G20

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G20
Group of Twenty
G20.svg
Formation26 September 1999; 20 years ago (1999-09-26)
2008 (2008) (heads-of-state/heads-of-government summits)
PurposeBring together systemically important industrialized and developing economies to discuss key issues in the global economy.[1]
Membership
Chairman
Saudi Arabia King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (2020)
Staff
None[2]
WebsiteG20.org

The G20 (or Group of Twenty) is an international forum for the governments and central bank governors from 19 countries and the European Union (EU). Founded in 1999 with the aim to discuss policy pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability,[3] the G20 has expanded its agenda since 2008 and heads of government or heads of state, as well as finance ministers and foreign ministers, have periodically conferred at summits ever since. It seeks to address issues that go beyond the responsibilities of any one organization.[3]

Membership of the G20 consists of 19 individual countries plus the European Union. The EU is represented by the European Commission and by the European Central Bank. Collectively, the G20 economies account for around 90%[4] of the gross world product (GWP), 80% of world trade (or, if excluding EU intra-trade, 75%), two-thirds of the world population,[2] and approximately half of the world land area.

With the G20 growing in stature[5] after its inaugural leaders' summit in 2008, its leaders announced on 25 September 2009 that the group would replace the G8 as the main economic council of wealthy nations.[6] Since its inception, the G20's membership policies have been criticized by some intellectuals,[7][8] and its summits have been a focus for major protests by left-wing groups and anarchists.[9]

The heads of the G20 nations held summits twice in 2009 and twice in 2010. Since the November 2011 Cannes summit, G20 summits have been held annually.[10]

History[edit]

Founding[edit]

The G20 is the latest in a series of post–World War II initiatives aimed at international coordination of economic policy, which include institutions such as the "Bretton Woods twins", the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and what is now the World Trade Organization.[11]

The G20 was foreshadowed at the Cologne summit of the G7 in June 1999, and formally established at the G7 Finance Ministers' meeting on 26 September 1999 with an inaugural meeting on 15–16 December 1999 in Berlin. Canadian finance minister Paul Martin was chosen as the first chairman and German finance minister Hans Eichel hosted the inaugural meeting.[12]

A 2004 report by Colin I. Bradford and Johannes F. Linn of the Brookings Institution asserted the group was founded primarily at the initiative of Eichel, the concurrent chair of the G7.[13] However, Bradford later described then-Finance Minister of Canada (and future Prime Minister of Canada) Paul Martin as "the crucial architect of the formation of the G-20 at finance minister level", and as the one who later "proposed that the G-20 countries move to leaders level summits".[14] Canadian academic and journalistic sources have also identified the G20 a project initiated by Martin and then-US Treasury Secretary Larry Summers.[15][16][17][18] All acknowledge, however, that Germany and the United States played a key role in bringing their vision into reality.

Martin and Summers conceived of the G20 in response to the series of massive debt crises that had spread across emerging markets in the late 1990s, beginning with the Mexican peso crisis and followed by the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the 1998 Russian financial crisis, and eventually impacting the United States, most prominently in the form of the collapse of the prominent hedge fund Long-Term Capital Management in the autumn of 1998.[15][16][17] It illustrated to them that in a rapidly globalizing world, the G7, G8, and the Bretton Woods system would be unable to provide financial stability, and they conceived of a new, broader permanent group of major world economies that would give a voice and new responsibilities in providing it.[15][17]

The G20 membership was decided by Eichel's deputy Caio Koch-Weser and Summers's deputy Timothy Geithner. According to the political economist Robert Wade:

"Geithner and Koch-Weser went down the list of countries saying, Canada in, Portugal out, South Africa in, Nigeria and Egypt out, and so on; they sent their list to the other G7 finance ministries; and the invitations to the first meeting went out."[19]

Early topics[edit]

The G20's primary focus has been governance of the global economy. Summit themes have varied from year to year. The theme of the 2006 G20 ministerial meeting was "Building and Sustaining Prosperity". The issues discussed included domestic reforms to achieve "sustained growth", global energy and resource commodity markets, reform of the World Bank and IMF, and the impact of demographic changes due to an aging world population.

In 2007, South Africa hosted the secretariat with Trevor A. Manuel, South African Minister of Finance as chairperson of the G20.

