Christian left

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This article is about Christian political movement. For Chilean Christian left-wing political party name used prior to 2013, see Christian Left Party of Chile.

The Christian left is a range of center-left and left-wing Christian political and social movements that largely embrace social justice viewpoints and uphold a social gospel. Given the inherent diversity in international political thought, the term can have different meanings and applications in different countries. Although there is some overlap, the Christian left is distinct from liberal Christianity, meaning not all Christian leftists are liberal Christians, and vice versa. Some Christian leftists have socially conservative views on social issues but lean left on economic issues.

Terminology[edit]

As with any section within the left and right wings of a political spectrum, a label such as "Christian left" represents an approximation, including within it groups and persons holding many diverse viewpoints. The term left-wing might encompass a number of values, some of which may or may not be held by different Christian movements and individuals.

As the unofficial title of a loose association of believers, it does provide a clear distinction from the more commonly known "Christian right" or "religious right" and from its key leaders and political views.

The most common religious viewpoint that might be described as "left-wing" is social justice, or care for impoverished and oppressed groups. Supporters of this trend might encourage universal health care, welfare provisions, subsidized education, foreign aid, and affirmative action for improving the conditions of the disadvantaged. With values stemming from egalitarianism, adherents of the Christian left consider it part of their religious duty to take actions on behalf of the oppressed. Matthew 25:31–46, among other verses, is often cited to support this view. As nearly all major religions contain some kind of requirement to help others,[1] adherents of various religions have cited social justice as a movement in line with their faith.[2]

The term "social justice" was coined in the 1840s by Luigi Taparelli, an Italian Catholic scholar of the Society of Jesus, who was inspired by the writings of Thomas Aquinas.[3] The Christian left holds that social justice, renunciation of power, humility, forgiveness, and private observation of prayer (as in Matthew 6:5-6) as opposed to publicly mandated prayer, are mandated by the Gospel. The Bible contains accounts of Jesus repeatedly advocating for the poor and outcast over the wealthy, powerful, and religious. The Christian left maintains that such a stance is relevant and important. Adhering to the standard of "turning the other cheek", which they believe supersedes the Old Testament law of "an eye for an eye", the Christian left sometimes hearkens towards pacifism in opposition to policies advancing militarism.[4]

Some among the Christian left,[5] as well as some non-religious socialists, find support for anarchism, communism and socialism in the Gospels (for example Mikhail Gorbachev citing Jesus as "the first socialist").[6] The Christian left is a broad category that includes Christian socialism, while also including non-socialists as well.

History[edit]

Early years[edit]

For much of the early history of anti-establishment leftist movements such as socialism and communism (which was highly anti-clerical in the 19th century), some established churches were led by clergy who saw revolution as a threat to their status and power. The church was sometimes seen as part of the establishment. Revolutions in America, France, Russia and (much later) Spain were in part directed against the established churches (or rather their leading clergy) and instituted a separation of church and state.

However, in the 19th century some writers and activists developed a school of thought, Christian socialism, a branch of Christian thought that was infused with socialism.

Early socialist thinkers such as Robert Owen, Henri de Saint-Simon based their theories of socialism upon Christian principles. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels reacted against these theories by formulating a secular theory of socialism in The Communist Manifesto.

Alliance of the left and Christianity[edit]

Starting in the late 19th century and early 20th century,[citation needed] some began to take on the view that genuine Christianity had much in common with a leftist perspective. From St. Augustine of Hippo's City of God through St. Thomas More's Utopia, major Christian writers had expounded upon views that socialists found agreeable. Of major interest was the extremely strong thread of egalitarianism in the New Testament. Other common leftist concerns such as pacifism, social justice, racial equality, human rights, and the rejection of excessive wealth are also expressed strongly in the Bible. In the late 19th century, the Social Gospel movement arose (particularly among some Anglicans, Lutherans, Methodists and Baptists in North America and Britain,) which attempted to integrate progressive and socialist thought with Christianity to produce a faith-based social activism, promoted by movements such as Christian socialism. In the United States during this period, Episcopalians and Congregationalists generally tended to be the most liberal, both in theological interpretation and in their adherence to the Social Gospel. In Canada, a coalition of liberal Congregationalists, Methodists, and Presbyterians founded the United Church of Canada, one of the first true Christian left denominations. Later in the 20th century, liberation theology was championed by such writers as Gustavo Gutierrez and Matthew Fox.

