Henry Louis Gates Jr.

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Henry Louis Gates Jr.
Gates with his Peabody Award for his documentary, The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross
Born (1950-09-16) September 16, 1950 (age 69)
Keyser, West Virginia, U.S.
OccupationAuthor, documentary filmmaker, essayist, literary critic, professor
NationalityAmerican
Alma materYale University (B.A.)
Clare College, Cambridge (Ph.D.)
GenreEssay, history, literature
SubjectAfrican American Studies
Notable worksThe Signifying Monkey
Spouse
Sharon Lynn Adams
(m. 1979; div. 1999)
Children2

Henry Louis "Skip" Gates Jr. (born September 16, 1950) is an American literary critic, teacher, historian, filmmaker and public intellectual who currently serves as the Alphonse Fletcher University Professor and Director of the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University. He discovered what are considered the earliest known literary works of African-American writers, and has published extensively on appreciating African-American literature as part of the Western canon.

In addition to producing and hosting previous series on the history and genealogy of prominent American figures, since 2012 Gates has been host for four seasons of the television series Finding Your Roots on PBS. It combines the work of expert researchers in genealogy, history, and genetics historic research to tell guests about their ancestors' lives and histories.

Early life and education[edit]

Gates was born in Keyser, West Virginia,[1] to Henry Louis Gates Sr. (c.1913–2010) and his wife Pauline Augusta (Coleman) Gates (1916–1987). He grew up in neighboring Piedmont. His father worked in a paper mill and moonlighted as a janitor, while his mother cleaned houses, as described in his memoir Colored People (1994).[2]

He has learned through contemporary research that his family is descended in part from the Yoruba people of West Africa.[3] He also has learned that he has 50% European ancestry, including Irish; he was surprised it was that much. This notwithstanding, he grew up in the African-American community and identifies as such. He has learned that he is also connected to the multiracial West Virginia community of Chestnut Ridge people.[4]

At the age of 14, Gates was injured playing touch football, fracturing the ball and socket joint of his hip, resulting in a slipped capital femoral epiphysis. The injury was misdiagnosed by a physician, who told Gates' mother that his problem was psychosomatic. When the physical damage finally healed, his right leg was two inches shorter than his left. Because of the injury, Gates now uses a cane when he walks.[5][6]

Gates graduated from Piedmont High School in 1968 and attended Potomac State College of West Virginia University before transferring to Yale University, from which he graduated summa cum laude. and Phi Beta Kappa with a degree in history.[7] The first African American to be awarded an Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Fellowship, Gates sailed on the Queen Elizabeth 2 for England and University of Cambridge, where he studied English literature at Clare College, Cambridge and earned his PhD.

Personal life[edit]

Gates married Sharon Lynn Adams in 1979.[8] They had two daughters together before they divorced in 1999.[9] Gates has since married Cuban history professor Marial Iglesias Ustet.

Career[edit]

After a month at Yale Law School, Gates withdrew from the program. In October 1975 he was hired by Charles Davis as a secretary in the Afro-American Studies department at Yale. In July 1976, Gates was promoted to the post of Lecturer in Afro-American Studies, with the understanding that he would be promoted to assistant professor upon completion of his doctoral dissertation. Jointly appointed to assistant professorships in English and Afro-American Studies in 1979, Gates was promoted to associate professor in 1984. While at Yale, Gates guided Jodie Foster, who majored in African-American Literature at Yale, with her thesis on writer Toni Morrison.

In 1984, Gates was recruited by Cornell University with an offer of tenure; Gates asked Yale if they would match Cornell's offer, but they declined.[10] Gates moved to Cornell in 1985, where he taught until 1989.

Following a two-year stay at Duke University, he was recruited to Harvard University in 1991. At Harvard, Gates teaches undergraduate and graduate courses as the Alphonse Fletcher University Professor, an endowed chair he was appointed to in 2006, and as a professor of English.[11] Additionally, he is the Director of the Hutchins Center for African & African American Research.