In 2008, Guido Mantega, Brazil's Minister of Finance, was the G20 chairperson and proposed dialogue on competition in financial markets, clean energy, economic development and fiscal elements of growth and development.

On 11 October 2008 after a meeting of G7 finance ministers, US President George W. Bush stated that the next meeting of the G20 would be important in finding solutions to the burgeoning economic crisis of 2008.

Summits[edit]

The Summit of G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, who prepare the leaders' summit and implement their decisions, was created as a response both to the financial crisis of 2007–2008 and to a growing recognition that key emerging countries were not adequately included in the core of global economic discussion and governance. Additionally, the G20 summits of heads of state or government were held.

After the 2008 debut summit in Washington, DC, G20 leaders met twice a year: in London and Pittsburgh in 2009, and in Toronto and Seoul in 2010.[20]

Since 2011, when France chaired and hosted the G20, the summits have been held only once a year.[21] The 2016 summit was held in Hangzhou, China,[22] the 2017 summit was held in Hamburg, Germany and the 2018 summit was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina.[23]

A number of other ministerial-level G20 meetings have been held since 2010. Agriculture ministerial meetings were conducted in 2011 and 2012; meetings of foreign ministers were held in 2012 and 2013; trade ministers met in 2012 and 2014, and employment ministerial meetings have taken place annually since 2010.[24]

In March 2014, the former Australian foreign minister Julie Bishop, when Australia was hosting the 2014 G20 summit in Brisbane, proposed to ban Russia from the summit over its role in the 2014 Crimean crisis.[25] The BRICS foreign ministers subsequently reminded Bishop that "the custodianship of the G20 belongs to all Member States equally and no one Member State can unilaterally determine its nature and character."[26]

Japan hosted the 2019 summit.[27] 2020 summit the will be in Saudi Arabia.[28] The Leaders’ Summit will be held on 21-22 November 2020 in Riyadh. In the run-up to the Summit, the Presidency will host more than 100 meetings and conferences, including ministerial meetings, as well as meetings of officials and representatives from civil society.[29]

List of summits[edit]

Main article: List of G20 summits

Chair rotation[edit]

To decide which member nation gets to chair the G20 leaders' meeting for a given year, all members, except the European Union, are assigned to one of five different groupings, with all but one group having four members, the other having three. Nations from the same region are placed in the same group, except Group 1 and Group 2. All countries within a group are eligible to take over the G20 Presidency when it is their group's turn. Therefore, the states within the relevant group need to negotiate among themselves to select the next G20 President. Each year, a different G20 member country assumes the presidency starting from 1 December until 30 November. This system has been in place since 2010, when South Korea, which is in Group 5, held the G20 chair. The table below lists the nations' groupings:[30][31]

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5

To ensure continuity, the presidency is supported by a "troika" made up of the current, immediate past and next host countries.[32]

Organization[edit]

The G20 operates without a permanent secretariat or staff. The group's chair rotates annually among the members and is selected from a different regional grouping of countries. The incumbent chair establishes a temporary secretariat for the duration of its term, which coordinates the group's work and organizes its meetings. The current chair of the G20 is Japan. The 2018 chair was Argentina, which hosted the 2018 summit in Buenos Aires.[33] The 2020 chair will be Saudi Arabia, which will host the 2020 G20 Riyadh summit. The 2021 summit will be held in Italy.

Proposed permanent secretariat[edit]

In 2010, President of France Nicolas Sarkozy proposed the establishment of a permanent G20 secretariat, similar to the United Nations. Seoul and Paris were suggested as possible locations for its headquarters.[34] Brazil and China supported the establishment of a secretariat, while Italy and Japan expressed opposition to the proposal.[34] South Korea proposed a "cyber secretariat" as an alternative.[34] It has been argued that the G20 has been using the OECD as a secretariat.[35]

List of members[edit]

As of 2017 there are 20 members of the group: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Spain is a permanent guest invitee.[36][37]

Representatives include, at the leaders' summits, the leaders of 19 countries and of the European Union, and, at the ministerial-level meetings, the finance ministers and central bank governors of 19 countries and of the European Union.