Christians and workers[edit]

To a significant degree, the Christian left developed out of the experiences of clergy who went to do pastoral work among the working class, often beginning without any social philosophy but simply a pastoral and evangelistic concern for workers. This was particularly true among the Methodists and Anglo-Catholics in England, Father Adolph Kolping in Germany and Joseph Cardijn in Belgium.

Christian left and campaigns for peace and human rights[edit]

See also: Peace churches

Some Christian groups were closely associated with the peace movements against the Vietnam War as well as the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. Religious leaders in many countries have also been on the forefront of criticizing any cuts to social welfare programs. In addition, many prominent civil rights activists (such as Martin Luther King, Jr.) were religious figures.

In the United States[edit]

In the United States, members of the Christian Left come from a spectrum of denominations: Peace churches, elements of the Protestant mainline churches, Catholicism, and some evangelicals.

In the aftermath of the 2004 election in the United States, progressive Christian leaders started to form groups of their own to combat the religious right. Such groups include the Center for Progressive Christianity (founded 1996) and the Christian Alliance for Progress.[7]

Beliefs[edit]

Homosexuality[edit]

The Christian left generally approaches homosexuality differently from other Christian political groups. This approach can be driven by focusing on issues differently despite holding similar religious views, or by holding different religious ideas. Those in the Christian left who have similar ideas as other Christian political groups but a different focus may view Christian teachings on certain issues, such as the Bible's prohibitions against killing or criticisms of concentrations of wealth, as far more politically important than Christian teachings on social issues emphasized by the religious right, such as opposition to homosexuality. Others in the Christian left have not only a different focus on issues from other Christian political groups, but different religious ideas as well.

For example, all members of the Christian left consider discrimination and bigotry against homosexuals to be immoral, but they differ on their views towards homosexual sex. Some believe homosexual sex to be immoral but largely unimportant when compared with issues relating to social justice, or even matters of sexual morality involving heterosexual sex. Others affirm that some homosexual practices are compatible with the Christian life. Such members believe common biblical arguments used to condemn homosexuality are misinterpreted, and that biblical prohibitions of homosexual practices are actually against a specific type of homosexual sex act, i.e. pederasty, the sodomizing of young boys by older men. Thus, they hold biblical prohibitions to be irrelevant when considering modern same-sex relationships.[8][9][10][11]

Consistent life ethic[edit]

Main article: Consistent life ethic

A related strain of thought is the (Catholic and progressive evangelical) consistent life ethic, which sees opposition to capital punishment, militarism, euthanasia, abortion and the global unequal distribution of wealth as being related. It is an idea with certain concepts shared by Abrahamic religions as well as Buddhists, Hindus, and members of other religions. The late Cardinal Joseph Bernardin of Chicago developed the idea for the consistent life ethic in 1983.[12] Sojourners is particularly associated with this strand of thought.[13][14]

Liberation theology[edit]

Liberation theology is a theological tradition that emerged in the developing world, especially Latin America. Since the 1960s, Catholic thinkers have integrated left-wing thought and Catholicism, giving rise to Liberation Theology. It arose at a time when Catholic thinkers who opposed the despotic leaders in South and Central America allied themselves with the communist opposition. However, it developed independently of and roughly simultaneously with Black theology in the U.S. and should not be confused with it.[15] The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith decided that while liberation theology is partially compatible with Catholic social teaching, certain Marxist elements of it, such as the doctrine of perpetual class struggle, are against Church teachings.

Notable Christian leftists[edit]

Argentina[edit]

Australia[edit]

Austria[edit]

Belgium[edit]

Brazil[edit]

  • Paulo Evaristo Arns, Roman Catholic Archbishop of São Paulo and Cardinal
  • Frei Betto, writer, political activist, liberation theologist and Dominican friar
  • Leonardo Boff, academic and social activist
  • Dom Hélder Câmara, Roman Catholic archbishop
  • Sister Maurina, Roman Catholic nun who was tortured during the military dictatorship
  • Sister Dorothy Stang, Roman Catholic nun murdered for helping the landless and poor
  • Frei Tito, Roman Catholic friar who was tortured during the military dictatorship

Canada[edit]

Chile[edit]

China[edit]

Colombia[edit]

Cuba[edit]

East Timor[edit]

Ecuador[edit]

El Salvador[edit]

France[edit]

Germany[edit]

Greece[edit]

Haiti[edit]

Ireland[edit]

Italy[edit]

Japan[edit]

