Eilat
Eilat
| |
---|---|
From upper left: Eilat coastline at night (x2), evening view of Eilat marina, view of Eilat North Beach, view from the promenade to the outskirts and the surrounding mountains of Eilat | |
Coordinates: 29°33′N 34°57′E / 29.550°N 34.950°ECoordinates: 29°33′N 34°57′E / 29.550°N 34.950°E | |
Country | ![]() |
District | Southern |
Founded | 7000 BCE (Earliest settlements) 1951 (Israeli city) |
Government | |
• Type | City (from 1959) |
• Mayor | Meir Yitzhak Halevi |
Area | |
• Total | 84,789 dunams (84.789 km2 or 32.737 sq mi) |
Population (2018)[1] | |
• Total | 51,935 |
• Density | 610/km2 (1,600/sq mi) |
Website | www.eilat.muni.il |
Eilat (/eɪˈlɑːt/ ay-LAHT, also UK: /eɪˈlæt/ ay-LAT; Hebrew: אֵילַת [eˈlat] (listen)), or Umm Al-Rashrash sometimes in Arabic (أم الرشراش), is Israel's southernmost city with a population of 51,935,[1] a busy port and popular resort at the northern tip of the Red Sea, on what is known in Israel as the Gulf of Eilat and in Jordan as the Gulf of Aqaba. The city is considered a tourist destination for domestic and international tourists heading to Israel.
Eilat is part of the Southern Negev Desert, at the southern end of the Arabah, adjacent to the Egyptian village of Taba to the south, the Jordanian port city of Aqaba to the east, and within sight of Haql, Saudi Arabia, across the gulf to the southeast.
Eilat's arid desert climate and low humidity are moderated by proximity to a warm sea. Temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in summer, and 21 °C (70 °F) in winter, while water temperatures range between 20 and 26 °C (68 and 79 °F). Eilat averages 360 sunny days a year.[2]
Contents
Name
The origin of the name Eilat, a place name found in the Hebrew Bible, is not definitively known, but likely comes from the Hebrew root A–Y–L (Hebrew: א. י. ל.), which is also the root for the word Elah (Hebrew: אלה), meaning Pistacia tree. Like numerous other localities, Eilat is mentioned in the Bible both in singular (possibly construct state) and plural form (Eilot).[3] In the Arab world, it is also referred to as Umm Al-Rashrash (Arabic: أم الرشراش).
Geography
The geology and landscape are varied: igneous and metamorphic rocks, sandstone and limestone; mountains up to 892 metres (2,927 ft) above sea level; broad valleys such as the Arava, and seashore on the Gulf of Aqaba. With an annual average rainfall of 28 millimetres (1.1 in) and summer temperatures of 40 °C (104 °F) and higher, water resources and vegetation are limited. "The main elements that influenced the region's history were the copper resources and other minerals, the ancient international roads that crossed the area, and its geopolitical and strategic position. These resulted in a settlement density that defies the environmental conditions."[4]
History
Ancient city
The original settlement was probably at the northern tip of the Gulf of Eilat.[5] Archaeological excavations uncovered impressive prehistoric tombs dating to the 7th millennium BC at the western edge of Eilat, while nearby copper workings and mining operations at Timna Valley are the oldest on earth.[citation needed]
Ancient Egyptian records also document the extensive and lucrative mining operations and trade across the Red Sea with Egypt starting as early as the Fourth dynasty of Egypt.[citation needed] Eilat is mentioned in antiquity as a major trading partner with Elim, Thebes' Red Sea Port, as early as the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt.[citation needed] Trade between Elim and Eilat furnished frankincense and myrrh, brought up from Ethiopia and Punt; bitumen and natron, from the Dead Sea; finely woven linen, from Byblos; and copper amulets, from Timna; all mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.[citation needed] In antiquity Eilat bordered the states of Edom, Midian and the tribal territory of the Rephidim, the indigenous inhabitants of the Sinai Peninsula.[citation needed]
Eilat is first mentioned in the Hebrew Bible in the Book of Exodus. The first six stations of the Exodus are in Egypt. The 7th is the crossing of the Red Sea and the 9th–13th are in and around Eilat, after the exodus from Egypt and crossing the Red Sea. Station 12 refers to a dozen campsites in and around Timna in Modern Israel near Eilat.[citation needed] When King David conquered Edom,[6] which up to then had shared a common border with Midian, he took over Eilat, the border city shared by them as well. The commercial port city and copper based industrial center were maintained by Egypt until reportedly rebuilt by Solomon at a location known as Ezion-Geber (I Kings 9:26). In 2 Kings 14:21–22, many decades later, "All the people of Judah took Uzziah, who was sixteen years old, and made him king in the room of his father Amaziah. He rebuilt Elath, and restored it to Judah, after his father's death." Later, in 2 Kings 16:6, during the reign of King Ahaz: "At that time the king of Edom recovered Elath for Edom, and drove out the people of Judah and sent Edomites to live there, as they do to this day."
