List of destroyed heritage
This is a list of cultural-heritage sites that have been damaged or destroyed accidentally, deliberately, or by a natural disaster, sorted by country.
Cultural heritage can be subdivided into two main types—tangible and intangible heritage. The former includes built heritage such as religious buildings, museums, monuments, and archaeological sites, as well as movable heritage such as works of art and manuscripts. Intangible cultural heritage includes customs, music, fashion and other traditions within a particular culture.[1][2] This article mainly deals with the destruction of built heritage; the destruction of movable collectable heritage is dealt with in art destruction, whilst the destruction of movable industrial heritage remains almost totally ignored.
Deliberate and systematic destruction of cultural heritage, such as that carried out by ISIL, is regarded as a form of cultural genocide.[3][4]
Contents
- 1 Afghanistan
- 2 Argentina
- 3 Armenia
- 4 Australia
- 5 Austria
- 6 Azerbaijan
- 7 Bahrain
- 8 Belgium
- 9 Belize
- 10 Bosnia and Herzegovina
- 11 Brazil
- 12 Canada
- 13 Central America
- 14 China
- 15 Croatia
- 16 Czech Republic
- 17 Denmark
- 18 Egypt
- 19 France
- 20 Germany
- 21 Greece
- 22 Guatemala
- 23 Haiti
- 24 Hungary
- 25 India
- 26 Iran
- 27 Iraq
- 28 Ireland
- 29 Israel
- 30 Italy
- 31 Japan
- 32 Kosovo
- 33 Libya
- 34 Madagascar
- 35 Malaysia
- 36 Maldives
- 37 Mali
- 38 Malta
- 39 Myanmar
- 40 Nepal
- 41 Norway
- 42 Pakistan
- 43 Philippines
- 44 Poland
- 45 Portugal
- 46 Romania
- 47 Russia
- 48 Saudi Arabia
- 49 Singapore
- 50 Slovenia
- 51 South Korea
- 52 Spain
- 53 Sri Lanka
- 54 Sweden
- 55 Switzerland
- 56 Syria
- 57 Tunisia
- 58 Turkey
- 59 Turkmenistan
- 60 Ukraine
- 61 United Kingdom
- 62 United States
- 63 Uruguay
- 64 Yemen
- 65 See also
- 66 References
- 67 Sources
- 68 Further reading
- 69 External links
Afghanistan[edit]
- During the Soviet invasion, large-scale looting occurred in various archaeological sites including Hadda, ancient site of Ai-Khanoum, the Buddhist monastery complex in Tepe Shortor which dates back to the 2nd century AD, and the National Kabul Museum. These sites were ransacked by various pillagers, including the pro-Russian government forces, destitute villagers, and the local crime rings. The National Museum of Afghanistan suffered the greatest damage, in which the systematic looting has plundered the museum collection and the adjacent Archaeological Institute. As a result, more than two thirds of one hundred thousand pieces of museum treasures and artifacts were lost or destroyed.[5]
- A pair of 6th-century monumental statues known as the Buddhas of Bamiyan were dynamited by the Taliban in 2001, who had declared them heretical idols.
Argentina[edit]
- Several buildings in Buenos Aires were demolished over years, including Pabellón Argentino , Grand Hotel , Ortiz Basualdo Palace , Unzué Palace , Odeón Theater, Coliseo Theater and various palaces in Avenida Alvear.
- Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires was destroyed by a terrorist attack in 1992.
- As response to the Bombing of Plaza de Mayo in 1955 several churches in Buenos Aires were burned and looted, including Santo Domingo convent, St. Ignatius Church, Basilica of San Francesco , St. Michael's Church and Basilica of Saint Nicholas of Bari .
- Old buildings in the city of San Juan were destroyed by an earthquake in 1944, including the Cathedral and the Government House.
- The 1773 Marquez Bridge over the Reconquista River was renewed in 1964 and declared a National Historic Monument of Argentina. In 1997, the Company Autopistas del Oeste demolished it.[6]
- On 18 October 1977 a fire destroyed to the ground the Teatro Argentino, in La Plata. The building was later rebuilt, but in a rather different style.
Armenia[edit]
- Numerous mosques in the territory of Armenia were destroyed during the late 19th century and the early 20th century due to wars and ethnic tensions. In 1870, a report by the Viceroyalty of the Caucasus recorded 269 Shia mosques in the region.[7] A mosque in Yerevan was pulled down with a bulldozer in 1990.[8][9] Today there is only one mosque remaining in the city. According to Thomas de Waal, the destruction is considered facilitated by the systematic erasure of Azeri names from the history of the city as part of the wider Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment in Armenia.[10]
Australia[edit]
- The Garden Palace in Sydney was destroyed by fire on 22 September 1882.
- The original Her Majesty's Theatre in Sydney was demolished in June 1933 to make way for a Woolworths retail store.
- The Jubilee Exhibition Building in Adelaide was demolished in 1962. It hosted the Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition of 1887.
- The Regent Theatre in Sydney was demolished in 1988.
Austria[edit]
- Vienna's Cathedral of St. Stephen was severely damaged by fire in 1945, towards the end of the Second World War. Incendiary bombs and shelling had set the roof on fire, and the cathedral's original larch girders, said to be made from an entire forest of larches, were destroyed, as were the Rollinger choir stalls, carved in 1487. The building was rebuilt soon after the war.[11]
Azerbaijan[edit]
- Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Azerbaijani authorities in the formerly Armenian-inhabited region of Nakhchivan ran a systematic campaign of eradicating the region's medieval Christian heritage due to the Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan. An estimated 218 medieval churches, 5,840 khachkar cross-stones and 22,000 tombstones[12] were destroyed, with the final act of the destruction campaign taking place in December 2005 at the Armenian cemetery in Julfa.[13] Azerbaijan's government denies that Armenian or Christian monuments ever existed in the territory of Nakhchivan.[14]
Bahrain[edit]
- At least 43 Shia mosques, including the ornate 400-year-old Amir Mohammed Braighi mosque, and many other religious structures were destroyed by the Bahraini government during the Bahraini uprising of 2011.
Belgium[edit]
- The Palace of Coudenberg in Brussels burned down in 1731 and its ruins were demolished half a century later.
- Many churches and abbeys were demolished during the French occupation, amongst them the St. Lambert's Cathedral in Liège, the St. Donatian's Cathedral and Eekhout Abbey in Bruges, Florennes Abbey in Florennes, and St. Michael's Abbey in Antwerp.
- The Herkenrode Abbey in Hasselt survived the French Revolution, but subsequently fell into disrepair. In 1826 a fire destroyed much of the church, and the remaining ruins were demolished in 1844.
- On 25 August 1914, the university library of Leuven was destroyed by the Germans. 230,000 volumes were lost, including medieval and Renaissance manuscripts and more than 1,000 incunabula. After the war, a new library was built. During World War II, the new building was again set on fire and nearly a million books were lost.
- During World War I, the city of Ypres was completely destroyed, including its Town Hall and Cloth Hall. These monuments were later rebuilt.
