Taoiseach

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Taoiseach
Logo of the Department of the Taoiseach as of April 2018.png
Leo Varadkar 2016.jpg
Incumbent
Leo Varadkar
since 14 June 2017
Department of the Taoiseach
StyleTaoiseach
Irish: A Thaoisigh
Member of
Reports toOireachtas
ResidenceSteward's Lodge
SeatGovernment Buildings,
Merrion Street, Dublin, Ireland
NominatorDáil Éireann
AppointerPresident of Ireland
Term lengthWhile commanding the confidence of the majority of Dáil Éireann. No term limits are imposed on the office.
Inaugural holderÉamon de Valera[note 1]
Formation29 December 1937[note 1]
DeputyTánaiste
Salary€207,590 annually[1]
Websitetaoiseach.gov.ie
Ireland
Coat of arms of Ireland
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
the Republic of Ireland

The Taoiseach (/ˈtiːʃəx/ (About this soundlisten) TEE-shəkh,[2] Irish: [ˈt̪ˠiːʃəx]) is the prime minister and head of government of Ireland.[note 2] The Taoiseach is appointed by the President upon the nomination of Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Oireachtas (parliament), and must, to remain in office, retain the support of a majority in the Dáil.

The word taoiseach means "chief" or "leader" in Irish and was adopted in the 1937 Constitution of Ireland as the title of the "head of the Government, or Prime Minister".[note 2] Taoiseach is the official title of the head of government in both English and Irish, and is not used for other countries' prime ministers (who are referred to in Irish as Príomh Aire). The Irish form, An Taoiseach, is sometimes used in English instead of "the Taoiseach". Outside of Ireland, the Taoiseach is sometimes referred to as the Prime Minister of Ireland.[3]

Leo Varadkar TD is the current Taoiseach; he took office on 14 June 2017,[4] following his election as leader of Fine Gael on 2 June 2017.[5] Varadkar is the youngest Taoiseach in the history of the Irish state, having taken office at the age of 38; he is also the first openly LGBT person, and the first person of Indian descent to lead the Irish government.

Overview[edit]

Under the Constitution of Ireland, the Taoiseach is nominated by a simple majority of Dáil Éireann from among its members. He/she is then formally appointed to office by the President, who is required to appoint whomever the Dáil designates, without the option of declining to make the appointment. For this reason, it is often said that the Taoiseach is "elected" by Dáil Éireann.

If the Taoiseach loses the support of a majority in Dáil Éireann, he/she is not automatically removed from office but, rather, is compelled either to resign or to persuade the President to dissolve the Dáil. The President may refuse to grant a dissolution and, in effect, force the Taoiseach to resign; to date, no president has exercised this prerogative, though the option arose in 1944 and 1994, and twice in 1982. The Taoiseach may lose the support of Dáil Éireann by the passage of a vote of no confidence, or implicitly through the failure of a vote of confidence; or alternatively, the Dáil may refuse supply.[note 3] In the event of the Taoiseach's resignation, he/she continues to exercise the duties and functions of his/her office until the appointment of a successor.

The Taoiseach nominates the remaining members of the Government, who are then, with the consent of the Dáil, appointed by the President. The Taoiseach also has authority to advise the President to dismiss cabinet ministers from office, advice the President is required to follow by convention. The Taoiseach is further responsible for appointing eleven members of the Seanad.

The Department of the Taoiseach is the government department which supports and advises the Taoiseach in carrying out his/her various duties.

Salary[edit]

Since 2013, the Taoiseach's annual salary is €185,350.[6] It was cut from €214,187 to €200,000 when Enda Kenny took office, before being cut further to €185,350 under the Haddington Road Agreement in 2013.

A proposed increase of €38,000 in 2007 was deferred when Brian Cowen became Taoiseach[7] and in October 2008, the government announced a 10% salary cut for all ministers, including the Taoiseach.[8] However this was a voluntary cut and the salaries remained nominally the same with both ministers and Taoiseach essentially refusing 10% of their salary. This courted controversy in December 2009 when a salary cut of 20% was based on the higher figure before the refused amount was deducted.[9] The Taoiseach is also allowed an additional €118,981 in annual expenses.

