Tax law

"Tax code" redirects here. For the alphanumeric code used in the UK, see Tax code (PAYE).

The Internal Revenue Code is the primary statutory basis of federal tax law in the United States. The Code of Federal Regulations is the Treasury Department's regulatory interpretation of the federal tax laws passed by Congress, which carry the weight of law if the interpretation is reasonable. Tax treaties and case law in U.S. Tax Court and other federal courts constitute the remainder of tax law in the United States.

Taxation
An aspect of fiscal policy
Policies Government revenue Tax revenue Non-tax revenue Tax law Tax bracket Tax threshold Exemption Credit Deduction Tax shift Tax cut Tax holiday Tax advantage Tax incentive Tax reform Tax harmonization Tax competition Double taxation Representation Unions Medical savings account Tax, tariff and trade
Economics General Theory Price effect Excess burden Tax incidence Laffer curve Optimal tax Theory Optimal capital income taxation Distribution of Tax Tax rate Flat Progressive Regressive Proportional
Collection Revenue service Revenue stamp Tax assessment Taxable income Tax lien Tax refund Tax shield Tax residence Tax preparation Tax investigation Tax shelter Private tax collection Tax farming
Noncompliance General Tax avoidance Tax evasion Tax resistance Tax shelter Smuggling Black market Unreported employment Corporate Tax inversion Transfer mispricing Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) Double Irish Dutch Sandwich Single Malt CAIA/Green Jersey Locations Tax havens Corporate tax havens Offshore financial centres (OFCs) Offshore magic circle Conduit and Sink OFCs Financial centres Financial Secrecy Index Major examples Apple €13 billion fine Ireland as a tax haven Leprechaun economics Liechtenstein tax affair Luxembourg Leaks Offshore Leaks Paradise Papers Panama Papers Swiss Leaks United States as a tax haven Panama as a tax haven
Types Direct Indirect Per unit Ad valorem In rem Capital gains Carbon Consumption Dividend Ecotax Excise Fuel Georgist Gift Gross receipts Income Inheritance (estate) Land value Payroll Pigovian Property Sales Sin Single Stamp Steering Turnover Value-added (VAT) Corporate profit Excess profits Windfall profits Negative (income) Wealth
International Financial transaction tax Currency transaction tax European Union Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB) Tobin tax Spahn tax Tax equalization Tax treaty Permanent establishment Transfer pricing European Union FTT Foreign revenue rule
Trade Custom Duty Tariff Import Export Tariff war Free trade Free trade zone Trade agreement ATA Carnet
Research Academic Mihir A. Desai Dhammika Dharmapala James R. Hines Jr. Ronen Palan Joel Slemrod Gabriel Zucman Advocacy groups Tax Justice Network (TJN) Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy (ITEP) Oxfam (UK) Tax Foundation (US) Tax Policy Center (US)
Religious Church tax Eight per thousand Teind Tithe Fiscus Judaicus Leibzoll Temple tax Tolerance tax Jizya Kharaj Khums Nisab Zakat
By country All Countries List of countries by tax rates Tax revenues as % of GDP Tax rates in Europe Individual Countries Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bhutan Brazil Bulgaria BVI Canada China Colombia Croatia Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Lithuania Malta Morocco Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Palestine Peru Philippines Poland Russia Singapore South Africa Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Tanzania United Kingdom United States Uruguay

Taxation by country
Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Brazil British Virgin Islands Canada China Colombia Denmark France Germany Greece Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Lithuania Malta Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Palestine Peru Philippines Poland Russia Singapore South Africa Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Tanzania United Kingdom United States Uruguay European Union
List of countries by tax rates Tax revenue as % of GDP

Tax law or revenue law is an area of legal study which deals with the constitutional, common-law, statutory, tax treaty, and regulatory rules that constitute the law applicable to taxation.

Major issues

Primary taxation issues facing the governments world over include;

• Taxes on income and wealth (or estates).
• Taxation of capital gains versus labor income.
• Ecotax (short for Ecological taxation) refers to taxes intended to promote environmentally friendly activities via economic incentives.
• Tax evasion and avoidance leading to reduced government revenue.
• Due to an Inefficient tax system in many underdeveloped countries, the majority of small businesses are not taxed.

Education

In law schools, "tax law" is a sub-discipline and area of specialist study. U.S. law schools require 30 semester credit hours of required courses, 60 hours or more of electives and a combined total of at least 90 credit hours completed. Law students must choose available courses on which to focus before graduation with the J.D. degree in the United States. This freedom allows law students to take many tax courses such as federal taxation, estate and gift tax, and estates and successions before completing the Juris Doctor and taking the bar exam in a particular U.S. state.

Master of Laws (LL.M) programs are offered in Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Netherlands and an increasing number of countries. Many of these programs focus on domestic and international taxation. In the United States, most LL.M. programs require that the candidate be a graduate of an American Bar Association-accredited law school. In other countries a graduate law degree is sufficient for admission to LL.M. in Taxation law programs.

The Master of Laws (LL.M) program is an advanced legal study.

General Requirements

• J.D. (Juris Doctor) or First degree in law.
• An English proficiency test score for students with a native language besides English.

The Juris Doctor (JD) program is offered by only a number of countries. These include, United States, Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Japan, Philippines, Singapore and the United Kingdom. The courses vary in duration of years, curriculum and whether or not further training is required, depending on which country the program is in.

General Requirements

• A bachelor's degree.
• Law School Admission Test (LSAT) - Required for law school admission in United States, Canada and a growing number of countries.
• Credit requirements.

A list of tax faculty ranked by publication downloads is maintained by Paul Caron at TaxProf Blog.

Taxation by jurisdiction

Africa

• Taxation in South Africa
• Taxation in Tanzania

Americas

• Taxation in Argentina
• Taxation in Canada
• Taxation in Colombia
• Taxation in the British Virgin Islands
• Taxation in Peru
• Taxation in the United States

Asia

• Taxation in China(*Taxation in the People's Republic of China)
• Taxation in India
• Taxation in Iran
• Taxation in the Palestinian territories

Europe

• Taxation in the European Union
• Taxation in Azerbaijan
• Taxation in Bulgaria
• Taxation in France
• Taxation in Germany
• Taxation in the Republic of Ireland
• Taxation in the Netherlands
• Taxation in Poland
• Taxation in Portugal
• Taxation in Russia
• Taxes in Spain
• Taxation in the United Kingdom

Oceania

• Taxation in Australia
• Taxation in New Zealand

See also

• Corporate law
• Corporate tax