As a literary theorist and critic, Gates has combined literary techniques of deconstruction with native African literary traditions; he draws on structuralism, post-structuralism, and semiotics to analyze texts and assess matters of identity politics. As a black intellectual and public figure, Gates has been an outspoken critic of the Eurocentric literary canon. He has insisted that black literature must be evaluated by the aesthetic criteria of its culture of origin, not criteria imported from Western or European cultural traditions that express a "tone deafness to the black cultural voice" and result in "intellectual racism".[6] In his major scholarly work, The Signifying Monkey, a 1989 American Book Award winner, Gates expressed what might constitute an African-American cultural aesthetic. The work extended application of the concept of "signifyin'" to analysis of African-American works. "Signifyin'" refers to the significance of words that is based on context, and is accessible only to those who share the cultural values of a given speech community. His work has rooted African-American literary criticism in the African-American vernacular tradition.[12]

While Gates has stressed the need for greater recognition of black literature and black culture, he does not advocate a "separatist" black canon. Rather, he works for greater recognition of black works and their integration into a larger, pluralistic canon. He has affirmed the value of the Western tradition, but has envisioned a more inclusive canon of diverse works sharing common cultural connections:

"Every black American text must confess to a complex ancestry, one high and low (that is, literary and vernacular) but also one white and black ... there can be no doubt that white texts inform and influence black texts (and vice versa), so that a thoroughly integrated canon of American literature is not only politically sound, it is intellectually sound as well."[6]

Gates has argued that a separatist, Afrocentric education perpetuates racist stereotypes. He maintains that it is "ridiculous" to think that only blacks should be scholars of African and African-American literature. He argues, "It can't be real as a subject if you have to look like the subject to be an expert in the subject,[13] adding, "It's as ridiculous as if someone said I couldn't appreciate Shakespeare because I'm not Anglo-Saxon. I think it's vulgar and racist whether it comes out of a black mouth or a white mouth."[14]

As a mediator between those advocating separatism and those believing in a Western canon, Gates has been criticized by both. Some critics suggest that adding black literature will diminish the value of the Western canon, while separatists say that Gates is too accommodating to the dominant white culture in his advocacy of integration of the canon.[citation needed] Gates has been criticized by John Henrik Clarke, Molefi Asante and the controversial Maulana Karenga, each of whom has been questioned by others in academia.[15][16][17]

As a literary historian committed to the preservation and study of historical texts, Gates has been integral to the Black Periodical Literature Project, a digital archive of black newspapers and magazines created with financial assistance from the National Endowment for the Humanities.[18] To build Harvard's visual, documentary, and literary archives of African-American texts, Gates arranged for the purchase of The Image of the Black in Western Art, a collection assembled by Dominique de Ménil in Houston.

As a result of research as a MacArthur Fellow, Gates discovered Our Nig, written by Harriet E. Wilson in 1859, and thought to be the first novel written in the United States by an African American. Later, he acquired and authenticated the manuscript of The Bondwoman's Narrative by Hannah Crafts, a novel from the same period that scholars believe may have been written as early as 1853; if so, it would have precedence as the first-known novel written in the United States by an African American. (Note: Clotel (1853) is recognized as the first novel published by an African-American author, but William Wells Brown wrote and published it in London.) The Bondwoman's Narrative was first published in 2002 and became a bestseller.

As a prominent black intellectual, Gates has concentrated on building academic institutions to study black culture. Additionally, he has worked to bring about social, educational, and intellectual equality for black Americans. His writing includes pieces in The New York Times that defend rap music, and an article in Sports Illustrated that criticizes black youth culture for glorifying basketball over education. In 1992, he received a George Polk Award for his social commentary in The New York Times. Gates's prominence has led to his being called as a witness on behalf of the controversial Florida rap group 2 Live Crew in an obscenity case. He argued that the material, which the government charged was profane, had important roots in African American Vernacular English, games, and literary traditions, and should be protected.