In addition, each year, the G20's guests include Spain; the Chair of ASEAN; two African countries (the chair of the African Union and a representative of the New Partnership for Africa's Development) and a country (sometimes more than one) invited by the presidency, usually from its own region.[2][38][39]

The first of the tables below lists the member entities and their heads of government, finance ministers and central bank governors. The second table lists relevant statistics such as population and GDP figures for each member, as well as detailing memberships of other international organizations, such as the G7, BRICS and MIKTA. Total GDP figures are given in millions of US dollars.

Leaders[edit]

Member Leader position State leader Finance portfolio Portfolio minister Central bank Central bank governor
 Argentina President Alberto Fernández Minister of the Treasury Martín Guzmán Central Bank of Argentina Guido Sandleris
 Australia Prime Minister Scott Morrison Treasurer Josh Frydenberg Reserve Bank of Australia Philip Lowe
 Brazil President Jair Bolsonaro Minister of Economy Paulo Guedes Central Bank of Brazil Roberto Campos Neto
 Canada Prime Minister Justin Trudeau Minister of Finance Bill Morneau Bank of Canada Stephen Poloz
 China President[note 1] Xi Jinping[note 1] Minister of Finance Liu Kun People's Bank of China Yi Gang
 France President Emmanuel Macron Minister of the Economy Bruno Le Maire Bank of France François Villeroy de Galhau
 Germany Chancellor Angela Merkel Minister of Finance Olaf Scholz Deutsche Bundesbank Jens Weidmann
 India Prime Minister Narendra Modi Minister of Finance Nirmala Sitharaman Reserve Bank of India Shaktikanta Das
 Indonesia President Joko Widodo Minister of Finance Sri Mulyani Bank Indonesia Perry Warjiyo
 Italy Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte Minister of Economy and Finance Roberto Gualtieri Bank of Italy Ignazio Visco
 Japan Prime Minister Shinzō Abe Minister of Finance Tarō Asō Bank of Japan Haruhiko Kuroda
 Mexico President Andrés Manuel López Obrador Secretary of Finance Arturo Herrera Gutiérrez Bank of Mexico Alejandro Díaz de León
 Russia President Vladimir Putin Minister of Finance Anton Siluanov Bank of Russia Elvira Nabiullina
 Saudi Arabia King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Minister of Finance Mohammed Al-Jadaan Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority Ahmed Abdulkarim Al-Khulaifi
 South Africa President Cyril Ramaphosa Minister of Finance Tito Mboweni South African Reserve Bank Lesetja Kganyago
 South Korea President Moon Jae-in Minister of Economy and Finance Hong Nam-ki Bank of Korea Lee Ju-yeol
 Turkey President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Minister of Finance Berat Albayrak Central Bank of Turkey Murat Çetinkaya
 United Kingdom Prime Minister Boris Johnson Chancellor of the Exchequer Sajid Javid Bank of England Mark Carney
 United States President Donald Trump Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin Federal Reserve Jerome Powell
 European Union[40] President of the European Council Charles Michel Commissioner for Economy Paolo Gentiloni European Central Bank Christine Lagarde
President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen

State leaders[edit]

Member country data[edit]