Residence[edit]

There is no official residence of the Taoiseach. In 2008 it was reported speculatively that the former Steward's Lodge at Farmleigh adjoining the Phoenix Park would become the official residence of the Taoiseach; however no official statements were made nor any action taken.[10] The house, which forms part of the Farmleigh estate acquired by the State in 1999 for €29.2m, was renovated at a cost of nearly €600,000 in 2005 by the Office of Public Works. Former Taoiseach Bertie Ahern did not use it as a residence, but his successor Brian Cowen used it "from time to time".[11]

Salute[edit]

"Mór Chluana" ("More of Cloyne") is a traditional air collected by Patrick Weston Joyce in 1873.[12][13] "Amhrán Dóchais" ("Song of Hope") is a poem written by Osborn Bergin in 1913 and set to the air.[13][14] John A. Costello chose the air as his salute.[14] The salute is played by army bands on the arrival of the Taoiseach at state ceremonies. Though the salute is often called "Amhrán Dóchais", Brian Ó Cuív argues "Mór Chluana" is the correct title.[14][15]

History[edit]

Origins and etymology[edit]

The words Taoiseach and Tánaiste (the title of the deputy prime minister) are both from the Irish language and of ancient origin. Though the Taoiseach is described in the Constitution of Ireland as "the head of the Government or Prime Minister",[note 2] its literal translation is chieftain or leader.[16] Although Éamon de Valera, who introduced the title in 1937, was neither a Fascist nor a dictator, it has sometimes been remarked that the meaning leader in 1937 made the title similar to the titles of Fascist dictators of the time, such as Führer (Hitler), Duce (Mussolini) and Caudillo (Franco).[17][18][19] Tánaiste, in turn, refers to the system of tanistry, the Gaelic system of succession whereby a leader would appoint an heir apparent while still living.

In Scottish Gaelic, tòiseach translates as clan chief and both words originally had similar meanings in the Gaelic languages of Scotland and Ireland.[note 4][20][21][note 5] The related Welsh language word tywysog (current meaning: prince) has a similar origin and meaning.[note 6] It is hypothesized that both derive ultimately from the proto-Celtic *towissākos "chieftain, leader".

The plural of taoiseach is taoisigh (Northern and Western Irish pronunciation: [t̪ˠiːʃiː], Southern Irish pronunciation: [t̪ˠiːʃig]).[16]

Although the Irish form An Taoiseach is sometimes used in English instead of "the Taoiseach",[22] the English version of the Constitution states that he or she "shall be called ... the Taoiseach".[note 2]

Debate on the title[edit]

In 1937 when the draft Constitution of Ireland was being debated in the Dáil, Frank MacDermot, an opposition politician, moved an amendment to substitute "Prime Minister" for the proposed "Taoiseach" title in the English text of the Constitution. It was proposed to keep the "Taoiseach" title in the Irish language text. The proponent remarked:[23]

It seems to me to be mere make-believe to try to incorporate a word like "Taoiseach" in the English language. It would be pronounced wrongly by 99 percent of the people. I have already ascertained it is a very difficult word to pronounce correctly. That being so, even for the sake of the dignity of the Irish language, it would be more sensible that when speaking English we should be allowed to refer to the gentleman in question as the Prime Minister... It is just one more example of the sort of things that are being done here as if for the purpose of putting off the people in the North. No useful purpose of any kind can be served by compelling us, when speaking English, to refer to An Taoiseach rather than to the Prime Minister.