- The Maison du Peuple in Brussels, one of the largest works of architect Victor Horta, was demolished in 1965 to make way for an office building. The surviving buildings designed by Horta were declared UNESCO World Heritage in 2000.
Belize[edit]
- Several Maya sites such as San Estevan and Nohmul have been partly demolished.[15]
Bosnia and Herzegovina[edit]
- Through the course of the Bosnian War, countless sites of cultural and religious heritage were destroyed. Muslim heritage sites suffered the most, with 277 mosques and several other religious facilities, schools and institutions were destroyed by the authorities of the Republic of Srpska as a part of the ethnic cleansing campaign against the local Muslim populations. The most well known among them include Mehmed Pasha Kukavica Mosque, Arnaudija Mosque, and Ferhat Pasha Mosque. Substantial number of the mosques date back to the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian era. Roman Catholic sites also suffered with more than 50 churches being destroyed, which was associated with the killings of Bosnian Croats by the Bosnian Serbs. [16]
- Parts of the old city of Mostar, including the Stari Most, were destroyed during the Bosnian War. The Stari Most has been rebuilt.
Brazil[edit]
- On 8 July 1978, the Museum of Modern Art of Rio de Janeiro was destroyed by fire.
- On 17 May 2010, the natural history collection of the Instituto Butantan were destroyed by fire.
- On 2 September 2018, the National Museum of Brazil was destroyed by fire.
Canada[edit]
- In January 1839 St James Anglican Church in Toronto was destroyed by a fire and rebuilt as St James Cathedral by December 1839. This building was destroyed by yet another fire in 1849 (Great Fire of Toronto (1849)) and replaced by current structure Cathedral Church of St. James in 1853.
- Brock's Monument was heavily damaged after a bombing on April 17, 1840 and subsequently demolished; the monument was rebuilt in 1859.
- On the night of April 25, 1849, the Canadian Parliament buildings in Montreal were set ablaze by Loyalist rioters. The resulting fire consumed the Parliament's two libraries, parts of the archives of Upper Canada and Lower Canada, as well as more recent public documents. Over 23,000 volumes, forming the collections of the two parliamentary libraries, were lost.
- Christ Church Cathedral (Montreal) was rebuilt in 1859 replacing the previous structure destroyed in a fire in 1856.
- The 1754 St. Matthew's United Church (Halifax) was destroyed by fire in 1857 and rebuilt.
- The 1881 St. James Anglican Church (Vancouver) was destroyed by a fire in 1886 and only rebuilt after 1935 (completed in 1937).
- Knox Presbyterian Church (Toronto) was relocated in 1909 from the previous site that had been partially destroyed by a fire in 1895 and by another fire in 1847
- Following Confederation in 1867, Canada's capital was moved to Ottawa and new Parliament buildings were built there. The Centre Block was destroyed by fire on February 3, 1916, and immediately rebuilt.
- Church of Nativité-de-la-Sainte-Vierge-d'Hochelaga was rebuilt in 1921 after fire destroyed the original 1877 church.
- Montreal City Hall from 1872-1878 was gutted by fire in 1922 and rebuilt by 1932
- Church of the Ascension (Windsor, Ontario) was destroyed by fire in 1926 (rebuilt 1927) and again in 1990 (repaired in same year).
- Metropolitan United Church was destroyed by fire in 1928 and rebuilt in 1929 to match the original 1874 building
- Saint Boniface Cathedral in Winnipeg was destroyed by fire in 1860 (built 1830) and 1968 (built 1906 after relocating from the 1862 rebuild). The current cathedral was rebuilt in 1972.
- Saint-Jacques Cathedral (Montreal) was destroyed by three fires in 1852, 1858 and 1933. The last rebuilt church was mostly demolished after 1973 with only entrance preserved as Pavillon Judith-Jasmin for the Université du Québec à Montréal
- St. Jude's Cathedral (Iqaluit), destroyed by arson in 2005, with Inuit art and artifacts.
- Quebec City Armoury built in 1885-1888 was mostly destroyed by a fire in 2008 and rebuilt by 2016.
Central America[edit]
- The Maya codices were destroyed by Spanish priest Diego de Landa.
China[edit]
- Historical Famen Temple went through several times of destructions. Erected first during the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220), it was first destroyed during the years of the Northern Zhou dynasty (557–581). After being rebuilt, it was destroyed again by the earthquake during the Longqing's years (1567–1572) of the Ming dynasty. After another reconstruction, it was destroyed again during the Cultural Revolution. Present construction was completed in 1987.
- The An Lushan Rebellion (755–763) which lasted for around 7 years, devastated the city of Chang'an, a historical capital of several ancient Chinese empires. The city was sacked and occupied several times by the rebels who looted and demolished the buildings, whose materials were reused to build the subsequent capital city of Luoyang. Chang'an never recovered after this obliteration, and it was followed by the decline of the Tang dynasty.
- During the systematic persecution of Buddhists in 845 AD by the Taoist Emperor Wuzong of Tang, more than 4,600 Buddhist temples were destroyed empirewide.[17]
- In 955, Emperor Shizong of the Later Zhou ordered the systematic destruction of Buddha statues due to the need of copper to mint coins. The ordinance had led to the destruction of 3,336 of China's 6,030 Buddhist temples.[18]
- In 1739, the Pagoda of Chengtian Temple was destroyed after a large earthquake hitting the city of Yinchuan. The pagoda was subsequently restored in 1820.
- The Porcelain Tower of Nanjing, which dates back to the 15th century, was destroyed during the course of the Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864). A modern life size replica was built in 2015.
- In 1860, much of the Old Summer Palace, a Qing-era imperial palace, was set fire, and systematically looted and plundered by the British and French forces. Some of the looted materials including the 3,600 year old treasures. The palace was later sacked again and completely destroyed by the Eight-Nation Alliance when they invaded Beijing.
- Beijing city fortifications which date back to the 15th–16th century were destroyed through the course of the decline of the Qing dynasty in the late-19th century to the early 20th-century. It was severely damaged during the Boxer Rebellion (1898–1901) with the gate towers and watchtowers destroyed, and the British troops tearing down much of the outer city walls. After the collapse of the Qing, the fortifications were gradually dismantled due to variety of reasons. Today, nothing of the Outer City remains intact.
- During the early 20th century, around 1921 Buddhist murals at the Mogao Caves were damaged and vandalized by White Russian exiles.[19]
- Buddhist murals at the Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves were damaged by local Muslim population. The eyes and mouths in particular were often gouged out. Pieces of murals were also broken off for use as fertilizer by the locals.[20][21]
- During the Kumul Rebellion in Xinjiang in the 1930s, Buddhist murals were vandalized by Muslims.[22]
- Yongdingmen, the former front gate of the outer city wall of the Beijing city fortifications which dates back to 1553, was demolished in the 1950s to make way for the new road system. It was rebuilt in 2005.
- Gate of China in Beijing was demolished by the Chinese government in 1954 in order to make way for the expansion of Tiananmen Square.
