Indus Kohistani
| Indus Kohistani | |
|---|---|
| Maiyã | |
| Kōstāĩ | |
| Region | Kohistan, |
Native speakers | (200,000 cited 1992)[1] |
| Arabic script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mvy |
| Glottolog | indu1241[2] |
Indus Kohistani (Kōstāĩ) is a Dardic language spoken in part of the Indus valley in Kohistan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. The language was referred to as Maiyã (Mayon) or Shuthun by early researchers, but subsequent observations have not verified that these names are known locally.[3] It is also known as Abasin Kohistani.[citation needed]
Phonology[edit]
The phonology of Indus Kohistani varies between its major dialects as shown below.[4]
Vowels[edit]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | u uː | |
| Mid | e eː | o oː | |
| Open | a aː |
In the Kanyawali dialect, the back vowels /u/ and /o/ are described as variants of each other, as are the front vowels /i/ and /e/.
Consonants[edit]
The consonant inventory of Indus Kohistani is shown in the chart below. (Consonants particular to the Kanyawali Dialect of Tangir and those found only in the Kohistan Dialects are color-coded respectively.)
| Labial | Coronal | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | Voiced | m | n | ɳ | ||||
| Breathy Voiced | (mʱ) | |||||||
| Stop | Voiceless | p | t | ʈ | k | (q) | ||
| Aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | kʰ | ||||
| Voiced | b | d | ɖ | ɡ | ||||
| Breathy Voiced | bʱ | dʱ | ɖʱ | ɡʱ | ||||
| Affricate | Voiceless | ts | tʂ | tʃ | ||||
| Aspirated | tsʰ | tʃʰ | ||||||
| Voiced | dʒ | |||||||
| Fricative | Voiceless | f | s | ʂ | ʃ | x | h | |
| Voiced | v | z | ʐ | ʒ | ɣ | |||
| Lateral | l | |||||||
| Rhotic | Voiced | r | ɽ | |||||
| Breathy Voiced | rʱ | ɽʱ | ||||||
| Semivowel | j | w | ||||||
The phonemes /x/, /ɣ/, and /q/ are mainly found in loan words. The status of /q/ in the Kanyawali Dialect is unclear.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Indus Kohistani at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Indus Kohistani". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Zoller 2005, p. 2.
- ^ Edelman 1983, pp. 246, 253.
Bibliography[edit]
- Edelman, D. I. (1983). The Dardic and Nuristani Languages. Moscow: (Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR).
- Zoller, Claus Peter (2005). A grammar and dictionary of Indus Kohistani. Volume 1: Dictionary. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017947-7.
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