The President of the Executive Council, Éamon de Valera, gave the term's meaning as "chieftain" or "Captain". He said he was "not disposed" to support the proposed amendment and felt the word "Taoiseach" did not need to be changed. The proposed amendment was defeated on a vote and "Taoiseach" was included as the title ultimately adopted by plebiscite of the people.[24]

Modern office[edit]

Department of the Taoiseach at Government Buildings, Merrion Street, Dublin

The modern position of Taoiseach was established by the 1937 Constitution of Ireland and is the most powerful role in Irish politics. The office replaced the position of President of the Executive Council of the 1922–1937 Irish Free State.

The positions of Taoiseach and President of the Executive Council differed in certain fundamental respects. Under the Constitution of the Irish Free State, the latter was vested with considerably less power and was largely just the chairman of the cabinet, the Executive Council. For example, the President of the Executive Council could not dismiss a fellow minister on his own authority. Instead, the Executive Council had to be disbanded and reformed entirely to remove a member. The President of the Executive Council also did not have the right to advise the Governor-General to dissolve Dáil Éireann on his own authority, that power belonging collectively to the Executive Council.

In contrast, the Taoiseach created in 1937 possesses a much more powerful role. He can both advise the President to dismiss ministers and dissolve Parliament on his own authority—advice that the President is almost always required to follow by convention.[note 7] His role is greatly enhanced because under the Constitution, he is both de jure and de facto chief executive. In most other parliamentary democracies, the head of state is at least the nominal chief executive, while being bound by convention to act on the advice of the cabinet. In Ireland, however, executive power is explicitly vested in the Government, of which the Taoiseach is the leader.

Since the Taoiseach is the head of government, and may remove ministers at will, many of the powers specified, in law or the constitution, to be exercised by the government as a collective body, are in reality at the will of the Taoiseach. The Government almost always backs the Taoiseach in major decisions, and in many cases often merely formalizes that decision at a subsequent meeting after it has already been announced. Nevertheless the need for collective decision making on paper acts as a safeguard against an unwise decision made by the Taoiseach.

Historically, where there have been multi-party or coalition governments, the Taoiseach has been the leader of the largest party in the coalition. One exception to this was John A. Costello, who was not leader of his party, but an agreed choice to head the government, because the other parties refused to accept then Fine Gael leader Richard Mulcahy as Taoiseach. In 2010 Taoiseach Brian Cowen, in the midst of highly unpopular spending cuts after the global financial crash, maintained his position as Taoiseach until new elections, but stood down as leader of Fianna Fáil and allowed Micheál Martin (who had resigned in protest at the way Cowen responded to the crises) to succeed him.

List of office holders[edit]

Main articles: Irish heads of government since 1919 and Records of Irish heads of government since 1922

Before the enactment of the 1937 Constitution, the head of government was referred to as the President of the Executive Council. This office was first held by W. T. Cosgrave of Cumann na nGaedheal from 1922 to 1932, and then by Éamon de Valera of Fianna Fáil from 1932 to 1937. By convention, Taoisigh are numbered to include Cosgrave;[25][26][27][28] for example, Leo Varadkar is considered the 14th Taoiseach, not the 13th.

President of the Executive Council[edit]

No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)
Constituency 		Term of office Party Exec. Council
Composition 		Vice President Dáil
(elected)
1 William Thomas Cosgrave.jpg W. T. Cosgrave
(1880–1965)
TD for Carlow–Kilkenny until 1927
TD for Cork Borough from 1927 		6 December
1922[note 8] 		9 March
1932 		Sinn Féin
(Pro-Treaty) 		1st SF (PT) (minority) Kevin O'Higgins 3 (1922)
Cumann na nGaedheal 2nd CnG (minority) 4 (1923)
3rd Ernest Blythe 5 (Jun.1927)
4th 6 (Sep.1927)
5th
2 Éamon de Valera.jpg Éamon de Valera
(1882–1975)
TD for Clare 		9 March
1932[note 9] 		29 December
1937 		Fianna Fáil 6th FF (minority) Seán T. O'Kelly 7 (1932)
7th 8 (1933)
8th 9 (1937)

Taoiseach[edit]