- A shrine dedicated to Wei Yan was destroyed by the Chinese government in 1968. A stone tablet which contained the record of his presence was lost after the demolition. The shrine was rebuilt in 1995.[23]
- During the Cultural Revolution, many artifacts, monuments, and buildings belonging to the Four Olds were attacked and destroyed.
- White Horse Temple, Luoyang. Oldest Buddhist temple in China. Some historical artifacts are still missing.[24]
- Famen Buddhist Temple, Shaanxi
- Tomb and remains of Ming Emperor Wanli and empresses[25]
- According to the anthropologist Robert E. Murowchick, a quarter million tombs have been raided since the 1990s to rob the antiquities which lay beneath them. Murowchick points out that growing demand for antiquities from both domestic and international markets have encouraged the tomb raiding in China.[26]
- China's aggressive development has resulted in the destruction of more than 30,000 items listed by the state administration of cultural heritage, compiled from various archaeological and historic sites. One conservation campaigner tells that the rate of destruction is worse than during the Cultural Revolution. Destroyed heritage sites include the old town in Dinghai, the old town of Laoximen in Shanghai,[27] a centuries-old market street in Qianmen, and a section of the Great Wall of China.[28] Historical neighborhoods of Beijing and Nanjing were also razed.[29][30]
- The construction of the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River caused water levels to rise, destroying entire cities as well as many historical locations along the river. [31]
- In 2016, the Chinese government ordered the demolition of historical housings in the Larung Gar Tibetan Buddhist institution.[32]
- In 2016, the Chinese government has destroyed around 5,000 mosques in the Muslim-majority Xinjiang region, including the 70% of mosques in the township of Lenger, over the three months of campaign. It was conducted under the guise of public safety, although the locals deem it as a part of the systematic effort to subjugate the Uyghur populations who have been advocating for the independence of East Turkestan State.[33]
Croatia[edit]
- 450 churches and monasteries of the Serbian Orthodox Church were destroyed or damaged during the World War II by the Croatian Ustaše, specially in the regions of Dalmatia, Lika, Kordun, Banija and Slavonia.[34]
- War damage of the Croatian War (1991–95) has been assessed on 2271 protected cultural monuments, with the damage cost being estimated at 407 million DM.[35] The largest numbers – 683 damaged cultural monuments – are located in the area of Dubrovnik and Neretva County. Most are situated in Dubrovnik itself.[36] The entire buildings and possessions of 481 Roman Catholic churches, several synagogues and several Serbian Orthodox churches were badly damaged or completely destroyed. Valuable inventories were looted from over 100 churches. The most drastic example of destruction of cultural monuments, art objects and artefacts took place in Vukovar. After the occupation of the devastated city by the Yugoslav Army and Serbian paramilitary forces, portable cultural property were removed from their shelters and museums in Vukovar to the museums and archives in Serbia.[35]
- Church of St. Nicholas, Karlovac, destroyed between 1991 and 1993. Renovated in 2007.
- Dragović monastery, Vrlika, destroyed in 1995. Reestablished in 2004.
Czech Republic[edit]
- The Old Town Hall in Prague was severely damaged by fire during the Prague uprising of 1945. The chamber where George of Poděbrady was elected King of Bohemia was devastated; the town hall's bell, the oldest in Bohemia, dating from 1313, was melted; and the city archives, comprising 70,000 volumes, as well as historically priceless manuscripts, were completely destroyed.[37]
Denmark[edit]
- Copenhagen Fire of 1728, where a great part of medieval Copenhagen vanished.
- Christiansborg Palace, main residence of the Danish Kings, destroyed by fire in 1794.
- Copenhagen Fire of 1795, where a great part of medieval and renaissance Copenhagen vanished.
- Hirschholm Palace, summer residence of the Danish Kings, demolished in 1809–1813 after it stood empty after its role in the affair between Johann Friedrich Struensee and Queen Caroline Matilda of Great Britain in the 1770s.
Egypt[edit]
- Library of Alexandria, destroyed c. 272 AD
- In the late 12th century, Sultan Al-Aziz Uthman demolished part of the Pyramid of Menkaure.
- The Lighthouse of Alexandria, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, was damaged by earthquakes in the 10th and 14th centuries, before being demolished[citation needed] in 1480 to make way for the Citadel of Qaitbay. Some stones from the lighthouse were used in the construction of the citadel, and some other remains have survived underwater.
- Villa Aghion, Alexandria.[38]
- Objects stolen from the Mosque of Taghribirdi and Al-Rifai Mosque.[39]
- Institut d'Égypte, destroyed on December 17, 2011 by the Egyptian government.
France[edit]
- During the Siege of Strasbourg that took place at the height of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, the total destruction by shelling and fire of the municipal library and the municipal art and archaeology collections resulted in the loss of 400,000 books[40] among which 3,446[41] Medieval manuscripts and thousands of incunables as well as of hundreds of paintings, stained glass windows and archaeological artefacts. The most famous lost object was the original manuscript of the Hortus deliciarum.
- On 23 May 1871, the Tuileries Palace, which had been the usual Parisian residence of French monarchs, was almost entirely gutted in a fire set by members of the Paris Commune, leaving only the stone shell. It was subsequently demolished in 1883.
- In 1914 Reims Cathedral was burned due to the shelling during the initial phase of the First World War. The cathedral was rebuilt after the war.
- The 1978 Palace of Versailles bombing severely damaged parts of the Palace of Versailles, including several priceless pieces of art. The palace was rebuilt and reopened to the public within four years.
- On 15 April 2019, the roof of the Notre-Dame de Paris caught fire, severely damaging the bell towers and resulting in the total collapse of the central spire and roof. The fire is believed to be caused by the ongoing restoration, though an investigation is ongoing.[42]
Germany[edit]
- Myriad historically and architecturally significant buildings were destroyed or severely damaged by World War II and the post-war period. Striking examples are palaces like Berlin Palace, Monbijou Palace, or City Palace, Potsdam and churches, such as Dresden Frauenkirche, Berlin Cathedral and Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church. Several have been rebuilt since 1990 (including all those mentioned except the Monbijou Palace and the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church).
- The building housing the Historical Archive of the City of Cologne collapsed on 3 March 2009 during the construction of an underground railway line.
- The Church of St. Lambertus in Immerath was demolished on 9 January 2018 as part of the demolition of the entire village to make way for an expansion of the Garzweiler surface mine.[43] The church had been added to the list of heritage monuments in Erkelenz on 14 May 1985.[44]
Greece[edit]
- The Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, was destroyed in the 226 BC Rhodes earthquake, and its remains were destroyed in the 7th century AD while Rhodes was under Arab rule. In December 2015, a group of European architects announced plans to build a modern Colossus where the original once stood.
- The Statue of Zeus at Olympia, also a Wonder of the Ancient World, was destroyed in around the 5th century CE, although it is not known exactly when or how.