Member Trade
Bil. USD (2018)[citation needed] 		Nom. GDP
mil. USD (2019)[41][42] 		PPP GDP
mil. USD (2019)[43] 		Nom. GDP per capita
USD (2019)[41][42] 		PPP GDP per capita
USD (2019)[44] 		HDI
(2017) 		Population
(2018)[45] 		Area
km2 		P5 G4 G7 BRICS MIKTA DAC OECD C'wth N11 OPEC CIVETS IMF economy classification[46][47]
 Argentina 127 477,743 920,209 10,667 20,537 0.825 44,570,000 2,780,400 Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Emerging
 Australia 481.1 1,417,003 1,369,392 56,698 52,373 0.939 25,182,000 7,692,024 Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Red XN Red XN Advanced
 Brazil 421.1 1,960,000 3,495,000 9,343 16,662 0.759 210,400,000 8,515,767 Red XN Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Emerging
 Canada 910 1,739,110 1,896,725 46,733 49,651 0.926 37,078,000 9,984,670 Red XN Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Red XN Red XN Advanced
 China 4,629 14,216,503 27,331,166 9,633 18,110 0.752 1,396,982,000 9,634,057 Green tickY Red XN Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Emerging
 France 1,227.4 2,761,633 3,054,599 42,931 45,775 0.901 65,098,000 640,679 Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Advanced
 Germany 2,834 3,963,880 4,467,238 48,670 52,559 0.936 82,786,000 357,114 Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Advanced
 India 830.7 2,971,996 11,468,022 2,016 7,874 0.640 1,334,221,000 3,287,263 Red XN Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Red XN Emerging
 Indonesia 368.9 1,100,911 3,743,159 4,120 13,230 0.694 265,316,000 1,904,569 Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Red XN Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Emerging
 Italy 1,047.4 2,025,866 2,442,144 34,349 39,637 0.880 60,756,000 301,336 Red XN Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Advanced
 Japan 1,486.6 5,176,205 5,749,550 39,306 44,227 0.909 126,431,000 377,930 Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Advanced
 Mexico 915.2 1,241,450 2,658,041 9,807 20,602 0.774 124,738,000 1,964,375 Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Emerging
 Russia 687.5 1,610,381 4,357,759 11,327 29,267 0.816 143,965,088 17,098,242 Green tickY Red XN Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Emerging
 Saudi Arabia 369.1 762,259 1,924,253 23,187 55,944 0.853 33,203,000 2,149,690 Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Green tickY Red XN Emerging/Developing
 South Africa 187.8 371,298 813,100 6,560 13,675 0.699 57,420,000 1,221,037 Red XN Red XN Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Green tickY Emerging/Developing
 South Korea 1,140.4 1,656,674 2,229,779 32,046 41,351 0.903 51,665,000 100,210 Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Advanced
 Turkey 391 706,237 2,274,072 9,346 27,956 0.791 71,867,000 783,562 Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Emerging
 United Kingdom 1,157.1 2,829,163 3,128,185 42,261 45,705 0.922 66,466,000 242,495 Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Red XN Red XN Advanced
 United States 4,278 21,344,667 21,344,667 62,606 62,606 0.924 328,116,000 9,526,468 Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Advanced
 European Union 18,705,132 22,761,233 33,715 41,091 0.899 512,600,000 4,422,773 Red XN Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Green tickY Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN Red XN N/A

In addition to these 20 members, the chief executive officers of several other international forums and institutions participate in meetings of the G20.[2] These include the managing director and Chairman of the International Monetary Fund, the President of the World Bank, the International Monetary and Financial Committee and the Chairman of the Development Assistance Committee.

The G20's membership does not reflect exactly the 19 largest national economies of the world in any given year. The organization states:[1]

In a forum such as the G20, it is particularly important for the number of countries involved to be restricted and fixed to ensure the effectiveness and continuity of its activity. There are no formal criteria for G20 membership and the composition of the group has remained unchanged since it was established. In view of the objectives of the G20, it was considered important that countries and regions of systemic significance for the international financial system be included. Aspects such as geographical balance and population representation also played a major part.

All 19 member nations are among the top 32 economies as measured in GDP at nominal prices in a list published by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for 2018.[48] Not represented by membership in the G20 are Switzerland (ranked 20th by the IMF), Taiwan (21), Thailand (25), Norway (28), the United Arab Emirates (29), Iran (30) and Nigeria (31), even though they rank higher than some members. The Netherlands (17), Sweden (22), Poland (23), Belgium (24), and Austria (27) are included only as part of the EU, and not independently. Spain (13) is a permanent guest invitee.

When the countries' GDP is measured at purchasing power parity (PPP) rates,[49][50] all 19 members are among the top 30 in the world for the year of 2017, according to the IMF. Iran (18), Thailand (20), Egypt (21), Taiwan (22), Nigeria (24), Pakistan (25), Malaysia (26) and Philippines (29) are not G20 members, while Poland (23) and the Netherlands (28) are only included by virtue of being EU members, and Spain (15), is a permanent guest invitee. However, in a list of average GDP, calculated for the years since the group's creation (1999–2008) at both nominal and PPP rates, only Spain, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Poland, Taiwan, Iran and Thailand appear above any G20 member in both lists simultaneously.