No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)
Constituency 		Term of office Party Government
Composition 		Tánaiste Dáil
(elected)
(2) Éamon de Valera.jpg Éamon de Valera
(1882–1975)
TD for Clare 		29 December
1937 		18 February
1948 		Fianna Fáil 1st FF (minority) Seán T. O'Kelly 9 ( ···· )
2nd FF 10 (1938)
3rd FF (minority) 11 (1943)
4th FF Seán Lemass 12 (1944)
3 US visit of Taoiseach Costello in 1956 (cropped).jpg John A. Costello
(1891–1976)
TD for Dublin South-East 		18 February
1948 		13 June
1951 		Fine Gael 5th FG–Lab–CnP–CnT–NL–Ind William Norton 13 (1948)
(2) Éamon de Valera.jpg Éamon de Valera
(1882–1975)
TD for Clare 		13 June
1951 		2 June
1954 		Fianna Fáil 6th FF (minority) Seán Lemass 14 (1951)
(3) US visit of Taoiseach Costello in 1956 (cropped).jpg John A. Costello
(1891–1976)
TD for Dublin South-East 		2 June
1954 		20 March
1957 		Fine Gael 7th FG–Lab–CnT William Norton 15 (1954)
(2) Éamon de Valera.jpg Éamon de Valera
(1882–1975)
TD for Clare 		20 March
1957 		23 June
1959 		Fianna Fáil 8th FF Seán Lemass 16 (1957)
4 Séan Lemass at Schiphol Airport (cropped).jpg Seán Lemass
(1899–1971)
TD for Dublin South-Central 		23 June
1959 		10 November
1966 		Fianna Fáil 9th FF Seán MacEntee
10th FF (minority) 17 (1961)
11th FF Frank Aiken 18 (1965)
5 Jack Lynch 1967 (cropped).jpg Jack Lynch
(1917–1999)
TD for Cork Borough until 1969
TD for Cork City North-West from 1969 		10 November
1966 		14 March
1973 		Fianna Fáil 12th FF
13th FF Erskine H. Childers 19 (1969)
6 Taoiseach Liam Cosgrave-Patricks Day 1976.jpg Liam Cosgrave
(1920–2017)
TD for Dún Laoghaire and Rathdown 		14 March
1973 		5 July
1977 		Fine Gael 14th FG–Lab Brendan Corish 20 (1973)
(5) Jack Lynch 1967 (cropped).jpg Jack Lynch
(1917–1999)
TD for Cork City 		5 July
1977 		11 December
1979 		Fianna Fáil 15th FF George Colley 21 (1977)
7 Charlie Haughey.jpeg Charles Haughey
(1925–2006)
TD for Dublin Artane 		11 December
1979 		30 June
1981 		Fianna Fáil 16th FF
8 Garret FitzGerald-Oval Office-Patricks Day 1976.jpg Garret FitzGerald
(1926–2011)
TD for Dublin South-East 		30 June
1981 		9 March
1982 		Fine Gael 17th FG–Lab (minority) Michael O'Leary 22 (1981)
(7) Charlie Haughey.jpeg Charles Haughey
(1925–2006)
TD for Dublin North-Central 		9 March
1982 		14 December
1982 		Fianna Fáil 18th FF (minority) Ray MacSharry 23 (Feb.1982)
(8) Garret FitzGerald-Oval Office-Patricks Day 1976.jpg Garret FitzGerald
(1926–2011)
TD for Dublin South-East 		14 December
1982 		10 March
1987 		Fine Gael 19th FG–Lab
FG (minority) from Jan 1987 		Dick Spring 24 (Nov.1982)
Peter Barry
(7) Charlie Haughey.jpeg Charles Haughey
(1925–2006)
TD for Dublin North-Central 		10 March
1987 		11 February
1992 		Fianna Fáil 20th FF (minority) Brian Lenihan 25 (1987)
21st FF–PD 26 (1989)
John Wilson
9 Albert Reynolds crop.jpg Albert Reynolds
(1932–2014)
TD for Longford–Roscommon 		11 February
1992 		15 December
1994 		Fianna Fáil 22nd FF–PD
FF (minority) from Nov 1992
23rd FF–Lab
FF (minority) from Nov 1994 		Dick Spring 27 (1992)
Bertie Ahern
10 John Bruton 2011.jpg John Bruton
(b. 1947)
TD for Meath 		15 December
1994 		26 June
1997 		Fine Gael 24th FG–Lab–DL Dick Spring
11 BertieAhernBerlin2007-bis.jpg Bertie Ahern
(b. 1951)
TD for Dublin Central 		26 June
1997 		7 May
2008 		Fianna Fáil 25th FF–PD (minority) Mary Harney 28 (1997)
26th FF–PD 29 (2002)
Michael McDowell
27th FF–Green–PD Brian Cowen 30 (2007)
12 Brian Cowen in Philadelphia.jpg Brian Cowen
(b. 1960)
TD for Laois–Offaly 		7 May
2008 		9 March
2011 		Fianna Fáil 28th FF–Green–PD
FF–Green–Ind from Nov 2009
FF (minority) from Jan 2011 		Mary Coughlan
13 Enda Kenny EPP 2014 (cropped).jpg Enda Kenny
(b. 1951)
TD for Mayo 		9 March
2011 		14 June
2017[29] 		Fine Gael 29th FG–Lab Eamon Gilmore 31 (2011)
Joan Burton
30th FG–Ind (minority) Frances Fitzgerald 32 (2016)
14 Leo Varadkar 2016.jpg Leo Varadkar
(b. 1979)
TD for Dublin West 		14 June
2017[30] 		Incumbent Fine Gael 31st FG–Ind (minority)
Simon Coveney