Korea[edit]

Netherlands[edit]

Nicaragua[edit]

New Zealand[edit]

Peru[edit]

Philippines[edit]

Poland[edit]

Portugal[edit]

Russia[edit]

Slovenia[edit]

South Africa[edit]

  • Allan Boesak
  • Dennis Hurley, former Catholic Archbishop of Durban, anti-Apartheid activist and advocate for reform within the Catholic Church
  • Beyers Naude, anti-Apartheid Dutch Reformed minister
  • Alan Paton, author, politician and anti-Apartheid activist
  • Desmond Tutu, former Anglican Archbishop of South Africa

Spain[edit]

Sri Lanka[edit]

Sweden[edit]

Switzerland[edit]

United States[edit]

Leaders (political)[edit]

Leaders and activists (civil)[edit]

Thinkers[edit]

Promoters[edit]

United Kingdom[edit]

A meeting of the Oxford Branch of the Christian Socialist Movement, with Larry Sanders speaking, October 2007

The medieval Lollards, particularly John Ball, took up many anti-establishment causes. During the English Civil War many of the more radical Parliamentarians, such as John Lilburne and the Levellers, based their belief in universal suffrage and proto-socialism on their reading of the Bible. Other people on the Christian left include:[citation needed]

Vatican[edit]

  • Sister Rose Thering, during Vatican II helped in exonerating Jews from Christ's death; social and human rights activist

Venezuela[edit]

Political parties[edit]

Early Christianity[edit]

Movements[edit]

A number of movements of the past had similarities to today's Christian left:

Groups[edit]

Other[edit]

Contrast: Christian right

References[edit]

  1. ^ "The "Golden Rule" (a.k.a. Ethics of Reciprocity)". Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  2. ^ "Beliefs review: Religion and social justice". Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  3. ^ "The FAQs: What Christians Should Know About Social Justice". Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  4. ^ Damon, Linker. "Why Christianity demands pacifism". Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  5. ^ John Cort, Christian Socialism (1988) ISBN 0-88344-574-3, pp. 32.
  6. ^ "Mikhail S. Gorbachev Quotes". Brainyquote.com. Retrieved 23 February 2007.
  7. ^ Utter, Glenn H. (2007). Mainline Christians and U.S. Public Policy: A Reference Handbook. Contemporary world issues. ABC-CLIO. p. 230. ISBN 9781598840001. Retrieved 1 August 2015. The Christian Alliance for Progress. composed of individuals from various denominations and religious viewpoints, strives to emphasize the core beliefs and values of Christianity in response to the contemporary involvement of Christian groups in the search for political influence and power.
  8. ^ Why TCPC Advocates Equal Rights for Gay and Lesbian People Archived 12 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ "Equality for Gays and Lesbians - Christian Alliance for Progress". 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 1 December 2005.
  10. ^ Bible & Homosexuality Home Page Archived 24 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Pflagdetroit.org (1998-12-11). Retrieved on 2013-08-24.
  11. ^ [1] Archived 21 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Bernardin, Joseph. Consistent ethics of life 1988, Sheed and Ward, p. v
  13. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=NNqa8dmAZusC&pg=PT230&lpg=PT230&dq=sojourners+%22seamless+garment%22&source=bl&ots=s2TkWsus0y&sig=ACfU3U0nBfvCyQN3mQZxQeDFfC6m-HIB1g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj944um3ZvoAhVzj3IEHZUVCwcQ6AEwBnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=sojourners%20%22seamless%20garment%22&f=false
  14. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=gXp5jJI1bZ8C&pg=PA514&lpg=PA514&dq=sojourners+%22seamless+garment%22&source=bl&ots=BJw7-XzTdD&sig=ACfU3U1Dy_fyEQ66E8vUa92LoykzdZmlwg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj944um3ZvoAhVzj3IEHZUVCwcQ6AEwB3oECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=sojourners%20%22seamless%20garment%22&f=false
  15. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 October 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2013.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 December 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2007.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  17. ^ http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1958/pire-bio.html
  18. ^ Carrigan, Jr., Henry L. (24 June 2014). "Terry Eagleton: A Late-Life Return to Religion". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  19. ^ "Tim Farron on faith, morality and serving others". Christians in Politics. Retrieved 23 May 2017.

Young, Shawn David. Gray Sabbath: Jesus People USA, the Evangelical Left, and the Evolution of Christian Rock. New York: Columbia University Press, 2015.

External links[edit]

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