Spain, being the 14th largest economy in the world and 5th in the European Union in terms of nominal GDP, has been a "permanent guest" of the organization, and the Spanish government's policy is to not request official membership.[51][52] A Spanish delegation has been invited to, and has attended, every G20 heads-of-state summit since the G20's inception.

Role of Asian countries[edit]

A 2011 report released by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) predicted that large Asian economies such as China and India would play a more important role in global economic governance in the future. The report claimed that the rise of emerging market economies heralded a new world order, in which the G20 would become the global economic steering committee.[53] The ADB furthermore noted that Asian countries had led the global recovery following the late-2000s recession. It predicted that the region would have a greater presence on the global stage, shaping the G20's agenda for balanced and sustainable growth through strengthening intraregional trade and stimulating domestic demand.[53]

Invitees[edit]

G20 members (blue) and invited states (pink) as of 2016

Typically, several participants that are not permanent members of the G20 are extended invitations to participate in the summits. Each year, the Chair of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations; the Chair of the African Union; and a representative of the New Partnership for Africa's Development are invited in their capacities as leaders of their organisations and as heads of government of their home states.[54] Additionally, the leaders of the Financial Stability Board, the International Labour Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the United Nations, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization are invited and participate in pre-summit planning within the policy purview of their respective organisation.[55] Spain is a permanent non-member invitee.[54]

Other invitees are chosen by the host country, usually one or two countries from its own region.[54] For example, South Korea invited Singapore. International organisations which have been invited in the past include the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC), the European Central Bank (ECB), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Global Governance Group (3G) and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Previously, the Netherlands had a similar status to Spain while the rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union would also receive an invitation, but only in that capacity and not as their own state's leader (such as the Czech premiers Mirek Topolánek and Jan Fischer during the 2009 summits).

As of 2017, leaders from the following nations have been invited to the G20 summits: Azerbaijan, Benin, Brunei, Cambodia, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kazakhstan, Laos, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritania, Myanmar, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, the Philippines, Poland, Senegal, Singapore, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, the United Arab Emirates, Vietnam, and Zimbabwe.[54]

Permanent guest invitees[edit]

Invitee Officeholder State Official title
 AU (AU) Abdel Fattah el-Sisi  Egypt President
(Chairperson)
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Sebastián Piñera  Chile President
(2019 host)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Prayut Chan-o-cha  Thailand Prime Minister
(2019 chair)
Lim Jock Hoi N/A Secretary-General
Financial Stability Board (FSB) Randal K. Quarles N/A Chairperson
International Labour Organization (ILO) Guy Ryder N/A Director General
International Monetary Fund (IMF) Kristalina Georgieva N/A Managing Director
 Spain Pedro Sánchez  Spain Prime Minister
New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) Macky Sall  Senegal President
(chair)
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) José Ángel Gurría N/A Secretary-General
 United Nations (UN) António Guterres N/A Secretary-General
World Bank Group (WBG) David Malpass N/A Acting President
World Trade Organization (WTO) Roberto Azevêdo N/A Director General

G20 Agenda[edit]

Financial focus[edit]

The initial G20 agenda, as conceived by US, Canadian and German policy makers, was very much focused on the sustainability of sovereign debt and global financial stability, in an inclusive format that would bring in the largest developing economies as equal partners. During a summit in November 2008, the leaders of the group pledged to contribute trillions to international finance organizations, including the World Bank and IMF, mainly for reestablishing the global financial system.[56][57]

Since inception, the recurring themes covered by G20 summit participants have related in priority to global economic growth, international trade and financial market regulation.[58]

Inclusive growth[edit]

After the adoption of the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Agreement in 2015, more "issues of global significance"[58][59] were added to the G20 agenda: migration, digitisation, employment, healthcare, the economic empowerment of women and development aid.[60]

Interrelated themes[edit]

Wolfgang Schäuble, German Federal Minister of Finance, has insisted on the interconnected nature of the issues facing G20 nations, be they purely financial or developmental, and the need to reach effective, cross-cutting policy measures: "Globalization has lifted hundreds of millions out of poverty, but there is also a growing rise in frustration in some quarters […] development, [national] security and migration are all interlinked"[59]

Criticisms[edit]

Exclusivity of membership[edit]