It was a prosperous Judean trading port from the 9th through 7th centuries BCE.[7]
During the Roman period, a road was built to link the area with the Nabataean city of Petra (in modern-day Jordan). An Islamic copper smelting and trading community of 250–400 residents flourished during the Umayyad Period (700–900 CE); its remains were found and excavated in 1989, at the northern edge of modern Eilat, between what is now the industrial zone and nearby Kibbutz Eilot.[8]
Modern city
![Israeli soldiers stabilize a flag pole whilst another soldier climbs it in order to raise an improvised flag; the soldier is seen about halfway up the flag pole. Other soldiers look on.](http://web.archive.org./web/20191130215811im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Raising_the_Ink_Flag_at_Umm_Rashrash_%28Eilat%29.jpg/180px-Raising_the_Ink_Flag_at_Umm_Rashrash_%28Eilat%29.jpg)
The area was designated as part of the Jewish state in the 1947 UN Partition Plan. The abandoned British police post of Umm Al-Rashrash was taken without a fight on March 10, 1949, as part of Operation Uvda.[9][10] It was formally granted to Israel with the 1949 Armistice Agreements.
Construction of the city began shortly afterward. The Timna Copper Mines[11] near Timna valley were opened, the Port of Eilat and Eilat Airport were built, the Eilat Ashkelon Pipeline laid, and tourism began. The port became vital to the fledgling country's development. In the early 1950s, Eilat was a small and remote town, populated largely by port workers, soldiers, and former prisoners. A concerted effort by the Israeli government to populate Eilat began in 1955 when Jewish immigrant families from Morocco were resettled there. Eilat began to develop rapidly after the Suez Crisis in 1956, with its tourism industry in particular starting to flourish.
After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War Arab countries maintained a state of hostility with Israel, blocking all land routes; Israel's access to and trade with the rest of the world was by air and sea alone. Further, Egypt denied passage through the Suez Canal to Israeli-registered ships or to any ship carrying cargo to or from Israeli ports. This made Eilat and its sea port crucial to Israel's communications, commerce and trade with Africa and Asia, and for oil imports. Without recourse to a port on the Red Sea Israel would have been unable to develop its diplomatic, cultural and trade ties beyond the Mediterranean basin and Europe. This happened in 1956 and again in 1967, when Egypt's closure of the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping effectively blockaded the port of Eilat.
In 1956, this led to Israel's participation alongside Britain and France in the war against Egypt sparked by the Suez Crisis, while in 1967 90% of Israeli oil passed through the Straits of Tiran.[12] Oil tankers that were due to pass through the straits were delayed.[13][14] The straits' closure was cited by Israel as an additional casus belli leading to the outbreak of the Six-Day War. Following peace treaties signed with Egypt in 1979 and Jordan in 1994, Eilat's borders with its neighbors were finally opened.
