCS Archived 2011-05-23 at the Wayback Machine, 2011-05-21
- Gábor Hosszú: Notes on the Szekely-Hungarian Rovas script Archived 2011-05-23 at the Wayback Machine, 2011-05-15
- Michael Everson & André Szabolcs Szelp: Mapping between Hungarian Runic proposals in N3697 and N4007 Archived 2011-09-16 at the Wayback Machine, 2011-05-08
- Deborah Anderson: Comparison of Hungarian Runic and Szekely‐Hungarian Rovas proposals Archived 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, 2011-05-07
- Deborah Anderson: Outstanding Issues on Old Hungarian/Szekler‐Hungarian Rovas/Hungarian Native Writing Archived 2012-04-07 at the Wayback Machine, 2009-04-22
- Michael Everson: Mapping between Old Hungarian proposals in N3531, N3527, and N3526 Archived 2009-03-06 at the Wayback Machine, 2008-11-02
- Michael Everson and Szabolcs Szelp: Revised proposal for encoding the Old Hungarian script in the UCS = Javított előterjesztés a rovásírás Egyetemes Betűkészlet-beli kódolására) Archived 2009-03-06 at the Wayback Machine, 2008-10-12
- Gábor Hosszú: Proposal for encoding the Szekler-Hungarian Rovas in the BMP and the SMP of the UCS Archived 2008-12-21 at the Wayback Machine, 2008-10-04
- Gábor Bakonyi: Hungarian native writing draft proposal Archived 2009-03-06 at the Wayback Machine, 2008-09-30
- Michael Everson and Szabolcs Szelp: Preliminary proposal for encoding the Old Hungarian script in the UCS Archived 2009-03-06 at the Wayback Machine, 2008-08-04
- Michael Everson: On encoding the Old Hungarian rovásírás in the UCS Archived 2006-06-21 at the Wayback Machine, 1998-05-02
- Michael Everson: Draft Proposal to encode Old Hungarian in Plane 1 of ISO/IEC 10646-2 Archived 2008-09-08 at the Wayback Machine, 1998-01-18
References[edit]
English[edit]
- Gábor Hosszú (2011): Heritage of Scribes. The Relation of Rovas Scripts to Eurasian Writing Systems. First edition. Budapest: Rovas Foundation, ISBN 978-963-88437-4-6, fully available from Google Books
- Edward D. Rockstein: "The Mystery of the Székely Runes", Epigraphic Society Occasional Papers, Vol. 19, 1990, pp. 176–183
Hungarian[edit]
- Új Magyar Lexikon (New Hungarian Encyclopaedia) – Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1962 (Volume 5) ISBN 963-05-2808-8
- Gyula Sebestyén: A magyar rovásírás hiteles emlékei, Budapest, 1915
Latin[edit]
- J. Thelegdi: Rudimenta priscae Hunnorum linguae brevibus quaestionibus et responsionibus comprehensa, Batavia, 1598
External links[edit]
Media related to Szekely-Hungarian Rovas script at Wikimedia Commons
- Hungarian Runes / Rovás on Omniglot
- (in Hungarian and English) Rovásírás (Gábor Hosszú)
- (in Hungarian) Kiszely István: A magyar nép õstörténete
- (in Hungarian) Learning Rovas
- (in Hungarian) The Living Rovas
- (in Hungarian) Hungarian Rovas Portal
- (in Hungarian) Szekely-Hungarian Rovas
- Szekely-Hungarian Rovas on RovasPedia
- Old Hungarian Unicode font
- Description of the Old Hungarian Unicode block
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