- The Parthenon was extensively damaged in 1687, during the Great Turkish War (1683–1699). The Ottoman Turks fortified the Acropolis of Athens and used the Parthenon as a gunpowder magazine and a shelter for members of the local Turkish community. On 26 September a Venetian mortar round blew up the magazine, and the explosion blew out the building's central portion. About three hundred people were killed in the explosion, which caused fires that burned until the following day and consumed many homes. Parthenon was extensively and permanently damaged when Thomas Bruce, the 7th Earl of Elgin and ambassador to the Ottoman Empire (occupiers of Greece in the early 19th century) who admire the Parthenon's extensive collection of ancient marble sculptures; began extracting and expatriating them to Britain in 1801. The latter damage is still considered one of the most significant destructions of heritage in the history of the Parthenon.
Guatemala[edit]
- Tikal Temple 33 was destroyed in the 1960s by archaeologists to uncover earlier phases of construction of the pyramid.
Haiti[edit]
- Much of Haiti's heritage was damaged or destroyed in the devastating earthquake in 2010, including the National Palace and the Port-au-Prince Cathedral.[45]
Hungary[edit]
- Numerous historical buildings in Budapest were damaged or destroyed in World War II, including the Hungarian Parliament Building, the Chain Bridge and the Sándor Palace. These three have now been rebuilt.
India[edit]
- A large number of Hindu and other (e.g., Jain) temples were destroyed during the Islamic invasions of India.[46][47] Prominent example includes the Somnath temple in Gujarat. In 1024, during the reign of Bhima I, the prominent Afghan ruler Mahmud of Ghazni raided Gujarat, plundered and destroyed the temple and broke its jyotirlinga.[48][49][50] In 1299, Alauddin Khalji's army under the leadership of Ulugh Khan defeated Karandev II of the Vaghela dynasty, and sacked the (rebuilt) Somnath temple.[51] By 1665, the rebuilt temple was once again ordered destroyed by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.[52] In 1702, he ordered that if Hindus had revived worship there, it should be demolished completely.[53]
- In 1323, when the Kakatiya dynasty refused to pay tribute to the Delhi Sultanate, Ulugh Khan under orders from his father and sultan Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq laid siege to the Warangal Fort and destroyed it.
- Around 1200 CE, one of the most prominent seats of learning in ancient India, Nalanda university, was sacked and destroyed by Turkish leader Bakhtiyar Khalji.
- In 1565 CE, after the Battle of Talikota, the capital city of Vijayanagara, with all its temples, palaces, mansions and monuments, was sacked and completely destroyed by an invading Muslim army raised by the five Bahamani Sultanates. What remains now are the ruins of Hampi.
- In 1664, Aurangzeb destroyed the Kashi Vishwanath Temple and built the Gyanvapi Mosque over its walls. The remnants of the temple wall can still be seen today, as was depicted in the 19th century sketch by James Prinsep. Christian missionary Edwin Greaves (1909), of the London Missionary Society, described the site as follows: "At the back of the mosque and in continuation of it are some broken remains of what was probably the old Bishwanath Temple. It must have been a right noble building ; there is nothing finer, in the way of architecture in the whole city, than this scrap. A few pillars inside the mosque appear to be very old also." [54]
- In 1696, the Madrasa Mahmud Gawan of Bidar was struck by lightning and a part of it was destroyed.
- In 1992 Babri Masjid was destroyed by Hindu nationalists.
- On 26 April 2016, the National Museum of Natural History, New Delhi and its valuable collection of animal fossils and stuffed animals was destroyed by fire.[55]
Iran[edit]
- 330 BC, Alexander the Great sent the main force of his army to Persepolis by the Royal Road and destroyed it.
Iraq[edit]
- The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, are believed to have been destroyed sometime after the 1st century AD. Their existence is not confirmed by archaeology, and there have been suggestions that the gardens were purely mythical.
- The Round City of Baghdad, the seat of the Abbasid caliph, was sacked by the Mongols led by Hulegu in 1258. Large section of the city as well as irrigation system and the House of Wisdom, a library and intellectual center, were destroyed. The city was attacked again by Tamerlane in 1401, leading to the almost complete destruction.
- Several historical gates of Baghdad dating back to the 12th century were destroyed by the occupying British and Ottoman forces throughout the early-20th century and the World War I.
- Since the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, various archaeological sites and museums have been looted, including the ancient cities of Adab, Hatra and Isin where U.S. military protection was absent. The most prominent among them being the National Museum of Iraq where as much as 170,000 items were looted, including the 5,000 year old statues. In addition, several sites such as Babylon saw the destruction of its archaeology-rich subsoil as a result of military planning.
- During the civil war ensued the 2003 invasion, several historical sites were destroyed by various groups. In 2006 and 2007, Al-Askari Mosque was bombed by Sunni militants twice in the course of two years. In 2006, the Minaret of Anah and the statue of Al-Mansur were bombed by Shia militant and destroyed. All the aforementioned buildings were later reconstructed.
- The Islamic State (IS) destroyed much of the cultural heritage in the areas it controlled in Iraq. At least 28 religious buildings were looted and destroyed, including Shiite mosques, tombs, shrines and churches.[56] In addition, numerous ancient and medieval sites and artifacts, including the ancient cities of Nimrud and Hatra, parts of the wall of Nineveh, the ruins of Bash Tapia Castle and Dair Mar Elia, and artifacts from the Mosul Museum were also destroyed.
Ireland[edit]
- During the Battle of Dublin at the beginning of the Irish Civil War in 1922, munitions were stored at the Four Courts building, which housed 1,000 years of Irish records in the Public Record Office. Under circumstances that are disputed, the munitions were exploded, destroying much of Ireland's historical record.
- The Irish Republican Army followed a policy of deliberate destruction of Irish country houses (1919–1923).
Israel[edit]
- Following the conquest of the Old City of Jerusalem by the Arab Legion in 1948, under the Jordanian annexation, Jewish sites were systematically damaged and destroyed. In particular, all but one of the thirty-five synagogues of the Jewish Quarter were destroyed.[57]
- Following Israel's victory during the 1967 Six-Day War a large part of Moroccan Quarter in Jerusalem's Old Town was demolished in order to make room for a plaza in front of the Western Wall.
Italy[edit]
- Various historic buildings were demolished in the 19th and 20th centuries to make way for railways, industrial areas or other modern buildings. Examples include the Castello di Villagonia and the Real Cittadella in Sicily.
- The monastery of Monte Cassino was destroyed during the Battle of Monte Cassino in World War II, but it was rebuilt after the war.
- Several historic buildings, books, paintings, and sculptures were destroyed during the Florence Flood of 1966. Also, Venice was affected during the flood of 1966.
- Several churches and other heritage sites were damaged or destroyed during earthquakes such as the 1997 Umbria and Marche earthquake, the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake and the August 2016 Central Italy earthquake.