Israeli–Arab conflict
Eilat is especially defended by its own special forces unit Lotar Eilat. It is a reservist special forces unit of the IDF trained in counter-terrorism and hostage rescue in the Eilat area, which has taken part in many counter-terrorist missions in the region since its formation in 1974. The Lotar unit is composed solely of reservists, citizens who must be Eilat residents between the ages of 20 and 60, who are on call in case of a terrorist attack on the city. It is one of only three units in the IDF authorized to free hostages on its own command.[15][16]
In 2007 the Eilat bakery bombing killed three civilian bakers.[17][18] This was the first such attack in Eilat proper,[19] although other terror attacks had been carried out in the area.[20]
In 2011, terrorists infiltrated Israel across the Sinai border to execute multiple attacks on Highway 12, including a civilian bus and private car a few miles north of Eilat, in what became known as the 2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks.[21][22]
In order to prevent terrorist infiltration of Israel from the Sinai, Israel has built the Israel-Egypt barrier, a steel barrier equipped with cameras, radar and motion sensors along the country's southern border.[23] The fence was completed in January 2013.[24]
Future development plans
In July 2012, Israel signed an agreement with China to cooperate in building the high-speed railway to Eilat, a railway line which will serve both passenger and freight trains. It will link Eilat with Beersheba and Tel Aviv, and will run through the Arava Valley and Nahal Zin.[25]
The former Eilat Airport was closed on 18 March 2019 after the opening of Ramon Airport. The land occupied by the former airport is to be redeveloped. The new Ramon Airport opened in January 2019, 18 kilometres (11 miles) north of Eilat and replaced both Eilat Airport and Ovda Airport.[26] Hotels and apartment buildings, containing a total of 2,080 hotel rooms and 1,000 apartments will be constructed on the site, as well as 275 dunams of public space and pedestrian paths. The plans also set aside space for the railway line and an underground railway station. The plan's goal is to create an urban continuum between the city center and North Beach, as well as tighten the links between the city's neighborhoods, which are currently separated by the airport.[27]
In addition, there are plans to move the Port of Eilat and the Eilat-Ashkelon pipeline terminal to the northern part of the city, as well as to turn it into a university town of science and research, and brand it an international sports city. All these projects are part of a plan to increase Eilat's population to 150,000 people and build 35,000 hotel rooms.[28]
Climate
Eilat has a hot desert climate (BWh[29] with hot, dry summers and warm and almost rainless winters in Köppen climate classification). Winters are usually between 11–23 °C (52–73 °F). Summers are usually between 26–40 °C (79–104 °F). There are relatively small coral reefs near Eilat; however, 50 years ago they were much larger.
Climate data for Eilat (Temperature: 1987–2010, Precipitation: 1980–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 32.2 (90.0) |
35.8 (96.4) |
38.7 (101.7) |
43.4 (110.1) |
45.2 (113.4) |
47.4 (117.3) |
48.3 (118.9) |
48.0 (118.4) |
45.0 (113.0) |
44.3 (111.7) |
38.1 (100.6) |
33.6 (92.5) |
48.3 (118.9) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 26.3 (79.3) |
29.3 (84.7) |
32.8 (91.0) |
38.2 (100.8) |
42.1 (107.8) |
43.6 (110.5) |
44.1 (111.4) |
43.2 (109.8) |
41.9 (107.4) |
39.7 (103.5) |
33.4 (92.1) |
28.0 (82.4) |
44.1 (111.4) |
Average high °C (°F) | 21.3 (70.3) |
23.0 (73.4) |
26.1 (79.0) |
31.0 (87.8) |
35.7 (96.3) |
38.9 (102.0) |
40.4 (104.7) |
40.0 (104.0) |
37.3 (99.1) |
33.1 (91.6) |
27.7 (81.9) |
23.0 (73.4) |