Although the G20 has stated that the group's "economic weight and broad membership gives it a high degree of legitimacy and influence over the management of the global economy and financial system",[61] its legitimacy has been challenged. A 2011 report for the Danish Institute for International Studies criticised the G20's exclusivity, particularly highlighting its underrepresentation of African countries and its practice of inviting observers from non-member states as a mere "concession at the margins", which does not grant the organisation representational legitimacy.[62] With respect to the membership issue, former US President Barack Obama noted the difficulty of pleasing everyone: "Everybody wants the smallest possible group that includes them. So, if they're the 21st largest nation in the world, they want the G21, and think it's highly unfair if they have been cut out."[63] Others stated in 2011 that the exclusivity is not an insurmountable problem, and proposed mechanisms by which it could become more inclusive.[64]

Norwegian perspective[edit]

In line with Norway's emphasis on inclusive international processes, the United Nations and the UN-system, in a 2010 interview with Der Spiegel, former Norwegian foreign minister Jonas Gahr Støre called the G20 "one of the greatest setbacks since World War II"[7] as 173 nations who are all members of the UN are not among the G20. This includes Norway, a major developed economy and the seventh-largest contributor to UN international development programs,[65] which is not a member of the EU, and thus is not represented in the G20 even indirectly.[7] Norway, like other such nations, has little or no voice within the group. Støre argued that the G20 undermines the legitimacy of international organizations set up in the aftermath of World War II, such as the IMF, World Bank and United Nations:

The G20 is a self-appointed group. Its composition is determined by the major countries and powers. It may be more representative than the G7 or the G8, in which only the richest countries are represented, but it is still arbitrary. We no longer live in the 19th century, a time when the major powers met and redrew the map of the world. No one needs a new Congress of Vienna.[7]

Norway, under the government of Erna Solberg, attended the 2017 G20 summit in Hamburg, Germany,[66] and participates[when?] in working groups and sub-working groups, for instance on research.[citation needed] The Norwegian Minister of the Elderly will participate[when?] under the 2019 Japanese presidency of the G20.[citation needed]

Spanish position on membership[edit]

The Spanish government's policy is to not request official membership. Despite being hit hard by the economic crisis after 2008, Spain is still the world's fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP (the 5th in the European Union) and sixteenth largest by purchasing power parity, clearly exceeding the numbers of several current members of the G20 such as Argentina or South Africa. In addition, since the 1990s several Spanish companies have gained multinational status, often expanding their activities in culturally close Latin America, where Spain is the second biggest foreign investor after the United States and keeps an important influence. These facts have reinforced the idea that Spain should seek permanent membership of the G20.

Polish aspirations[edit]

In contrast with the Spanish position, the Polish government has repeatedly asked to join the G20.

Before the 2009 G20 London summit, the Polish government expressed an interest in joining with Spain and the Netherlands and condemned an "organisational mess" in which a few European leaders speak in the name of all the EU without legitimate authorisation in cases which belong to the European Commission.

During a 2010 meeting with foreign diplomats, former Polish president Lech Kaczyński said:

Polish economy is according to our data an 18th world economy. The place of my country is among the members of the G20. This is a very simple postulate: firstly – it results from the size of Polish economy, secondly – it results from the fact that Poland is the biggest country in its region and the biggest country that has experienced a certain story. That story is a political and economic transformation.[67]

In 2012 Forbes wrote that swapping Argentina for Poland should be considered, claiming that the Polish economy was headed toward a leadership role in Europe and its membership would be more legitimate.[68] Similar opinions have been later expressed by American magazine Foreign Policy, Wall Street Journal and by Mamta Murthi from the World Bank.[69][70][71]

In 2014 consulting company Ernst & Young published its report about optimal members for G20. After analyzing trade, institutional and investment links Poland was included as one of the optimal members.[72]

G20 membership has been part of Poland's Law and Justice party and President Andrzej Duda political program.[73] In March 2017, Deputy Prime Minister of Poland Mateusz Morawiecki took part in a meeting of G20 financial ministers in Baden-Baden as the first Polish representative.[74][75]

In 2017, Poland's GDP is 483 billion dollars (less than Argentina's 620 billion dollars, more than South Africa's 326 billion dollars). In 2018 Poland's GDP is 614 billion dollars (less than Argentina's 625 billion dollars, more than South Africa's 370 billion dollars).