Japan[edit]
- Shuri Castle, a palace of the Ryukyu Kingdom first built in the 14th century, was destroyed during the Battle of Okinawa in World War II. The Japanese forces had set up a defense perimeter which goes through the underground of the castle. U.S. military targeted this location by shelling with the battleship USS Mississippi (BB-41) for three days in May 1945. The castle burned down subsequently after. It was later reconstructed in the 1990s.
- Kinkaku-ji (Golden Pavilion) of Kyoto, Japan was burnt down by an arsonist in 1950, but was restored in 1955.[58]
- A large number of Important Cultural Property, libraries, museums and other archives were damaged or destroyed by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.
Kosovo[edit]
Numerous Albanian cultural sites in Kosovo were destroyed during the Kosovo conflict (1998–1999) which constituted a war crime violating the Hague and Geneva Conventions.[59] In all 225 out of 600 mosques in Kosovo were damaged, vandalised, or destroyed alongside other Islamic architecture and Islamic libraries and archives with records spanning 500 years.[60][61] Additionally 500 Albanian owned kulla dwellings (traditional stone tower houses) and three out of four well preserved Ottoman period urban centres located in Kosovo cities were badly damaged resulting in great loss of traditional architecture.[62][63] Kosovo's public libraries, in particular 65 out of 183 were completely destroyed with a loss of 900,588 volumes. [64][65][64] During the war, Islamic architectural heritage posed for Yugoslav Serb paramilitary and military forces as Albanian patrimony with destruction of non-Serbian architectural heritage being a methodical and planned component of ethnic cleansing in Kosovo.[63][66]
NATO bombing in March–June 1999 resulted in some accidental damages to churches and a mosque. Revenge attacks against Serbian religious sites commenced following the conflict and the return of hundreds of thousands of Kosovo Albanian refugees to their homes.[67] According to the International Center for Transitional Justice, many Serbian cultural objects, including 155 Serbian Orthodox churches and monasteries, were destroyed by Kosovo Albanians between June 1999 and March 2004.[68]
Libya[edit]
- During the civil war of 2011, various sites were vandalized, looted or destroyed.[69]
- In March 2015, during the second civil war, the Islamic State destroyed Sufi shrines near Tripoli.[70]
Madagascar[edit]
- In November 1995, a fire broke out in the Rova of Antananarivo, a royal palace complex that served as the home of monarchs in Madagascar since the 17th century. The fire destroyed or severely damaged all of its buildings.[71]
Malaysia[edit]
- Candi Number 11 also known as Candi Sungai Batu Estate, a 1,200 year old ruin of a tomb-temple located in the Bujang Valley historical complex in Kedah was demolished in 2013 by housing developers who claimed not to have known the historical significance of the stone edifice.[72]
Maldives[edit]
- The destruction of the Buddhist artifacts by Islamists took place in the aftermath of the coup in which Mohamed Nasheed was toppled as President.[73] Islamist politicians entered the government which succeeded Nasheed.[74][75] On 7 February 2012,[76] The National Museum was stormed by Islamists who destroyed the Buddhist artifacts.[77][78][79][80] Most of Maldive's Buddhist physical history was obliterated.[81][82] Hindu artifacts were also targeted for obliteration and the actions have been compared to the attacks on the Buddhas by the Taliban.[83][84][85][86][87][88]
Mali[edit]
- Parts of the World Heritage Site of Timbuktu were destroyed after the Battle of Gao in 2012, despite condemnation by UNESCO, the OIC, Mali, and France.
Malta[edit]
- A number of buildings of historical or architectural importance which had been included on the Antiquities List[89] were destroyed by aerial bombardment during World War II, including Auberge d'Auvergne, Auberge de France and the Slaves' Prison in Valletta,[90] the Clock Tower,[91] Auberge d'Allemagne[92] and Auberge d'Italie[93] in Birgu, and two out of three megalithic temples at Kordin.[94][95] Others such as Fort Manoel also suffered severe damage, but were rebuilt after the war.[96]
- Other buildings which were not included on the Antiquities List but which had significant cultural importance were also destroyed during the war. The most notable of these was the Royal Opera House in Valletta, which is considered as "one of the major architectural and cultural projects undertaken by the British" by the Superintendence of Cultural Heritage.[97]
- The Gourgion Tower in Xewkija, which was included on the Antiquities List, was demolished by American forces in 1943 to make way for an airfield. Many of its inscriptions and decorated stones were retrieved and they are now in storage at Heritage Malta.[98]
- Palazzo Fremaux, a building included on the Antiquities List and which was scheduled as a Grade 2 property, was gradually demolished between 1990 and 2003. The demolition was condemned by local residents, the local government and non-governmental organizations.[99][100]
- The Azure Window, which was a 28-metre-tall (92 ft) limestone natural arch on the island of Gozo in Malta. It was located in Dwejra Bay in the limits of San Lawrenz, close to the Inland Sea and the Fungus Rock. It was one of Malta's major tourist attractions. The arch, together with other natural features in the area of Dwejra, is featured in a number of international films and other media representations. The formation was anchored on the east end by the seaside cliff, arching over open water, to be anchored to a free standing pillar in the sea to the west of the cliff. It was created when two limestone sea caves collapsed. Following years of natural erosion causing parts of the arch to fall into the sea, the arch and free standing pillar collapsed completely during a storm in March 2017.
- Villa St Ignatius, a 19th-century villa with historical and architectural significance,[101] was partially demolished in late 2017. This was condemned by numerous non-governmental organizations and other entities.[102]
Myanmar[edit]
- Shwedagon Paya temple complex in Yangon, built c. 6th and 10th centuries AD, was severely damaged after Cyclone Nargis passing the region in 2008, which caused the worst natural disaster in the recorded history of Myanmar.[103]
Nepal[edit]
- The 7.8 Mw Nepal earthquake in 2015 demolished the heritage Dharahara situated in Kathmandu which was a main tourist attraction in Nepal. It also destroyed centuries old temples in the Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patan Durbar Squares.[104][105]
Norway[edit]
- From 1992 to 1995 members of the Norwegian black metal scene began a wave of arson attacks on medieval Christian churches.[106] By 1996, there had been at least 50 attacks.
Pakistan[edit]
- The Archaeological site of Harappa which dates back to 2600 BCE was heavily damaged during the British rule in 1857. Bricks from the ruins were brought out and used as track ballast during the construction of Lahore–Multan railway line.[107] Since the discovery, the site was constantly being damaged by the local farmers in the process of turning it into an agriculture land.[108]
- Shaheed Ganj Mosque in Lahore was demolished by the Sikhs in 1935. Sikhs had been occupying the public square near the mosque since the capture of Lahore by Bhangi Misl in the 18th century. The conflict concerning the mosque had heightened during the British colonial occupation era, as Muslims were not allowed to pray there. The demolishing of the mosque had led to the Muslims protesters holding marches toward the mosque, which was dispersed by the police opening fire on them.[109]
- Looters and the Taliban destroyed much of Pakistan's Buddhist artifacts left over from the Buddhist Gandhara civilization especially in Swat Valley.[110] Gandhara Buddhist relics were deliberately targeted by the Taliban for destruction,[111] and illegally looted by smugglers.[112] Kushan era Buddhist stupas and statues in Swat valley, including the Jehanabad Buddha's face, were demolished by the Taliban.[113][114][115][116] The government was criticized for doing nothing to safeguard the statue after the initial attempt at destroying the Buddha, which did not cause permanent harm, and when the second attack took place on the statue the feet, shoulders, and face were demolished.[117] A rehabilitation attempt on the Buddha was made by Luca Olivieri and a group from Italy.[118][119]
Philippines[edit]
- Manila Jai Alai Building, a historic jai alai venue demolished in 2000 which was opposed by heritage conservationists.[120][120][121] The demolition led to the passage of the National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009.[122]
- Several historic buildings were damaged or destroyed during the 2013 Bohol earthquake, including the Loboc Church, the Loon Church, the Maribojoc Church and the Baclayon Church.