31.5 (88.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 15.8 (60.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
20.5 (68.9) |
24.7 (76.5) |
29.1 (84.4) |
32.0 (89.6) |
33.8 (92.8) |
33.7 (92.7) |
31.3 (88.3) |
27.4 (81.3) |
22.0 (71.6) |
17.1 (62.8) |
25.4 (77.7) |
Average low °C (°F) | 10.4 (50.7) |
11.8 (53.2) |
14.6 (58.3) |
18.4 (65.1) |
22.5 (72.5) |
25.2 (77.4) |
27.3 (81.1) |
27.4 (81.3) |
25.2 (77.4) |
21.8 (71.2) |
16.3 (61.3) |
11.9 (53.4) |
19.4 (66.9) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | 5.9 (42.6) |
7.4 (45.3) |
10.1 (50.2) |
13.4 (56.1) |
17.7 (63.9) |
21.5 (70.7) |
24.8 (76.6) |
24.8 (76.6) |
22.0 (71.6) |
17.4 (63.3) |
11.5 (52.7) |
7.5 (45.5) |
5.9 (42.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | 1.2 (34.2) |
0.9 (33.6) |
3.0 (37.4) |
8.4 (47.1) |
12.1 (53.8) |
18.5 (65.3) |
20.0 (68.0) |
19.4 (66.9) |
18.6 (65.5) |
9.2 (48.6) |
5.3 (41.5) |
2.5 (36.5) |
0.9 (33.6) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 4 (0.2) |
3 (0.1) |
3 (0.1) |
2 (0.1) |
1 (0.0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
4 (0.2) |
2 (0.1) |
5 (0.2) |
24 (1) |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 10.5 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 32 | 28 | 25 | 19 | 16 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 23 | 27 | 29 | 33 | 24 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 229.4 | 237.3 | 251.1 | 273 | 319.3 | 324 | 347.2 | 347.2 | 291 | 282.1 | 246 | 217 | 3,364.6 |
Source: Israel Meteorological Service[30][31][32][33] |
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
22 °C (72 °F) | 21 °C (70 °F) | 21 °C (70 °F) | 23 °C (73 °F) | 25 °C (77 °F) | 26 °C (79 °F) | 28 °C (82 °F) | 28 °C (82 °F) | 28 °C (82 °F) | 27 °C (81 °F) | 25 °C (77 °F) | 23 °C (73 °F) |
Demographics
Historical population | ||
---|---|---|
Year | Pop. | ±% |
1955 | 500 | — |
1961 | 5,300 | +960.0% |
1972 | 13,100 | +147.2% |
1983 | 18,900 | +44.3% |
1995 | 32,500 | +72.0% |
2008 | 47,300 | +45.5% |
2017 | 50,724 | +7.2% |
Source: CBS[35] |
The overwhelming majority of Eilat's population are Jews. Arabs constitute about 4% of the population.[36] Eilat's population includes a large number of foreign workers, estimated at over 10,000 working as caregivers, hotel workers and in the construction trades. Eilat also has a growing Israeli Arab population, as well as many affluent Jordanians and Egyptians who visit Eilat in the summer months.
In 2007, over 200 Sudanese refugees from Egypt who arrived in Israel illegally on foot were given work and allowed to stay in Eilat.[37][38][39]
Education
The educational system of Eilat accommodates more than 9,000 youngsters in eight day-care centers, 67 pre-kindergartens and kindergartens, 10 elementary schools, and 3 six-year high schools. Also, there are some special-education schools and religious schools.[40] Ben Gurion University of the Negev maintains a campus in Eilat. The Eilat branch has 1,100 students, about 75 percent from outside the city. In 2010, a new student dormitory was funded and built by the Jewish Federation of Toronto, the Rashi Foundation, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the municipality of Eilat.[41] The SPNI's Eilat Field School on the outskirts of Eilat offers special hiking tours that focus on desert ecology, the Red Sea, bird migration and other aspects of Eilat's flora and fauna.[42]
Healthcare
Yoseftal Medical Center, established in 1968, is Israel's southernmost hospital, and the only hospital covering the southern Negev. With 65 beds, the hospital is Israel's smallest. Special services geared to the Red Sea region are a hyperbaric chamber to treat victims of diving accidents and kidney dialysis facilities open to vacationing tourists.[43]
Transportation
Air
Since 2019, Ramon International Airport has handled commercial domestic and international flights to Eilat (IATA: ETM, ICAO: LLER).