Asked by National Endowment for the Humanities Chairman Bruce Cole to describe his work, Gates responded: "I would say I'm a literary critic. That's the first descriptor that comes to mind. After that I would say I was a teacher. Both would be just as important."[13] After his 2003 NEH lecture, Gates published his 2003 book, The Trials of Phillis Wheatley, about an early African-American poet.

Other activities[edit]

In 1995 Gates presented a program in the BBC series Great Railway Journeys (produced in association with PBS). The program documents a 3,000-mile journey Gates took through Zimbabwe, Zambia and Tanzania, with his then-wife Sharon Adams and daughters Liza and Meggie Gates. This trip came 25 years after Gates worked at a hospital in Kilimatinde near Dodoma, Tanzania, as a 19-year-old pre-medical student at Yale University.[19]

In September 1995, Gates read a five-part abridgement (by Margaret Busby) of his memoir Colored People on BBC Radio 4.[20]

Gates was the host and co-producer of African American Lives (2006) and African American Lives 2 (2008) in which the lineage of more than a dozen notable African Americans was traced using genealogical and historic resources, as well as genealogical DNA testing. In the first series, Gates learned that he has 50% European ancestry[21] and 50% African ancestry,[22] He had known of some European ancestry but was surprised to learn the high proportion; he also learned that he was descended from John Redman, a mulatto veteran in New England of the American Revolutionary War. Gates has joined the Sons of the American Revolution. In the series, he discussed findings with guests about their complex ancestries.

In the second season, Gates learned that he is part of a genetic subgroup possibly descended from or related to the fourth-century Irish king Niall of the Nine Hostages. He also learned that one of his African ancestors includes a Yoruba man who was trafficked to America from Ouidah in present-day Republic of Benin. The two series demonstrated the many strands of ancestry, cultural heritage and history among African Americans.

Gates hosted Faces of America, a four-part series presented by PBS in 2010. This program examined the genealogy of 12 North Americans of diverse ancestry: Elizabeth Alexander, Mario Batali, Stephen Colbert, Louise Erdrich, Malcolm Gladwell, Eva Longoria, Yo-Yo Ma, Mike Nichols, Queen Noor of Jordan, Mehmet Oz, Meryl Streep, and Kristi Yamaguchi.

Since 1995, Gates has been the jury chair for the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award, which honors written works that contribute to society's understanding of racism and the diversity of human culture. Gates was an Anisfield-Wolf prize winner in 1989 for The Schomburg Library of Women Writers.

Since 2012 he has hosted a PBS TV series, called Finding Your Roots – with Henry Louis Gates, Jr..[23] The second season of the series, featuring 30 prominent guests across 10 episodes, with Gates as the narrator, interviewer, and genealogical investigator, aired on PBS in fall 2014. The show's third season was postponed after it was discovered that actor Ben Affleck had persuaded Gates to omit information about his slave-owning ancestors.[24][25][26] Finding Your Roots resumed in January 2016.[27]

Gates's critically acclaimed six-part PBS documentary series, The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross, traced 500 years of African-American history to the second inauguration of President Barack Obama. Gates wrote, executive produced, and hosted the series, which earned the 2013 Peabody Award and NAACP Image Award.

"Ending the Slavery Blame-Game" op-ed[edit]

In 2010, Gates wrote an op-ed in The New York Times that discussed the role played by Africans in the slave trade.[28] Gates' op-ed begins and ends with the observation that it is very difficult to decide whether or not to give reparations to the descendants of American slaves, whether they should receive compensation for their ancestors' unpaid labor and lack of rights. Gates also notes that it is equally difficult to decide who should get such reparations and who should pay them, as slavery was legal under the laws of the colonies and the United States. In an article for Newsweek, journalist Lisa Miller reported on the reaction to Gates' article:

The enemy of individuality is groupthink, Gates says, and here he holds everyone accountable. Recently, he has enraged many of his colleagues in the African-American studies field—especially those campaigning for government reparations for slavery—by insistently reminding them, as he did in a New York Times op-ed last year, that the folks who captured and sold blacks into slavery in the first place were also Africans, working for profit. "People wanted to kill me, man," Gates says of the reaction to that op-ed. "Black people were so angry at me. But we need to get some distance from the binary opposition we were raised in: evil white people and good black people. The world just isn't like that."