- The Philippine Su Kuang Institute building was demolished in 2017 after the owners sold the building to a private developer within the same year. The 1940s was the last Art Deco wooden school structure in Binondo, Manila.[123]
- During the Battle of Manila, most of the city's unique architecture was destroyed. After the battle, in the business district, only two buildings dating to before the War remained intact, and these buildings' plumbing had been looted.[124] After the War, much of Manila was rebuilt in a modernist style, and thus the original architectural heritage of the city is largely lost.
Poland[edit]
- Warsaw Old Town including the Royal Castle, Warsaw, Warsaw New Town, Łazienki Park including the Łazienki Palace, Ujazdowski Castle destroyed by Nazi Germany in 1944. Rebuilt from the 1950s to 1980s.
Portugal[edit]
- Lisbon was almost totally destroyed during the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and subsequent fire and tsunami.
- A small section of the 19th. cent. quarter Chiado was destroyed by fire on August 25th 1988: The eighteen damaged buildings were rebuilt in the following 20 years.
Romania[edit]
- The 60-meter-high tower of Rotbav fortified church, dating back to the 13th century, collapsed on 20 February 2016.[125][126]
- Many historical buildings were demolished to construct the Centrul Civic in Bucharest.
- Many old towns of different cities were destroyed partially or completely because of the communist urban planning.
- The 1989 fire of the Central University Library over 500,000 books, along with 3,700 manuscripts, were burnt, including manuscripts of famous Romanian writings, such as many of Mircea Eliade's novel manuscripts.
Russia[edit]
- During February–March 1944, the Soviet conducted the expulsion of the Chechens and Ingush from the North Caucasus as a part of the Soviet forced settlement program of the non-Russian ethnic minorities. The operation was resulted in the deportation of 496,000 Chechens and Ingush populations, and the death of around quarter of them. It was also accompanied by the destruction of local cultural and societal heritages; names of these nations were erased from the books and records; placenames were replaced with Russian ones; mosques were demolished; villages were razed; and the historical Nakh language manuscripts were almost completely destroyed.
- Around 191,000 Crimean Tatars faced the deportation by the Soviets in May 1944. This was accompanied by virtual "ethnic cleansing" from the Crimea, with all the Tatar placenames being replaced with Russian ones, and the Muslim graveyards and religious objects were destroyed or converted into secular places.
- With the change in values imposed by communist ideology, the tradition of preservation was broken. Independent preservation societies, even those that defended only secular landmarks such as Moscow-based OIRU were disbanded by the end of the 1920s. A new anti-religious campaign, launched in 1929, coincided with collectivization of peasants; destruction of churches in the cities peaked around 1932. A number of churches were demolished, including the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow and St. Michael's Cathedral in Izhevsk. Both of these were rebuilt in the 1990s and 2000s.
- In 1959 Nikita Khrushchev launched his anti-religious campaign. By 1964 over 10 thousand churches out of 20 thousand were shut down (mostly in rural areas) and many were demolished. Of 58 monasteries and convents operating in 1959, only sixteen remained by 1964; of Moscow's fifty churches operating in 1959, thirty were closed and six demolished.
- In Moscow alone losses of 1917–2006 are estimated at over 640 notable buildings (including 150 to 200 listed buildings, out of a total inventory of 3,500) – some disappeared completely, others were replaced with concrete replicas.
- President Boris Yeltsin ordered the shelling of the White House, seat of the Russian government, during his 1993 consolidation of power, causing a large fire and considerable damage to the top floors.
- 'Mephistopheles', figure on a St Petersburg building on Lakhtinksaya Street known as the House with Mephistopheles, smashed by a fundamentalist Orthodox group in 2015.[128][129][130]
- The original buildings of Metrowagonmash plant, founded by Savva Mamontov in 1897 and built in Russian Gothic style, were demolished between 2016 and 2019 to make way for block houses.
Saudi Arabia[edit]
- Various mosques and other historic sites, especially those relating to early Islam, have been destroyed in Saudi Arabia. Apart from early Islamic sites, other buildings such as the Ajyad Fortress were also destroyed. This is done for economic reasons, to create room to accommodate hajj pilgrims (including luxury facilities for wealthy guests), as well as for ideological reasons related to the iconoclastic religious doctrine of the state Wahhabi sect.
Singapore[edit]
- The Singapore Stone was blown up in 1843 to make way for Fort Fullerton.
Slovenia[edit]
- Partisan forces or their successors destroyed approximately 100[131] castles and manors during and after the Second World War.[132] Examples include Ajman Manor, Belnek Castle, Boštanj Castle, Brdo Castle, Čušperk Castle, Dol Mansion, Dolena Castle, Gracar Castle, Haasberg Castle, Klevevž Castle, Kolovec Castle, Križ Castle, Krupa Castle, Mokronog Castle, Pogonik Castle, Radelstein Castle, Soteska Castle, Špitalič Manor, Turn Castle, and Volčji Potok Manor.
- An Allied raid heavily damaged Žužemberk Castle during the Second World War.
- Partisan forces or their successors destroyed many churches during and after the Second World War. Examples include the churches in Ajbelj, Gabrje, Hinje, Koče, Kočevska Reka, Morava, Plešivica, Srobotnik pri Velikih Laščah, Stari Log, Trava, Velika Račna, Zafara, and Žužemberk.
- A German raid during the Second World War destroyed the church in Dragatuš.
- Allied raids destroyed churches during the Second World War. Examples include the church in Dvor and Sts. Peter and Paul Church in Ptuj.
South Korea[edit]
- Hwangnyongsa, a massive Buddhist temple in Gyeongju which dates back to the 7th century, was burned down by the Mongolians during their invasion in 1238.
- Hundreds of Buddhist monasteries were shut down or destroyed during the Joseon period as a part of anti-Buddhism policy. In 1407, during the reign of Taejong, the regulations were imposed on the number of Buddhist temples which limited to 88.[133] Sejong the Great further reduced the number to 36.[134][133] Many Buddhist statues were also destroyed during the reign of Jungjong (1506–1544).
- Namdaemun was damaged by fire caused by arson in 2008. It reopened in 2013.