Former airports
- Eilat Airport is located in the city centre and was used largely for domestic flights[44] (IATA: ETH, ICAO: LLET).
- International flights often used Ovda International Airport some 50 kilometres (31 mi) northwest of the city[45] (IATA: VDA, ICAO: LLOV).
Road
Eilat has two main roads connecting it with the center of Israel - Route 12, which leads North West, and Route 90 which leads North East, and South West to the border crossing with Egypt. Egged, the national bus company, provides regular service to points north on an almost hourly basis as well as in-city on a half-hourly basis during daylight hours.
Border crossings with Egypt and Jordan
- The Taba Border Crossing allows crossing to and from Taba, Egypt.
- The Wadi Araba Crossing, renamed the Yitzhak Rabin Border Crossing on the Israeli side, allows crossing to and from Aqaba, Jordan.
Maritime
The Port of Eilat and Eilat Marina allow travel by sea.
Future plans also call for a rail link, sometimes referred to as the Med-Red[46] to decrease travel times substantially from Eilat to Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, via the existing line at Beer Sheba; planning is underway.
Economy
In the 1970s tourism became increasingly important to the city's economy as other industries shut down or were drastically reduced. Today tourism is the city's major source of income, although Eilat became a free trade zone in 1985.[47]
Tourism
Eilat offers a wide range of accommodations, from hostels and luxury hotels to Bedouin hospitality. In recent years Eilat has been the target of militants from Egypt and Gaza causing a reduced tourist inflow to the region. Attractions include:
- Birdwatching and ringing station: Eilat is located on the main migration route between Africa and Europe. International Birding & Research Center in Eilat.[48]
- Camel tours
- Coral Beach Nature Reserve, an underwater marine reserve of tropical marine flora and fauna
- Coral World Underwater Observatory, located at the southern tip of Coral Beach, it has aquaria, a museum, simulation rides, and shark, turtle, and stingray tanks. The observatory is the biggest public aquarium in the Middle East.[49]
- Dolphin Reef, a marine biology and research station where visitors can swim and interact with dolphins[50]
- Freefall parachuting.
- Yotvata Hai-Bar Nature Reserve, established in the 1960s to conserve endangered species, including Biblical animals, from this and similar regions. The reserve has a visitors' center, care and treatment enclosures, and large open area where desert animals are acclimated before re-introduction into the wild. Hai-Bar efforts have successfully re-introduced the Asian wild ass, or onager, into the Negev.[51] The Hai-Bar Nature Reserve and animal re-introduction program were described in Bill Clark's book "High Hills and Wild Goats: Life Among the Animals of the Hai-Bar Wildlife Refuge". The book also describes life in Eilat and the surrounding area.[52]
- Marina, with some 250 yacht berths
- Timna Valley Park, the oldest copper mines in the world; Egyptian temple of Hathor, King Solomon's Pillars sandstone formation, ancient pit mines and rock art[53]
- "What's Up", a portable astronomical observatory with programs in the desert and on the promenade[54]
- Ice Mall, ice skating rink and shopping mall
Dive tourism
Skin and scuba diving equipment is for hire on or near all major beaches. Scuba diving equipment rental and compressed air are available from diving clubs and schools all year round. Eilat is located in the Gulf of Aqaba, one of the most popular diving destinations in the world. The coral reefs along Eilat's coast remain relatively pristine and the area is recognized as one of the prime diving locations in the world.[55] About 250,000 dives are performed annually in Eilat's 11 km (6.84 mi) coastline, and diving represents 10% of the tourism income of this area.[56] In addition, given the proximity of many of these reefs to the shore, non-divers can encounter the Red Sea's reefs with relative ease.[55] Water conditions for SCUBA divers are good all year round, with water temperatures around 21–25 °C (70–77 °F), with little or no currents and clear waters with an average of 20–30 metres (66–98 feet) visibility.
Museums
- Eilat City Museum
- Eilat Art Gallery
Film
Eilat has been utilized by film and television productions - domestic and foreign - for location shooting since the 1960s, most notably in the early 90s as a tropical locale for season 2 of the Canadian production Tropical Heat.