The Letters page of The New York Times of April 25, 2010, featured criticism and examination of Gates's views in response to his op-ed. Eric Foner, professor of history at Columbia University, considered Gates's emphasis on there being "little discussion" of African involvement in the slave trade to be unfounded, stating that "today, virtually every history of slavery and every American history textbook includes this information". Author Herb Boyd, who teaches African and African-American history at the College of New Rochelle and City College, CUNY, argued that despite the complicity of African monarchs in the Atlantic slave trade, the United States "was the greatest beneficiary, and thus should be the main compensator". Lolita Buckner Inniss, a professor at the Cleveland-Marshall College of Law, argued that notwithstanding African involvement as "abductors", it was Western slave-owners, as "captors", that perpetuated the practice even after the import trade was banned. "Up until that recent piece, people would have thought of him as someone who took a cautious and nuanced approach to questions like reparations." Gates has such an eminent reputation, she said, and "so much gravitas. Many of us were troubled."[29][30]

Cambridge arrest[edit]

Main article: Henry Louis Gates arrest controversy

On July 16, 2009, Gates returned home from a trip to China to find the door to his house jammed. His driver attempted to help him gain entrance. A passerby called police reporting a possible break-in after reporting to 911 "an individual" forcing the front door open. A Cambridge police officer was dispatched. The confrontation resulted in Gates being arrested and charged with disorderly conduct. Prosecutors later dropped the charges.[31] The incident spurred a politically charged exchange of views about race relations and law enforcement throughout the United States. The arrest attracted national attention after U.S. President Barack Obama declared that the Cambridge police "acted stupidly" in arresting the 59-year-old Gates. Obama eventually extended an invitation to both Gates and the officer involved to share a beer with him at the White House.[32]

Awards and honors[edit]

  • Gates has received 53 honorary degrees and numerous academic and social action awards.
  • Gates was named a MacArthur Fellow in 1981.
  • In 1989, Gates won an Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for editing the 30 volumes of "The Schomburg Library of Nineteenth-Century Black Women Writers."
  • He was listed in Time among its "25 Most Influential Americans" in 1997. Ebony magazine listed him among its "100 Most Influential Black Americans" in 2005, and in 2009, Ebony included him on its "Power 150" list.
  • In 2002 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected Gates for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities.[33] Gates' lecture was entitled "Mister Jefferson and the Trials of Phillis Wheatley."[34] It was the basis of his later book The Trials of Phillis Wheatley: America's First Black Poet and Her Encounters with the Founding Fathers (2003).[35]
  • Gates received the National Humanities Medal in 1998.
  • He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1999.
  • He received the 2008 Ralph Lowell Award from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the highest honor in the field of public television.
  • On October 23, 2006, Gates was appointed the Alphonse Fletcher Jr. University Professor at Harvard University.
  • In January 2008, he co-founded The Root, a website dedicated to African-American perspectives and published by The Washington Post Company.
  • Gates serves as the Chair for the Selection Committee for the Alphonse Fletcher Sr. Fellowship Program, sponsored by the Fletcher Foundation, the philanthropic arm of Fletcher Asset Management.
  • He is on the boards of many notable institutions, including the New York Public Library, Jazz at Lincoln Center, the Aspen Institute, the Brookings Institution, the Studio Museum of Harlem, the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, HEAF (the Harlem Educational Activities Fund), and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, located in Stanford, California.[11] He is a member of the Council of Foreign Relations.
  • In 2006, Gates was inducted into the Sons of the American Revolution after tracing his lineage to John Redman, a free African American who fought in the Revolutionary War.[21]
  • In 2010, Gates became the first African American to have his genome fully sequenced. He is also half of the first father-son pair to have their genomes fully sequenced. Knome performed the analysis as part of the "Faces of America" project.
  • Gates's six-part PBS documentary series, The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross, which he wrote, executive produced, and hosted, earned the 2013 Peabody Award and NAACP Image Award.
  • In December 2014, Gates was announced as one of 14 recipients of a 2015 Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award for his documentary series The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross.[36][37][38]