Spain[edit]
- Because of the Ecclesiastical confiscations of Mendizábal, secularization of church properties in 1835–1836, several hundreds of church buildings, monasteries, etc., or civil buildings owned by the Church were partly or totally demolished. Many of the art works, libraries and archives contained were lost or pillaged in the time the buildings were abandoned and without owners. Among them were important buildings as Santa Caterina convent (the first gothic building in Iberian Peninsula) and Sant Francesc convent (gothic too, one of the richest in the country), both in Barcelona, or San Pedro de Arlanza Roman monastery, near Burgos, now ruined.
- Several monuments demolished in Calatayud: the church of Convent of Dominicos of San Pedro Mártir (1856), Convent of Trinidad (1856), Church of Santiago (1863), Church of San Torcuato and Santa Lucía (1869) and Church of San Miguel (1871).[135]
- The leaning Torre Nueva in Zaragoza was demolished in 1892 amidst fears that it would topple.[135]
- Churches, monasteries, convents and libraries were destroyed during the Spanish Civil War.[136]
- A Virxe da Barca sanctuary, located in Muxia, was destroyed by lightning.[137]
Sri Lanka[edit]
- The Palace of King Parakramabahu I of Polonnaruwa was set into fire by the Kalinga Magha lead Indian invaders in the 11th century. The ruins and the effect of the fire is still visible.[138]
- The Library of Jaffna, which had over 97,000 manuscripts, was burned in 1981, in 1981 as a part of Sri Lankan war.
Sweden[edit]
- Tre Kronor, main residence of the Swedish Kings, destroyed by fire in 1697. Several important documents of the history of Sweden were lost in the fire.
- Klarakvarteren, a part of Stockholm from the 17th century. It was demolished in the 1960–70.
Switzerland[edit]
- The city of Basel was devastated by the 1356 Basel earthquake.
- Pfäfers Abbey was destroyed in 1665 by fire.
- The city of Sion with Majoria and Tourbillon castles was destroyed by fire in 1788.
- Disentis Abbey was destroyed by fire in 1799 with its library and archives.
Syria[edit]
- The Aleppo Codex, the authoritative Hebrew bible text, was partially destroyed during anti-Jewish riots in Syria in 1948.
- Much of Syria's cultural heritage was damaged, destroyed or looted during the Syrian Civil War. Destroyed buildings include the minaret of the Great Mosque of Aleppo and the Al-Madina Souq, while others such as Krak des Chevaliers were damaged.[139]
- Khusruwiyah Mosque (Husrev Mosque)[140]
- The Islamic State destroyed the Lion of Al-lāt, the temples of Bel and Baalshamin, the Arch of Triumph and other sites in Palmyra. The group also destroyed the Monastery of St. Elian, the Armenian Genocide Memorial Church, and several ancient sculptures in the city of Raqqa.
- During the Turkish military operation in Afrin at 2018, Turkish shelling had seriously damaged the ancient temple of Ain Dara at Afrin.[141][142]
Tunisia[edit]
- The city of Carthage was destroyed by Roman Forces in the third and final Punic War in 146 BC by arson, and fragments of buildings still remain.
Turkey[edit]
- The Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, was destroyed by arson in 356 BC. It was later rebuilt, but it was damaged in a raid by Goths in 268 AD. Its stones were subsequently used in other buildings, including Hagia Sophia and other buildings in Constantinople. A few fragments of the structure still survive in situ.
- The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, another Wonder of the Ancient World, was destroyed by a series of earthquakes between the 12th and 15th centuries. Most of the remaining marble blocks were burnt into lime, but some were used in the construction of Bodrum Castle by the Knights Hospitaller, where they can still be seen today. The only other surviving remains of the mausoleum are some foundations in situ, a few sculptures in the British Museum, and some marble blocks which were used to build a dockyard in Malta's Grand Harbour.
- During the events of the Armenian Genocide and its aftermath, the abandonment and confiscation of Armenian monasteries and cultural heritage in places such as Ani has contributed to their eventual destruction. In 1974, UNESCO stated that after 1923, out of 913 Armenian historical monuments left in Eastern Turkey, 464 have vanished completely, 252 are in ruins, and 197 are in need of repair.[143] In 2011, there were 34 Armenian churches functioning in Turkey, primarily in Istanbul.[144]
Turkmenistan[edit]
Ukraine[edit]
(a category about lost and destroyed heritage of Ukraine in the Ukrainian Wikipedia)
- Great Suburb Synagogue, Lviv
United Kingdom[edit]
- The Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 1530s led to many monasteries, relics and books being destroyed, such as Glastonbury Abbey.
- Great Fire of London (1666), when much of the old city was destroyed, including Old St Paul's Cathedral, 87 parish churches, 44 Company Halls, the Royal Exchange, the Custom House and the Bridewell Palace.
- Palace of Whitehall, main residence of the English and later British monarchs, destroyed by fire in 1698.
- St Mary's Church in Reculver, an exemplar of Anglo-Saxon architecture and sculpture, was partially demolished in 1809.
- The Palace of Westminster was almost completely destroyed by fire on 16 October 1834, and many documents about Britain's political history were lost. Only Westminster Hall and the Jewel Tower survived.
- The Crystal Palace in London was destroyed by fire on 30 November 1936.
- The Baltic Exchange at 24-28 St Mary Axe in the City of London, was destroyed by a bomb placed there by the Provisional IRA in 1992. The site is now occupied by The Gherkin and the Baltic Exchange Memorial Glass can be seen in the National Maritime Museum.
- St Michael's Church in Coventry was a 14th-century cathedral that was nearly destroyed during the Coventry Blitz of 14 November 1940 by the German Luftwaffe. Only the tower, spire, the outer wall and the bronze effigy and tomb of its first bishop, Huyshe Yeatman-Biggs, survived. The ruins of this cathedral remain hallowed ground and are listed at Grade I.[145]
- Charles Church in Plymouth was entirely burned out by incendiary bombs dropped by the Luftwaffe, on the nights of 21 and 22 March 1941. However, it has since been encircled by a roundabout and turned into "a memorial to those citizens of Plymouth who were killed in air-raids on the city in the 1939–45 war."
- Coleshill House, a historic mansion in Oxfordshire (historically Berkshire) was entirely destroyed in a fire in 1952, and many historic items within were lost. The ruins were demolished in 1958.
- Several historic structures such as the Euston Arch in London and the Royal Arch in Dundee were demolished in the 1960s to make way for redeveloped infrastructure.
- York Minster was severely damaged by fire in 1984, believed to have been caused by a lightning strike on the south transept.[146]
- A major fire in 1992 caused extensive damage to Windsor Castle, the largest inhabited castle in the world and one of the official residences of Queen Elizabeth II.