It was also used in the films She, Madron, Ashanti and Rambo III.
Archaeology
Despite harsh conditions, the region has supported large populations as far back as 8,000 BCE.
Exploration of ancient sites began in 1861, but only 7% of the area has undergone serious archaeological excavation. Some 1,500 ancient sites are located in a 1,200-square-kilometre (460 sq mi) area. In contrast to the gaps found in settlement periods in the neighbouring Negev Highlands and Sinai, these sites show continuous settlement for the past 10,000 years.
Notable people
- Shawn Dawson (born in 1993), basketball player.
- Gadi Eizenkot (born in 1960, grew up in Eilat), Chief of General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces.
- Eden Harel (born in Eilat, 1976), actress.
- Amit Ivry (born in Eilat, 1989), Olympic swimmer and national record holder.
- Keren Karolina Avratz (born in 1971, grew up in Eilat), singer, songwriter.
- Shaul Mofaz (born in 1948, grew up in Eilat), former Minister of Defense, former Chief of General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces.
- Ziki Shaked (born in 1955), first Israeli ship's captain to go around the world under the Israeli flag, from Eilat to Eilat.
- Shahar Tzuberi (born in Eilat, 1986), Israeli Olympic bronze-medal-winning windsurfer, 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing.
- Raviv Ullman (born in Eilat, 1986), Israeli-American actor, musician.
- Ghil'ad Zuckermann (born in 1971, grew up in Eilat), linguist, revivalist.
Neighborhoods
Eilat neighborhoods are Arava, Ganim A, Ganim B, Hadekel, Ha'eshel, Mizpe Yam, Maar'av Sheva (also known as West7), Midbar, Ophir, Shahamon, Tse'elim, Urim, Ye'elim, Zofit Elite, and Zofit Tachtit.
Twin towns – sister cities
Eilat is twinned with:
Acapulco, Mexico[57]
Antibes, France[58][59]
Arica, Chile[58][60]
Benidorm, Spain[61]
Durban, South Africa[58][62]
Juan-les-Pins, France[59]
Kamen, Germany[63]
Kampen, Netherlands[58]
Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic
Los Angeles, United States[58][64]
Natal, Brasil
Piešťany, Slovakia[65]
Serres, Greece
Smolyan, Bulgaria[58][66]
Sopron, Hungary[67]
Toronto, Canada[59]
Ushuaia, Argentina[59]
Yalta, Ukraine
Yinchuan, China
Eilat has streets named after Antibes, Durban, Kamen, Kampen and Los Angeles as well as a Canada Park.
Panoramic views
See also
- Bnei Eilat F.C.
- Eilat International Film Festival
- Eilat Pride
- Eilat Sports Center
- Eilat stone
- Hapoel Eilat B.C.
- Operation Ovda
- Red Sea Jazz Festival
- Yotvata Airfield
References
- ^ a b "Population in the Localities 2018" (XLS). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 25 August 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
- ^ Discovering the World of the Bible, LaMar C. Berrett, (Cedar Fort 1996), page 204
- ^ Grinzweig, Michael (1993). Cohen, Meir; Schiller, Eli (eds.). "From the Items of the Name Eilat". Ariel (in Hebrew). Ariel Publishing (93–94: Eilat – Human, Sea and Desert): 110.
- ^ Avner, U. 2008. Eilat Region. In, A. Stern (ed.). The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavation in the Holy Land, Volume 5 (Supplementary). Jerusalem. 1704–1711.
- ^ Dr. Muhammed Abdul Nayeem, (1990). Prehistory and Protohistory of the Arabian Peninsula. Hyderabad. ISBN.
- ^ "ישראל המקדשית". Gideon.022.co.il. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
- ^ Na'aman, N. (August 2007). "When and How Did Jerusalem Become a Great City? The Rise of Jerusalem as Judah's Premier City in the Eighth-Seventh Centuries B.C.E.". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. JSTOR. 347 (347): 21–56. doi:10.1086/basor25067021. JSTOR 25067021.