Timeline[edit]

Leo VaradkarEnda KennyBrian CowenBertie AhernJohn BrutonAlbert ReynoldsGarret FitzGeraldCharles HaugheyLiam CosgraveJack LynchSeán LemassJohn A. CostelloÉamon de ValeraW. T. Cosgrave


Living former officeholders[edit]

There are four living former taoisigh as of January 2020:

Taoiseach Term of office Date of birth
John Bruton 1994–1997 (1947-05-18) 18 May 1947 (age 72)
Bertie Ahern 1997–2008 (1951-09-12) 12 September 1951 (age 68)
Brian Cowen 2008–2011 (1960-01-10) 10 January 1960 (age 59)
Enda Kenny 2011–2017 (1951-04-24) 24 April 1951 (age 68)

The most recent Taoiseach to die was Liam Cosgrave (served 1973–1977) on 4 October 2017, aged 97.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b Before the enactment of the 1937 Constitution of Ireland, the head of government was referred to as the President of the Executive Council. This office was first held by W. T. Cosgrave from 1922 to 1932, and then by Éamon de Valera from 1932 to 1937.
  2. ^ a b c d Article 13.1.1° and Article 28.5.1° of the Constitution of Ireland. The latter provision reads: "The head of the Government, or Prime Minister, shall be called, and is in this Constitution referred to as, the Taoiseach." [1]
  3. ^ One example of the Dáil refusing supply occurred in January 1982, when the then Fine Gael–Labour Party coalition government of Garret FitzGerald lost a vote on the budget. [2]
  4. ^ John Frederick Vaughan Campbell Cawdor (1742). Innes Cosmo (ed.). The book of the thanes of Cawdor: a series of papers selected from the charter room at Cawdor. 1236–1742, Volume 1236, Issue 1742. Spalding Club. p. xiii. Retrieved 23 June 2013. As we cannot name the first Celtic chieftain who consented to change his style of Toshach and his patriarchal sway for the title and stability of King's Thane of Cawdor, so it is impossible to fix the precise time when their ancient property and offices were acquired.
  5. ^ "Tartan Details – Toshach". Scottish Register of Tartans. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2013. Toshach is an early Celtic title given to minor territorial chiefs in Scotland (note Eire Prime Minister's official title is this).
  6. ^ John Thomas Koch (2006), Celtic Culture: a Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, p. 1062, ISBN 1851094407, An early word meaning 'leader' appears on a 5th- or 6th-century inscribed stone as both ogam Irish and British genitive TOVISACI: tywysog now means 'prince' in Welsh, the regular descriptive title used for Prince Charles, for example; while in Ireland, the corresponding Taoiseach is now the correct title, in both Irish and English, for the Prime Minister of the Irish Republic (Éire).
  7. ^ Among the most famous ministerial dismissals have been those of Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney during the Arms Crisis in 1970, Brian Lenihan in 1990 and Albert Reynolds, Pádraig Flynn and Máire Geoghegan-Quinn in 1991.
  8. ^ Cosgrave also headed the Irish Government from 22 August 1922, during the transitional period before the state became officially independent on 6 December 1922 (See Irish heads of government since 1919).
  9. ^ De Valera also headed the pre-independence revolutionary Irish Government from 1 April 1919 to 9 January 1922 (See Irish heads of government since 1919).

