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Dude

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For other uses, see Dude (disambiguation).

Dude is American English slang for an individual, typically male.[1] From the 1870s to the 1960s, dude primarily meant a person who dressed in an extremely fashionable manner (a dandy) or a conspicuous citified person who was visiting a rural location, a "city slicker". In the 1960s, dude evolved to mean any male person, a meaning that slipped into mainstream American slang in the 1970s. Current slang retains at least some use of all three of these common meanings.[2]

History

Evander Berry Wall, a New York socialite, was dubbed "King of the Dudes". He is pictured (1888) in the New York American newspaper at the time of the "battle of the Dudes".[3][4]

The term "dude" may also have derived from the 18th-century word "doodle", as in "Yankee Doodle Dandy".[5]

In the popular press of the 1880s and 1890s, "dude" was a new word for "dandy"—an "extremely well-dressed male", a man who paid particular importance to how he appeared. The café society and Bright Young Things of the late 1800s and early 1900s were populated with dudes. Young men of leisure vied to show off their wardrobes. The best known of this type is probably Evander Berry Wall, who was dubbed "King of the Dudes" in 1880s New York and maintained a reputation for sartorial splendor all his life. This version of the word is still in occasional use in American slang, as in the phrase "all duded up" for getting dressed in fancy clothes.[6]

Among the very first published descriptions defining "dude"; Chicago Tribune, 25 February 1883

The word was used to refer to Easterners and referred to a man with "store bought clothes". The word was used by cowboys to unfavorably refer to the city dwellers.[7]

A variation of this was a "well-dressed man who is unfamiliar with life outside a large city". In The Home and Farm Manual (1883), author Jonathan Periam used the term "dude" several times to denote an ill-bred and ignorant, but ostentatious, man from the city.[citation needed]

The implication of an individual who is unfamiliar with the demands of life outside of urban settings gave rise to the definition of dude as a "city slicker", or "an Easterner in the [United States] West".[1] Thus "dude" was used to describe the wealthy men of the expansion of the United States during the 19th century by ranch-and-homestead-bound settlers of the American Old West. This use is reflected in the dude ranch, a guest ranch catering to urbanites seeking more rural experiences. Dude ranches began to appear in the American West in the early 20th century, for wealthy Easterners who came to experience the "cowboy life". The implicit contrast is with those persons accustomed to a given frontier, agricultural, mining, or other rural setting. This usage of "dude" was still in use in the 1950s in America, as a word for a tourist—of either gender—who attempts to dress like the local culture but fails.[8] An inverse of these uses of "dude" would be the term "redneck," a contemporary American colloquialism referring to poor farmers and uneducated persons, which itself became pejorative, and is also still in use.[9][10][11]

As the word gained popularity and reached the coasts of the U.S. and traveled between borders, variations of the slang began to pop up such as the female versions of dudette and dudines; however, they were short lived due to dude also gaining a neutral gender connotation and some linguist see the female versions as more artificial slang. The slang eventually had gradual decline in usage until the early to mid 20th century when other subcultures of the U.S. began using it more frequently while again deriving it from the type of dress and eventually using it as a descriptor for common male and sometimes female companions. Eventually, lower class schools with a greater mix of subcultures allowed the word to spread to almost all cultures and eventually up the class ladders to become common use in the U.S. By the late 20th to early 21st century, dude had gained the ability to be used in the form of expression, whether that be disappointment, excitement, or loving and it also widened to be able to refer to any general person no matter race, gender, or culture.[12]

The term was also used as a "job description", such as "bush hook dude" as a position on a railroad in the 1880s. For an example, see the Stampede Tunnel.[citation needed]

In the early 1960s, dude became prominent in surfer culture as a synonym of guy or fella. The female equivalent was "dudette" or "dudess". but these have both fallen into disuse and "dude" is now also used as a unisex term. This more general meaning of "dude" started creeping into the mainstream in the mid-1970s. "Dude", particularly in surfer and "bro" culture,[citation needed] is[when?] generally used informally to address someone ("Dude, I'm glad you finally called") or refer to another person ("I've seen that dude around here before").[13]

One of the first known references to the word in American film was in the 1969 movie Easy Rider where Wyatt (portrayed by Peter Fonda) explains to his cellmate lawyer (portrayed by Jack Nicholson) the definition of "dude": "Dude means nice guy; Dude means regular sort of person." The usage of the word to mean a "cool person" was further popularized in American films of the 1980s and 1990s such as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Fast Times at Ridgemont High, Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure, Wayne's World, and Clerks.[14]

The 1998 film The Big Lebowski featured Jeff Bridges as "The Dude", described as a "lazy deadbeat". The character was largely inspired by activist and producer Jeff Dowd who has been called "Dude" since childhood.[15] The film's central character inspired the creation of Dudeism, a neoreligion.[16]

The 2000 film Dude, Where's My Car? uses the word in the title.

In 2008, Bud Light aired an advertising campaign in which the dialogue consists entirely of different inflections of "Dude!" and does not mention the product by name. It was a followup to their near-identical and more widely noted "Whassup?" campaign.[17][14]

On 23 July 2019 Boris Johnson popularised the word dude as an acronym for his Conservative Party leadership campaign. In his leadership speech he explained it as referring to Deliver Brexit – Unite the country – Defeat Jeremy Corbyn – Energize the country.[18]

References

  1. ^ a b "Dude, Def. 2 – The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved May 8, 2007.
  2. ^ Winona Bullard; Shirley Johnson; Jerkeshea Morris; Kelly Fox; Cassie Howell. "Slang". Archived from the original on February 4, 2013.
  3. ^ Bryk, William (June 22, 2005). "King of the Dudes". The New York Sun. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  4. ^ Jeffers, Harry Paul (2005). Diamond Jim Brady: Prince of the Gilded Age, p.45. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-39102-6
  5. ^ Okrent, Arika (November 5, 2013). "Mystery Solved: The Etymology of Dude". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
  6. ^ "duded up", McGraw-Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002, retrieved October 10, 2012
  7. ^ Ltd, Not Panicking. "h2g2 - The Word 'Dude' - Edited Entry". h2g2.com. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
  8. ^ Robert Knoll (1952). "The meanings and etymologies of dude". American Speech. 27 (1): 20–22. doi:10.2307/453362. JSTOR 453362.
  9. ^ Harold Wentworth, and Stuart Berg Flexner, Dictionary of American Slang (1975) p. 424.
  10. ^ "Redneck". Dictionary.com.
  11. ^ Barbara Ann Kipfer and Robert L. Chapman, American Slang (2008), p. 404.
  12. ^ Hill, Richard A. (1994). "You've Come a Long Way, Dude: A History". American Speech. 69 (3): 321–327. doi:10.2307/455525. JSTOR 455525.
  13. ^ Howell, Cassie. "Examples of Slang". Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
  14. ^ a b Peters, Mark (April 25, 2010). "The History of the "Dude"". GOOD Worldwide, Inc. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
  15. ^ Raz, Guy (May 25, 2008). "The Dude: A Little Lebowski, Alive in All of Us". All Things Considered. National Public Radio. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
  16. ^ Ehrlich, Richard (March 20, 2013). "The man who founded a religion based on 'The Big Lebowski'". CNN Travel. CNN. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
  17. ^ Swansburg, John (January 28, 2008). "Dude! How great are those new Bud Light ads?". Slate. Retrieved March 10, 2008.
  18. ^ "Dude! We are going to energise the country". BBC News. Retrieved December 12, 2019.

Further reading

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