Bibliography[edit]

Books (author)[edit]

Books (editor)[edit]

Articles[edit]

Filmography[edit]

  • From Great Zimbabwe to Kilimatinde (narrator and screenwriter), Great Railway Journeys, BBC/PBS, 1996.
  • The Two Nations of Black America (host and scriptwriter), Frontline, WGBH-TV, February 10, 1998.
  • Leaving Cleaver: Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Remembers Eldridge Cleaver, WGBH, 1999.
  • Wonders of the African World (screenwriter and narrator), BBC/PBS, October 25–27, 1999 (six-part series).
    • Shown as Into Africa on BBC-2 in the United Kingdom and South Africa, Summer 1999.
  • Credited for his involvement in Unchained Memories (2003).
  • America Beyond the Color Line (host and scriptwriter), BBC2/PBS, February 2/4, 2004 (four-part series).[40]
  • African American Lives (screenwriter, host and narrator), PBS, February 1/8, 2006 (four-hour series).
  • Oprah's Roots: An African American Lives Special (screenwriter, narrator, and co-producer), PBS, January 24, 2007.
  • African American Lives 2 (host and narrator), PBS, February 6/13, 2008 (four-hour series).
  • Looking for Lincoln (screenwriter, host/narrator, and co-producer), PBS, February 11, 2009.
  • Faces of America (screenwriter, narrator, and co-producer), PBS, February 10 – March 3, 2010 (four-hour series).
  • Black in Latin America (executive producer, writer, and presenter), PBS, April 19 – May 10, 2011.
  • Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (executive producer, screenwriter, and host/narrator), PBS, March 2012 to present.
  • The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross (executive producer, writer, and host), PBS, October–November 2013 (six-part series).
  • Black America Since MLK: And Still I Rise (writer, presenter, and narrator), PBS, 15 November 2016 (four-part series)
  • Africa's Great Civilizations (executive producer, writer, and presenter), PBS, February–March 2017 (six-part series)
  • Reconstruction: America After the Civil War (executive producer and presenter), PBS, April 9/16, 2019 (four-hour series)