References[edit]

  1. ^ Oireachtas, Houses of the. "Salaries, Houses of the Oireachtas". oireachtas.ie. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  2. ^ "Taoiseach". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  3. ^ McDonald, Henry (2 June 2017). "Leo Varadkar, gay son of Indian immigrant, to be next Irish PM". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  4. ^ "Finance and Expenditure combined as Cabinet is named". RTÉ News. 14 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  5. ^ "Leo Varadkar voted leader of Fine Gael". The Irish Times. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  6. ^ "The Taoiseach, Ministers and every TD are having their pay cut today". TheJournal.ie. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  7. ^ "Taoiseach to receive €38k pay rise". RTÉ News. 25 October 2007.
  8. ^ "Sharp exchanges in Dáil over Budget". RTÉ News. 15 October 2008. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
  9. ^ "Opposition says Lenihan's salary cuts do not add up". Irish Independent. 10 December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
  10. ^ "Opulent Phoenix Park lodge is set to become 'Fortress Cowen'". Irish Independent. 18 May 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2008.
  11. ^ "Cowen questioned on use of Farmleigh". The Irish Times. 29 January 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
  12. ^ "P. W. Joyce: Ancient Irish Music » 47 – Mór Chluana". Na Píobairí Uilleann. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  13. ^ a b "Joyce, Patrick Weston (1827–1914)". Ainm.ie (in Irish). Cló Iar-Chonnacht. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  14. ^ a b c Ó Cuív, Brian (1 April 2010). "Irish language and literature, 1845-1921". In W. E. Vaughan (ed.). Ireland Under the Union, 1870–1921. A New History of Ireland. VI. Oxford University Press. p. 425. ISBN 9780199583744. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  15. ^ "Amhrán Dóchais". Library. Ireland: Contemporary Music Centre. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  16. ^ a b "Youth Zone School Pack" (PDF). Department of the Taoiseach. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  17. ^ John-Paul McCarthy (10 January 2010). "WT became the most ruthless of them all". Irish Independent. Retrieved 22 November 2016. While Taoiseach itself carried with it some initially unpleasant assonances with Caudillo, Fuhrer and Duce, all but one of the 12 men who wielded the prime ministerial sceptre have managed to keep their megalomaniacal tendencies in check.
  18. ^ Martin Quigley, Jr (1944). Great Gaels: Ireland at Peace in a World at War. p. 18. Retrieved 22 November 2016. Eamon de Valera is An Taoiseach or "boss Gael." That title goes considerably beyond the English "prime minister" or the American "president." It is the Gaelic equivalent of the German "Fuehrer," the Italian "Duce" and the Spanish "Caudillo. Published in New York, 1944 (publisher not identified); Original from University of Minnesota; Digitized 6 May 2016
  19. ^ Administration – Volume 18. Institute of Public Administration (Ireland). 1970. p. 153. Retrieved 22 November 2016. ... and let alone the names of the Prime Minister (the Taoiseach, a word that is related to Duce, Fuhrer, and Caudillo) (translated from the original Irish: ... agus fiú amháin ainmeacha an Phríomh-Aire (An Taoiseach, focal go bhfuil gaol aige le Duce, Fuhrer, agus Caudillo)Original from the University of California; Digitized 6 December 2006
  20. ^ E. William Robertson (2004). Scotland Under Her Early Kings: A History of the Kingdom to the Close of the Thirteenth Century Part One. Kessinger Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 9781417946075. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
  21. ^ "DSL – SND1 TOISEACH". Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
  22. ^ "Statement by An Taoiseach on the death of Cardinal Desmond Connell". Department of the Taoiseach. 9 February 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017. The Taoiseach has learnt with regret ...
  23. ^ Frank Mr. MacDermot of the Centre Party (Ireland) – Bunreacht na hÉireann (Dréacht)—Coiste (Ath-thógaint) – Wednesday, 26 May 1937; Dáil Éireann Debate Vol. 67 No. 9.
  24. ^ – Bunreacht na hÉireann (Dréacht)—Coiste (Ath-thógaint) – Wednesday, 26 May 1937; Dáil Éireann Debate Vol. 67 No. 9.
  25. ^ "Coughlan new Tánaiste in Cowen Cabinet". The Irish Times. 17 May 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
  26. ^ "Taoiseach reveals new front bench". RTÉ News. 7 May 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
  27. ^ "Cowen confirmed as Taoiseach". BreakingNews.ie. 7 May 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
  28. ^ "Former Taoisigh". Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  29. ^ "Kenny's farewell: 'This has never been about me'". RTÉ News. 13 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  30. ^ Lord, Miriam (8 June 2017). "Taoiseach-in-waiting meets man waiting to be taoiseach". The Irish Times. Retrieved 10 June 2017.