- ^ Yehudah Rapuano (2013). "An Early Islamic Settlement and a Possible Open-Air Mosque at Eilat". 'Atiqot. 75: 129–165.
- ^ John S. Haupert (1964). "Development of Israel's Frontier Port of Elat". The Professional Geographer. 16 (2): 13–16. doi:10.1111/j.0033-0124.1964.00013.x.
- ^ Nowar, Maan Abu (2002). The history of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (1. ed.). Oxford: Ithaca Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0863722868.
- ^ "Timna Copper Mines homepage". Archived from the original on 2016-04-19.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
- ^ Avi Shlaim; William Roger Louis (13 February 2012). The 1967 Arab-Israeli War: Origins and Consequences. Cambridge University Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-107-00236-4.
90% of Israeli oil was imported through the Straits of Tiran
- ^ Avi Shlaim; William Roger Louis (13 February 2012). The 1967 Arab-Israeli War: Origins and Consequences. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-107-00236-4.
- ^ "Daily brief to the U.S president on 27 May 1967" (PDF). 27 May 1967.
"diverted as was a sister ship yesterday
- ^ The real 24: An inside look at an elite IDF anti-terror unit Friday August 26, 2011
- ^ "5 Things You Didn't Know about the Eilat Counterterrorism Unit". Archived from the original on 2016-02-20. Retrieved 2018-11-27.
- ^ Suicide Bomb Kills 3 in Bakery in Israel – The New York Times, Jan 29, 2007
- ^ "Eilat driver warned police about terrorist minutes before attack". Haaretz. April 17, 2006.
- ^ "Peretz orders IDF to prepare for operations in Gaza". The Jerusalem Post. January 29, 2007.
- ^ "Past terror attacks in the Eilat area". Haaretz. January 29, 2007.
- ^ Harel, Amos (September 2, 2011). "September songs". Haaretz.
- ^ Wyre Davies (August 2, 2010). "'One killed' after rockets strike Jordan and Israel". BBC. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
- ^ Joel Greenberg (2011-12-02). "On Israel's uneasy border with Egypt, a fence rises". Washington Post. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
- ^ Amos Harel (2011-11-13). "On Israel-Egypt border, best defense is a good fence". Haaretz. Retrieved 2012-01-07.
- ^ "Israel, China agree to build Eilat railway". Globes. 2012-07-03. Archived from the original on 2013-08-08. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
- ^ "Ramon Airport". Ramon Airport Website. Retrieved 2016-01-30.
- ^ "Hotels, 1,000 apartments planned for Eilat Airport site". Globes. 2012-04-03. Archived from the original on 2013-01-08. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
- ^ "Despite Japan, IEC chairman urges nuclear power". Globes. 2011-03-15. Archived from the original on 2011-03-25. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
- ^ "Climate: Eilat - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
- ^ "Averages and Records for Tel Aviv (Precipitation, Temperature and Records written in the page)". Israel Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 14 September 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2010.(in Hebrew)
- ^ "Extremes for Tel Aviv [Records of February and May]". Israel Meteorological Service. Retrieved 2 August 2015.(in Hebrew)
- ^ "Temperature average". Israel Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2011.(in Hebrew)
- ^ "Precipitation average". Archived from the original on 25 September 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.(in Hebrew)
- ^ "Eilat Climate and Weather Averages, Israel". Weather2Travel. Retrieved 2014-01-20.
- ^ "Locality File". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2012. Archived from the original (XLS) on 2013-11-03. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
- ^ "The Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research Weblog: "Mixed Cities" in Israel". 2013-11-11.
- ^ Jonathan Saul, Elana Ringler for Reuters (2007). "Sudanese refugees in Israel face uncertainty". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on December 8, 2008. Retrieved October 29, 2007.
- ^ Joshua Mitnick (2006). "Sudan's "Genocide" Lands at Israel's Door". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved October 29, 2007.
- ^ Neta Sela (2007). "Israel must reject Darfur refugees, rabbi says". Ynet News – Jewish World. Retrieved October 29, 2007.