Global Governance Group (3G) response[edit]

In June 2010, Singapore's representative to the United Nations warned the G20 that its decisions would affect "all countries, big and small", and asserted that prominent non-G20 members should be included in financial reform discussions.[76] Singapore thereafter took a leading role in organizing the Global Governance Group (3G), an informal grouping of 30 non-G20 countries (including several microstates and many Third World countries) with the aim of collectively channelling their views into the G20 process more effectively.[77][78][79] Singapore's chairing of the 3G was cited as a rationale for inviting Singapore to the November 2010 G20 summit in South Korea,[80] as well as the 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017 summits.[citation needed]

Foreign Policy critiques[edit]

The American magazine Foreign Policy has published articles condemning the G20, in terms of its principal function as an alternative to the supposedly exclusive G8. It questions the actions of some of the G20 members, and advances the notion that some nations should not have membership in the first place. Furthermore, with the effects of the Great Recession still ongoing, the magazine has criticized the G20's efforts to implement reforms of the world's financial institutions, branding such efforts as failed.[81]

Wider concerns[edit]

The G20's prominent membership gives it a strong input on global policy despite lacking any formal ability to enforce rules. There are disputes over the legitimacy of the G20,[82] and criticisms of its organisation and the efficacy of its declarations.[83]

The G20's transparency and accountability have been questioned by critics, who call attention to the absence of a formal charter and the fact that the most important G20 meetings are closed-door.[84] In 2001, the economist Frances Stewart proposed an Economic Security Council within the United Nations as an alternative to the G20. In such a council, members would be elected by the General Assembly based on their importance to the world economy, and the contribution they are willing to provide to world economic development.[85]

The cost and extent of summit-related security is often a contentious issue in the hosting country, and G20 summits have attracted protesters from a variety of backgrounds, including information activists, opponents of fractional-reserve banking and anti-capitalists. In 2010, the Toronto G20 summit sparked mass protests and rioting, leading to the largest mass arrest in Canada's history.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b The de jure head of government of China is the Premier, whose current holder is Li Keqiang. The President of China is legally a ceremonial office, but the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (de facto leader) has always held this office since 1993 except for the months of transition, and the current paramount leader is Xi Jinping.

References[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

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Bibliography[edit]

Cooper, Andrew F. (2011). "The G20 and Its Regional Critics: The Search for Inclusion". Global Policy. doi:10.1111/j.1758-5899.2011.00081.x. ISSN 1758-5899.
Firzli, Nicolas J. (2017). "G20 Nations Shifting the Trillions: Impact Investing, Green Infrastructure and Inclusive Growth" (PDF). Revue Analyse Financière. 64 (3): 15–18.
Gilpin, Robert (2001). Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08676-7.
Markwell, Donald (2006). John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292364.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-829236-4.
Wade, Robert (2009). "From Global Imbalances to Global Reorganisations". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 33 (4): 539–562. doi:10.1093/cje/bep032. ISSN 1464-3545.
Woods, Ngaire (2006). The Globalizers: The IMF, the World Bank, and Their Borrowers. Cornell Studies in Money. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4424-1. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctt1ffjpgn.
Wouters, Jan; Van Kerckhoven, Sven (2011). "OECD and the G20: An Ever Closer Relationship" (PDF). George Washington International Law Review. 43 (2): 345–374. ISSN 1534-9977. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

Further reading[edit]

Haas, Peter M. (1992). "Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination" (PDF). International Organization. 46 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0020818300001442. ISSN 1531-5088. JSTOR 2706951.
Hajnal, Peter I. (2007). "The G8 System and the G20: Evolution, Role and Documentation". Global Finance Series. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-4550-4. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Kirton, John J. (2013). G20 Governance for a Globalized World. Global Finance Series. Abingdon, England: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4094-2829-9.
Reinalda, Bob; Verbeek, Bertjan, eds. (1998). Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations. Routledge/ECPR Studies in European Political Science. 5. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16486-3.
Samans, Richard; Uzan, Marc; Lopez-Claros, Augusto, eds. (2007). The International Monetary System, the IMF and the G-20: A Great Transformation in the Making?. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-52495-8.

External links[edit]

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