Further reading[edit]

The book Chairman or Chief: The Role of the Taoiseach in Irish Government (1971) by Brian Farrell provides a good overview of the conflicting roles for the Taoiseach. Though long out of print, it may still be available in libraries or from booksellers. Biographies are also available of de Valera, Lemass, Lynch, Cosgrave, FitzGerald, Haughey, Reynolds and Ahern. FitzGerald wrote an autobiography, while an authorised biography was produced of de Valera. There is a chapter by Garret FitzGerald on the role of the Taoiseach in a festschrift to Brian Farrell. There is a chapter by Eoin O'Malley on the Taoiseach and cabinet in Governing Ireland: From cabinet government to delegated governance (Eoin O'Malley and Muiris MacCarthaigh eds.) Dublin: IPA 2012.

Biographies[edit]

Some biographies of former Taoisigh and presidents of the Executive Council:

  • Tim Pat Coogan, Éamon de Valera
  • John Horgan, Seán Lemass
  • Brian Farrell, Seán Lemass
  • T. P. O'Mahony, Jack Lynch: A Biography
  • T. Ryle Dwyer, Nice Fellow: A Biography of Jack Lynch
  • Stephen Collins, The Cosgrave legacy
  • Garret FitzGerald, All in a Life
  • Garret FitzGerald, "Just Garret: Tales from the Political Frontline"
  • Raymond Smith, Garret: The Enigma
  • T. Ryle Dwyer, Short Fellow: A Biography of Charles Haughey
  • Martin Mansergh, Spirit of the Nation: The Collected Speeches of Haughey
  • Joe Joyce & Peter Murtagh The Boss: Charles Haughey in Government
  • Tim Ryan, Albert Reynolds: The Longford Leader
  • Albert Reynolds, My Autobiography (Reviewed here)
  • Bertie Ahern, My Autobiography (Reviewed here)

External links[edit]

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