- ^ Daniel Horowitz. "UJA Federation of Greater Toronto". Jewishtoronto.net. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
- ^ "New Student Dormitories Dedicated in Eilat Campus". 2010-05-15. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
- ^ "SPNI field schools". Aspni.org. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
- ^ "Clalit Health Services". Clalit.org.il. Archived from the original on February 16, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
- ^ Israel Airports Authority (2007). "Eilat Airport". Israel Airports Authority. Retrieved November 16, 2007.
- ^ Israel Airports Authority (2007). "Ovda Airport". Israel Airports Authority. Retrieved November 16, 2007.
- ^ Moti Bassok, Cabinet examining plan for Med-Red railway Haaretz, January 30, 2012
- ^ Maltz, Judy (January 12, 1989). "Eilat turns to industry to complement tourism trade". The Jerusalem Post. p. 9. Retrieved October 30, 2007.
- ^ "birdsofeilat.com". birdsofeilat.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
- ^ Coral World (2005). "The Underwater Observatory Marine Park, Eilat". Coral World. Archived from the original on October 26, 2007. Retrieved November 16, 2007.
- ^ The Dolphin Reef Eilat (2007). "The Freedom To Choose". The Dolphin Reef Eilat. Archived from the original on November 18, 2007. Retrieved October 29, 2007.
- ^ The Red Sea Desert (2007). "Hai-Bar Yotvata Nature Reserve". The Red Sea Desert. Archived from the original on September 29, 2008. Retrieved November 16, 2007.
- ^ Bill clark (1989). "High Hills and Wild Goats: Life Among the Animals of the Hai-Bar Wildlife Refuge". Little Brown and Company; 1st edition.
- ^ BiblePlaces.com (2007). "Timna Valley". BiblePlaces.com. Retrieved November 16, 2007.
- ^ ""What's Up" Observatory in Eilat". Whatsup.eilatnature.com. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
- ^ a b "MFA, Gulf of Aqaba- Tourism, 30 Sep 1997". Mfa.gov.il. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
- ^ Artificial Reefs and Dive Tourism in Eilat, Israel Dan Wilhelmsson, Marcus C. Öhman, Henrik Ståhl and Yechiam Shlesinger Ambio, Vol. 27, No. 8, Building Capacity for Coastal Management (Dec., 1998), pp. 764–766 Published by: Allen Press on behalf of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences [1]
- ^ "Twinning Ceremony between Acapulco and Eilat". Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael. 30 July 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f "Sister Cities". Union of Local Authorities in Israel (ULAI). Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Eilat Sister Cities". Israel-Times.com. November 7, 2007. Retrieved December 16, 2007.[dead link]
- ^ "What we do: Humanitarian Aid". Israel MFA. Archived from the original on May 31, 2010. Retrieved December 16, 2007.
- ^ Diez, Julián (27 August 2011). "La ventana israelí al mar Rojo". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 August 2017.
- ^ "Facts about Durban". September 7, 2003. Retrieved December 16, 2007.
- ^ "Weiterführende Informationen: Städtepartnerschaften". Israel MFA. Retrieved December 16, 2007.
- ^ "Eilat, Israel – Sister Cities of Los Angeles". Retrieved October 16, 2011.
- ^ "The anniversary of our sister city, Eilat". Retrieved October 16, 2011.
- ^ "Municipal Smolyan". Retrieved December 16, 2007.
- ^ "Sopron, Hungary, One Of Eilats Twin Cities". Eilat Today. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
External links
![]() |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eilat. |
![]() |
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Eilat. |
- Eilat + official tourism website of the city of Eilat
- Official city site (in Hebrew)
- Crossing the Israel – Jordan Border
- Eilat Tourist directory
- A film about Eilat in 1960 commentary (in Hebrew)
- Photos of Eilat
- Tourism city guide site
- Eilat Today, a magazine of current affairs
- Birding in Eilat
- Scuba Diving in Eilat with descriptions of dive sites