Kingdom of Montenegro
Kingdom of Montenegro[1] Краљевина Црнa Горa Kraljevina Crna Gora | |||||||||
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1910–1918 | |||||||||
![]() The Kingdom of Montenegro in 1914 | |||||||||
Capital | Cetinje (1910–1916) | ||||||||
Capital-in-exile | Bordeaux Neuilly-sur-Seine | ||||||||
Common languages | Serbian | ||||||||
Religion | Eastern Orthodox (official)[2] | ||||||||
Government | Unitary constitutional monarchy | ||||||||
King | |||||||||
• 1910–1918 | Nicholas I | ||||||||
Prime Minister | |||||||||
• 1910–1912 (first) | Lazar Tomanović | ||||||||
• 1917–1918 (last) | Evgenije Popović | ||||||||
Legislature | Parliament | ||||||||
Historical era | World War I | ||||||||
• Proclamation | 28 August 1910 | ||||||||
1912–1913 | |||||||||
30 May 1913 | |||||||||
1914–1918 | |||||||||
20 July 1917 | |||||||||
• Unification with Serbia | 28 November 1918 | ||||||||
Area | |||||||||
1910 | 9,475 km2 (3,658 sq mi) | ||||||||
1912 | 14,442 km2 (5,576 sq mi) | ||||||||
Population | |||||||||
• 1911 | 220,000 | ||||||||
• 1914 | 423,000 | ||||||||
Currency | Montenegrin Perper | ||||||||
ISO 3166 code | ME | ||||||||
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History of Montenegro |
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Prehistory |
Middle Ages and early modern |
Modern and contemporary |
The Kingdom of Montenegro (Serbian: Краљевина Црнa Горa / Kraljevina Crna Gora) was a monarchy in southeastern Europe, present-day Montenegro, during the tumultuous years on the Balkan Peninsula leading up to and during World War I. Legally it was a constitutional monarchy, but absolutist in practice. On 28 November 1918, following the end of World War I, with the Montenegrin government still in exile, the Podgorica Assembly proclaimed unification with the Kingdom of Serbia which itself was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes three days later, on 1 December 1918. This unification with Serbia would last, through various successor states, for almost 88 years, until finally coming to an end in 2006.
History[edit]
Prince Nicholas of Montenegro proclaimed the Kingdom of Montenegro in Cetinje on 28 August 1910, elevating the country from the rank of Principality. King Nicholas I had ruled the country as Prince since 1860, and had initiated several modernising reforms at the beginning of the 20th century, such as introducing a constitution and a new currency, the Montenegrin perper.
Montenegro joined the First Balkan War in 1912, hoping to win a share in the last Ottoman-controlled areas of Rumelia. Montenegro did make further territorial gains by splitting Sandžak with Serbia on 30 May 1913. But the Montenegrins had to abandon the newly captured city of İşkodra (Skadar in Serbian, modern-day Shkodër) to the new state of Albania in May 1913, at the insistence of the Great Powers. The Montenegrins lost 10,000 lives trying to invade the city (April 1913) from the Ottoman-Albanian forces of Esad Pasha. Essad Pasha made a deal to surrender the town to the Montenegrins in exchange for Montenegro supporting his claims in Central Albania. However, as Shkodër and the surroundings had a large ethnic Albanian majority, the area went to the state of Albania instead. Historian Misha Glenny states that Montenegros aspiration to take Shkodër was a nascent regional imperialism. This included a rational despite the majority of Albanians in the city.[3]
When the Second Balkan War broke out in June 1913, Serbia fought against Bulgaria, and King Nicholas sided with Serbia.
During World War I (1914–1918) Montenegro allied itself with the Triple Entente, in line with King Nicholas' pro-Serbian policy. Accordingly, Austria-Hungary occupied Montenegro from 15 January 1916 to October 1918.
On 20 July 1917, the signing of the Corfu Declaration foreshadowed the unification of Montenegro with Serbia. On 26 November 1918, Podgorica Assembly, an elected body claiming to represent Montenegrin people, unanimously adopted a resolution deposing king Nicholas I (who was still in exile) and unifying Montenegro with Serbia. Upon this event Nicholas I, who had previously supported unification with Serbia into a greater state with his dynasty playing the pivotal role, switched to promoting Montenegrin nationalism and opposing the union with Serbia, a position he maintained until his death in France in 1921.
