Black mecca

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A black mecca, in the United States, is a city to which African Americans, particularly singles, professionals, and middle-class families, are drawn to live, due to some or all of the following factors:

• superior economic opportunities for blacks, often as assessed by the presence of a large black upper-middle and upper class
• black businesses and political power in a city
• leading black educational institutions in a city
• a city's leading role in black history, arts, music, food, and other cultures
• harmonious black-white race relations in a city

Atlanta has been referred to as a black mecca since the 1970s, while New York City's Harlem was referred to as a black mecca during the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s and still is today.

Atlanta

See also: African Americans in Atlanta

Atlanta has frequently been referred to as a black mecca since the 1970s.

1971 Ebony article calling Atlanta the "black mecca" of the South

In 1971, Ebony magazine called Atlanta the "black mecca of the South", because "black folks have more, live better, accomplish more and deal with whites more effectively than they do anywhere else in the South—or North". Ebony illustrated as evidence of "mecca" status Atlanta's high black home ownership, the Atlanta University Center (the nation's largest consortium of historically black colleges (HBCUs)), Atlanta's civil rights heritage, black business ownership, black-owned restaurants, the civic leadership of the black clergy, black fraternal organizations, and black political power in City Hall, while it also acknowledged the poverty which a large percentage of Atlanta's black population endured.

Since 1974, Atlanta has had an African-American mayor.

In 1983, Atlanta magazine said that Atlanta's reputation as a black mecca was "deserved because it is true" because "the metro area now has the highest proportion of middle-income African-Americans of any city in the country". A 1997 Ebony magazine article illustrated Atlanta's status as "the new mecca" (and the "land of milk and honey" for blacks) because a poll of the magazine's 100 most influential African Americans voted Atlanta overall the best city for blacks, possessed the most employment opportunities for blacks, it was American's "most diverse city", and was the city with the best schools and most affordable housing for blacks. A 2002 article in the same magazine reconfirmed Atlanta as "the new black mecca" and "the go-to city for blacks."

In 2009, the Associated Press characterized Atlanta's status as a black mecca by black political power in its City Hall.

A 2015 report showed that the Atlanta area had the greatest numerical gain in new black residents than any metropolitan area in the U.S., with more than 198,031 black residents moving there, according to an analysis of census data.

In 2018, Forbes magazine ranked Atlanta tied for the #1 city in the U.S. for where African-Americans are doing the best economically.

In 2019, USA Today named Atlanta the nation's black tech capital. Atlanta attracts the most black entrepreneurs and workers in the tech industry.

Historically black colleges in Atlanta

Atlanta is the home of the largest consortium of historically black institutions in the nation. The Atlanta University Center consists of Clark Atlanta University, Spelman College, Morehouse College and the Morehouse School of Medicine. The consortium structure allows for students to cross-register at the other institutions in order to attain a broader collegiate experience.

The first college founded by African-Americans in Georgia, Morris Brown College, is based in Atlanta.

Black entertainment mecca

See also: Music in Atlanta

In 2011 in a New York Times article with the short title "Atlanta Emerges as a Black Entertainment Mecca", comedian Cedric the Entertainer, who hosted that year's Soul Train Music Awards, said Atlanta had always been a black mecca and continues to be one, with respect to the black musical talent in the city.

In 2019, Tyler Perry opened the 330-acre Tyler Perry Studios which is the largest film production studio in the nation and the first major film production studio owned by an African-American.

Black owned businesses

According to a 2015 study by NerdWallet, the Atlanta area has 2.1 million black owned businesses (online businesses included) which is the highest in the nation.

Mecca for LGBT African Americans

In 2005 the New York Times reported that Atlanta had become a mecca for gay blacks, noting that within the African-American community in the U.S., in which being gay was less accepted than in society as a whole, Atlanta formed a refuge of tolerance. It also noted Atlanta's annual Atlanta Black Pride festival. An earlier 2004 article in the Atlanta Journal-Constitution also documented Atlanta as a "hub" or "mecca" for black gays.