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Maya Jaggi (July 6, 2002). "Henry the first". The Guardian. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
  2. ^ "Henry Louis Gates, Jr. - Biography, Books, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  3. ^ "African American Lives The Past Is Another Country 2 4of4 – YouTube". youtube.com. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  4. ^ "Finding Your Roots: Decoding Our Past Through DNA". PBS.org. Public Broadcasting System.
  5. ^ O'Hagan, Sean (July 20, 2003). "The biggest brother: interview with Henry Louis Gates, black America's foremost intellectual". The Observer. London. Retrieved July 25, 2009.
  6. ^ a b c Contemporary Black Biography. Vol. 67. Gale, 2008. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center, Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2009.
  7. ^ https://twitter.com/PhiBetaKappa/status/1128747148206538753
  8. ^ "West Virginia Weslesyan College biography". Archived from the original on July 26, 2009.
  9. ^ Adam Begley, "Black Studies' New Star: Henry Louis Gates Jr.", The New York Times, April 1, 1990.
  10. ^ Ambinder, Marc J. (February 14, 2000). "Yale Afro-Am Chair Resigns After Remarks of Yale Pres". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
  11. ^ a b History of American Civilization Program (2008). "Henry Louis Gates Jr". Harvard University. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008.
  12. ^ Napier, Winston, ed. African American literary theory: A reader. NYU Press, 2000. pp. 6–7
  13. ^ a b Bruce Cole (2002). "Henry Louis Gates Jr. Interview". National Endowment for the Humanities. Archived from the original on December 9, 2006. Retrieved January 4, 2007.
  14. ^ Clarke, Breena, and Susan Tifft, "A 'Race Man' Argues for a Broader Curriculum: Henry Louis Gates Jr. Wants W. E. B. DuBois, Wole Soyinka and Phyllis Wheatley on the Nation's Reading Lists, As Well As Western Classics like Milton and Shakespeare", Time: 137(16). April 22, 1991: 16.
  15. ^ "Papers by Molefi Asante". Retrieved January 4, 2007.
  16. ^ "Papers by John Henrik Clarke". Retrieved January 4, 2007.
  17. ^ Molefi Kete Asante, "Henry Louis Gates is Wrong about African Involvement in the Slave Trade", Asante.net.
  18. ^ W. E. B. Du Bois Institute (2008). "Black Periodical Literature Project". Harvard University. Retrieved August 7, 2008.
  19. ^ "Great Railway Journeys". BBC. Retrieved February 6, 2010.
  20. ^ "Coloured People", Radio Times, Issue 3739, September 14, 1995, p. 121.
  21. ^ a b "The 10 Percenter", The New York Times, October 13, 2011.
  22. ^ "What It Means to Be Black in Latin America", NPR Books, January 27, 2011.
  23. ^ Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr., PBS.
  24. ^ "Ben Affleck's slave-owning ancestor 'censored' from genealogy show". The Telegraph. April 17, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  25. ^ "Ben Affleck Demanded PBS Suppress His Slave-Owning Ancestry". Mediaite. April 18, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  26. ^ Koblin, John (June 24, 2015). "Citing Ben Affleck's 'Improper Influence,' PBS Suspends 'Finding Your Roots'". The New York Times. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
  27. ^ "PBS' 'Finding Your Roots' returning in January after Ben Affleck controversy". Chicago Tribune. February 11, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  28. ^ Henry Louis Gates Jr. (April 23, 2010). "Ending the Slavery Blame-Game", The New York Times, p. A27.
  29. ^ "Africa's Role in the U.S. Slave Trade". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. April 25, 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
  30. ^ Miller, L. (April 18, 2011). "Skip Gates's Next Big Idea". Newsweek. 157 (16), pp. 42–45.
  31. ^ "Charge dropped against Harvard scholar", The Washington Times, July 22, 2009.
  32. ^ Neary, Lynn (July 23, 2009). "Black And Blue: Police And Minorities". Talk of the Nation. NPR. Retrieved July 27, 2009.
  33. ^ Jefferson Lecturers at NEH Website. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
  34. ^ Henry Louis Gates, "Mister Jefferson and The Trials of Phillis Wheatley," text of Jefferson Lecture at NEH website.
  35. ^ Henry Louis Gates, The Trials of Phillis Wheatley: America's First Black Poet and Her Encounters with the Founding Fathers (Basic Civitas Books, 2003), ISBN 0-465-02729-6.
  36. ^ "2015 Alfred I. duPont-Columbia Award Winners Announced" Archived February 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Columbia Journalism School.
  37. ^ Stephen A. Crockett Jr. "Henry Louis Gates Jr. Receives duPont Award for The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross" Archived January 28, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, The Root, January 21, 2015.
  38. ^ "Read Henry Louis Gates Jr.'s Acceptance Speech for the duPont Award" Archived January 26, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, The Root, January 22, 2015.
  39. ^ "Encarta Africana, the First Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Black History and Culture, Launches Today" (Press release). Microsoft. January 8, 1999. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
  40. ^ America Beyond the Color Line With Henry Louis Gates Jr. – PBS (2004)

External links[edit]

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