On 1 December 1918, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was created, where both Serbia and Montenegro were parts.
During World War II, the occupying forces in Yugoslavia considered turning the Italian governorate of Montenegro into a puppet kingdom, but nothing came of these plans.
Rulers[edit]
King of Montenegro (1910–1918)[edit]
- Nicholas I of Montenegro (1910–1918)
Prime Ministers (1910–1916)[edit]
- Lazar Tomanović (1910–1912)
- Mitar Martinović (1912–1913)
- Janko Vukotić (1913–1915)
- Milo Matanović (1915–1916)
- Lazar Mijušković (1916)
Prime Ministers in-exile (1916–1922)[edit]
- Lazar Mijušković (1916)
- Andrija Radović (1916–1917)
- Milo Matanović (1917)
- Evgenije Popović (1917–1919)
- Jovan Plamenac (1919–1921)
- Anto Gvozdenović (1921–1922)
- Milutin Vučinić (1922)
- Anto Gvozdenović (1922)
Gallery[edit]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ 1916–1922: Government-in-exile
- ^ Constitution of the Principality of Montenegro, 1905, Article 40, "Paragraph 1: State religion in Montenegro is Eastern-Orthodox. Paragraph 2: Montenegrin Church is Autocephalous. It is independent from any other Church, but maintains dogmatic unity with Eastern-Orthodox Ecumenical Church. Paragraph 3: All other recognized religions are free in Montenegro.[1]
- ^ Glenny, Misha (2012). The Balkans, 1804–2012: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers. Granta Publications. ISBN 978-1-84708-772-0.
Further reading[edit]
- Živojinović Dragoljub R. (2014). "King Nikola and the territorial expansion of Montenegro, 1914-1920". Balcanica. 45: 353–368.
External links[edit]
Media related to Kingdom of Montenegro at Wikimedia Commons
- Kingdom of Montenegro in 1918
- Map
- Map
- Montenegro - World Statesmen
Pre–1918 | 1918–1929 | 1929–1945 | 1941–1945 | 1945–1946 | 1946–1963 | 1963–1992 | 1992–2003 | 2003–2006 | 2006–2008 | 2008– | |
Slovenia | See also Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia 1868–1918 Kingdom of Dalmatia 1815–1918 Condominium of
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1878–1918 |
See also Banat, Bačka and Baranja 1918–1919 Italian province of Zadar
1920–1947 |
Annexed bya Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany |
Democratic Federal Yugoslavia 1945–1946 Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 1946–1963 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1963–1992 Consisted of the Socialist Republics of Serbia (1945–1992)
(included the autonomous provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo) |
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Dalmatia | Puppet state of Nazi Germany.
Parts annexed by Fascist Italy. Međimurje and Baranja annexed by Hungary. |
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Slavonia | |||||||||||
Croatia | |||||||||||
Bosnia | ![]() Bosnian War Consists of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995–present),
Republika Srpska (1995–present) and Brčko District (2000–present). | ||||||||||
Herzegovina | |||||||||||
Vojvodina | Part of the Délvidék region of Hungary | Autonomous Banatd (part of the German
Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia) |
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![]() Includes the autonomous province of Vojvodina
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Serbia | Kingdom of Serbia 1882–1918 |
Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia 1941–1944 e | |||||||||
Kosovo | Part of the Kingdom of Serbia 1912–1918 |
Mostly annexed by Albania 1941–1944 along with western Macedonia and south-eastern Montenegro
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Metohija | Kingdom of Montenegro 1910–1918 Metohija controlled by Austria-Hungary 1915–1918
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Montenegro | Protectorate of Montenegrof 1941–1944 |
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Vardar Macedonia | Part of the Kingdom of Serbia 1912–1918 |
Annexed by the Kingdom of Bulgaria 1941–1944 |
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- Kingdom of Montenegro
- 1910s in Montenegro
- Former countries in the Balkans
- Former kingdoms
- Former Slavic countries
- 1910s establishments in Montenegro
- 1916 disestablishments in Europe
- 1918 disestablishments in Europe
- 1922 disestablishments in Europe
- States and territories established in 1910
- States and territories disestablished in 1918
- 1910 establishments in Europe