Criticism

Atlanta's status as a "mecca" for blacks is sometimes questioned, or the concept of a "mecca" refuted altogether, due to the endemic high levels of black poverty that exist alongside black success. In 1997 the Chicago Tribune published an article titled "Atlanta's image as a black mecca losing luster". The loss in "luster" was because of a reality that too many blacks weren't coming close to financial success, but rather "caught up in a vicious cycle of poverty, crime and homelessness". The city had among the highest crime rates in the nation, many inner-city blacks were unable to travel to jobs in the suburbs, and despite 20 years of black city leadership, the reality was that city officials were unable to solve these problems.

Harlem

"Harlem, Mecca of the New Negro", March 1925 issue of Survey Graphic

Harlem renaissance

Harlem in New York City was referred to as a black mecca during the 1920s and 1930s. In March 1925 the leading magazine Survey Graphic produced an issue entitled "Harlem: Mecca of the New Negro" that was devoted to the African-American literary and artistic movement now known as the "Harlem Renaissance". Alain Locke guest-edited this issue. Much of the material appears in his 1925 anthology "The New Negro." In 1965, author Seth Scheiner published the book Negro Mecca; A History of the Negro in New York City, 1865-1920.

The 2001 book Harlemworld documented that the concept of Harlem as a black mecca at that time (i.e. seven decades after the Harlem Renaissance) was still present among many residents - a concept that was "history-laden" or even quasi-mythical.

Mecca for West African Muslim immigrants

Black Mecca: The African Muslims of Harlem was also the title of a 2010 book by Temple University professor Zain Abdullah about Muslim West African immigrants in New York City, using "Mecca" not only in the generic sense of "a place that people are drawn to" but also playing on the original meaning of Mecca as the Muslim holy city.

Other U.S. cities

Houston

Texas Southern University in Houston

See also: History of African Americans in Houston

Black Enterprise has called Houston the "next great Black business Mecca". The Houston metropolitan area boasts an accomplished and strategically networked community of African American entrepreneurs, executives, and business leaders as any city in the country. Houston also claims one of the most robust and effective business development and advocacy organizations in the country. The Greater Houston Black Chamber of Commerce, founded in 1935 as Houston's first black civic organization and currently led by Chairwoman Courtney Johnson Rose, is the go-to source for business development and strategic partnership opportunities, as well as education, capital, and contacts for entrepreneurs. Mayor Sylvester Turner, the city's second and current black mayor. It is worth noting that it was during the mayoral term of Lee Brown (1998-2004), Houston's first African American mayor, that the city was named No. 1 on Black Enterprise's list of Top Cities for African Americans to Live, Work, and Play, edging out perennial black business meccas, including Atlanta, Harlem, and Washington, D.C.

Historically Black colleges in Houston area

Texas Southern University is one of the largest and most comprehensive HBCUs in the nation. Prairie View A&M University (immediately northwest of Houston) is also one of the largest HBCUs in the nation and the second oldest public university in the state. Both HBCUs are strongly responsible for cultivating the black middle and upper middle class communities in the Houston area.

Other cities

Only Atlanta, Harlem and Houston are, over time and in multiple sources, mentioned as black meccas, though in questioning the status of Atlanta as a black mecca, comparisons are often made to other cities with large black populations with cities over 200,000 people, such as Birmingham, Detroit, St. Louis, Memphis, Philadelphia, New Orleans, and Washington, D.C..

Comparison of black-majority cities at the time of the 2010 US Census:

City	Black population, 2010	Black-owned firms, 2007	Black median household income, 2013
Detroit	82.7%	64.2%	$30,612
Baltimore	63.7%	34.6%	$47,897
Memphis	63.3%	38.2%	$31,490
New Orleans	60.2%	28.9%	$27,812
Baton Rouge	54.5%	30.4%	$33,092
Atlanta	54%	30.9%	$41,803
Cleveland	53.3%	26.6%	$26,646
Newark	52.4%	35.3%	$28,275
Washington	50.7%	28.2%	$64,896
Richmond	50.6%	20.9%	$38,899

Canadian cities

In the 1850s, the city of Chatham, Ontario was referred to as the "Black Mecca of Canada", as a final stop on the Underground Railroad. A museum in the city, the Black Mecca Museum, still bears this name. The small city was home to a number of black churches and business, with Black Canadians making up 1/3 of the city's population and controlling a significant portion of the city's political power. Nearby Dresden and Buxton were home to thousands of land-owning black residents. However, after the abolition of slavery in the United States, many black families left the area. Today the city is just 2.1% black, and many of the black-owned institutions have now closed.