- Clandon Park House, a historic mansion in Surrey, was severely damaged by fire on 29 April 2015, leaving the house "essentially a shell" and destroying thousands of historic items, including one of the footballs kicked across no-man's land on the first day of the Battle of the Somme in 1916.[147]
- The Royal Clarence Hotel in Exeter, considered England's oldest hotel, was almost completely destroyed by fire on 28 October 2016.[148]
- The Mackintosh Building of Glasgow School of Art was extensively damaged by fire on 15 June 2018. Alan Dunlop, the school's professor of architecture, said: “I can’t see any restoration possible for the building itself. It looks totally destroyed.”[149]
United States[edit]
- Pennsylvania Station, in New York City, was a Beaux-Arts style "architectural jewel" of New York City. Controversially, the above-ground portions of the station were demolished in 1963, making way for the construction of the Madison Square Garden arena. The controversy energized a historic preservation movement in New York City and the United States.
- September 11 attacks, on September 11, 2001, Islamist terrorists affiliated with al-Qaeda destroyed both towers of the World Trade Center complex in New York City.
- Since the 1960 start of the National Historic Landmark (NHL) program and the 1966 start of the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), numerous landmarks designated in those programs have been destroyed. In some cases the destruction was mitigated by documentation of the artifact or reproduction.
- Losses by flood and wind damage include:
- The 1855-built NHL Old Blenheim Bridge, the longest surviving covered bridge, was destroyed by Hurricane Irene-related flooding in 2011.
- Numerous NRHP-listed coastal properties in Mississippi and Louisiana, destroyed by Hurricane Katrina
- Losses by fire, arson or otherwise, include:
- Russian-built NHL Fort Ross Chapel, pre-1841, destroyed 1970, subsequently reproduced
- On July 12, 1973, fire destroyed about 80% of the military personnel records held at the National Personnel Records Center in St. Louis, MO. [150]
- The Provo Tabernacle (NRHP) was destroyed in a fire December 17, 2010[151]. It was subsequently rebuilt as the Provo City Center Temple, dedicated in 2016[152].
- Losses by permitted processes include:
- NHL Soldier Field stadium, 1924-built, altered by 2002 renovation
- NHL Edwin H. Armstrong House, demolished 1983
- NHL Army Medical Museum and Library. 1887–1969, demolished
- NHL NASA wind tunnels Eight-Foot High Speed Tunnel (1936–2011) and Full Scale 30- by 60-Foot Tunnel (1936–2010).
- Ships broken up include:
- NHL Wapama (steam schooner) (1915–2013), scrapped, though documented by Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) throughout its dismantling
- NHL President (steamboat) (1924–2009), disassembled
- Losses by flood and wind damage include:
- Other losses of covered bridges, landmarked or not, include:
- Dooley Station Covered Bridge (1917–1960), arson; replaced by move of 1856-built Portland Mills Covered Bridge
- Bridgeton Covered Bridge (1868–2005), arson, since replaced by replica
- NRHP Jeffries Ford Covered Bridge (1915–2002), arson
- Welle Hess Covered Bridge No. S1 (1871–1981), collapsed, partially reproduced off-site
- Whites Bridge (1869–2013), arson
- Babb's Bridge (1864–1973), arson, replaced by replica
- Honey Run Covered Bridge (1886–2018), destroyed during the 2018 Camp Fire
- In 2014 a 4,500-year-old Coast Miwok Indian burial ground and village was found near Larkspur, California, and destroyed to make way for a multimillion-dollar housing development.[153]
- Grand Coulee Dam, constructed between 1933 and 1942 on the Columbia River disturbed burial grounds and destroyed ancient villages on 18,000 acres (7,300 ha) of the Colville Indian Reservation, home to a dozen tribes at the time.[154]
Uruguay[edit]
- In 1969, an original Flag of the Treinta y Tres from the Cisplatine War was stolen from the history museum. The national symbol was taken on July 16, 1969 by a revolutionary group called OPR-33. The historical flag was last seen in 1975 in Buenos Aires but has been considered missing since the day of its theft. This is still a matter of political debate.[155][156]
Yemen[edit]
- According to Nabil Monassar, the vice director of the General Organization for the Preservation of the Historic Cities of Yemen, Yemeni Civil War and Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen had led to the destruction of more than 80 historical sites and monuments, as well as hundreds of individual buildings, including:[157]
- Archaeological site of Ma'rib, including the Great Dam of Marib and Awwam Temple which badly damaged in 2015.[158]
- Old City of Sana'a[159] including the prominent Qubbat al-Mahdi mosque[158]
- Historic Town of Zabid
- Old City of Sa'dah
- Walled City of Shibam
- 12th-century Cairo Castle in Taiz was struck by Saudi-led airstrikes. According to the UN report, 30% of the castle had been damaged.
- Al-Muqah temple and the archaeological site of Sirwah
- Al-Naqrah temple and the archaeological site of Baraqish[158]
- Historic center of Al Jawf Governorate
- Dhamar Regional Museum[160]
See also[edit]
- Art destruction
- Book burning and list of book-burning incidents
- List of destroyed libraries
- List of World Heritage in Danger
- Lost work, lost artworks and list of lost films
- Slighting
- Virtual heritage
- World Monuments Fund
References[edit]
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That the Armenians could erase an Azerbaijani mosque inside their capital city was made easier by a linguistic sleight of hand: the Azerbaijanis of Armenia can be more easily written out of history because the name “Azeri” or “Azerbaijani” was not in common usage before the twentieth century. In the premodern era these people were generally referred to as “Tartars”, “Turks” or simply “Muslims”. Yet they were neither Persians nor Turks; they were Turkic-speaking Shiite subjects of Safavid dynasty of the Iranian Empire – in other words, the ancestors of people, whom we would now call “Azerbaijanis”. So when the Armenians refer to the “Persian mosque” in Yerevan, the name obscures the fact that most of the worshippers there, when it was built in the 1760s, would have been, in effect, Azerbaijanis.
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Further reading[edit]
- Askew, Rachel (2016). "Political iconoclasm: the destruction of Eccleshall Castle during the English Civil Wars". Post-Medieval Archaeology. 50 (2): 279–288. doi:10.1080/00794236.2016.1203547.
- Bajgora, Sabri (2014). Destruction of Islamic Heritage in the Kosovo War 1998–1999. Pristina: Interfaith Kosovo, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo. ISBN 9789951595025.
- Narain, Harsh (1993). The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute: Focus on Muslim Sources. Delhi: Penman Publishers. ISBN 9788185504162
- Rakoczy, Lila (2007). Archaeology of Destruction: A Reinterpretation of Castle Slightings in the English Civil War (PhD). University of York. OCLC 931130655.
- Shourie, Arun, S.R. Goel, Harsh Narain, J. Dubashi and Ram Swarup. Hindu Temples - What Happened to Them Vol. I, (A Preliminary Survey) (1990) ISBN 81-85990-49-2
External links[edit]
- Targeting History and Memory, SENSE - Transitional Justice Center (dedicated to the study, research, and documentation of the destruction and damage of historic heritage during the Balkan Wars of the 1990s. The website contains judicial documents from the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)).
- http://www.cracked.com/article_20149_6-mind-blowing-archeological-discoveries-destroyed-by-idiocy_p2.html