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A team of biologists has found an unexpected source for the brain’s development, a finding that offers new insights into the building of the nervous system.
The research, which appears in the journal Science discovered that glia, a collection of non-neuronal cells that had long been regarded as passive support cells, in fact are vital to nerve-cell development in the brain.
The results lead us to revise the often neuro-centric view of brain development to now appreciate the contributions for non-neuronal cells such as glia explains Vilaiwan Fernandes a postdoctoral fellow in New York University’s Department of Biology and the study’s lead author.
Indeed, our study found that fundamental questions in brain development with regard to the timing, identity, and coordination of nerve cell birth can only be understood when the glial contribution is accounted for.

The brain is made up of two broad cell types, nerve cells or neurons and glia, which are non-nerve cells that make up more than half the volume of the brain. Neurobiologists have tended to focus on the former because these are the cells that form networks that process information.
However, given the preponderance of glia in the brain’s cellular make-up, the NYU researchers hypothesized that they could play a fundamental part in brain development.
To explore this, they examined the visual system of the fruit fly. The species serves as a powerful model organism for this line of study because its visual system, like the one in humans, holds repeated mini-circuits that detect and process light over the entire visual field.
This dynamic is of particular interest to scientists because, as the brain develops, it must coordinate the increase of neurons in the retina with other neurons in distant regions of the brain.

In their study, the NYU researchers found that the coordination of nerve-cell development is achieved through a population of glia, which relay cues from the retina to the brain to make cells in the brain become nerve cells.
By acting as a signaling intermediary, glia exert precise control over not only when and where a neuron is born, but also the type of neuron it will develop into notes NYU Biology Professor Claude Desplan the paper’s senior author.

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YouTube for iOS is gaining a new feature that will allow iPhone users to stream video directly from their device screen, reports TechCrunch. This will allow YouTubers to stream iOS games and apps on their iPhones directly to YouTube without having to use the standalone YouTube gaming app. The screen-streaming feature has been available on Android for some time, but to implement it on iOS, YouTube needed to add support for the Apple ReplayKit API, which it has now done. In addition to a feature for live streaming what's on the iPhone's screen, YouTube is also gaining lower latency streaming for better creator/watcher chat interactions and improved chat moderation tools. YouTubers can quickly pause chat with a new keyboard shortcut and they can opt in to an automated chat moderation system that will cause YouTube to flag and hold potentially inappropriate messages until they can be reviewed. YouTube says its new features are rolling out to users around the world today. The YouTube app can be downloaded from the App Store for free. [Direct Link] Tag: YouTube Discuss this article in our forums

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Just because you don't believe in something doesn't mean it isn't real.Katherine Howe

#lego #toy_photographers #xxsjc #womenintoyphotography #Magic

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Paris moments _ September 5th 2017 _

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If Eternity Had A Season -- Bingham, Illinois
"If eternity had a season, it would be midsummer. Autumn, winter, spring are all change and passage, but at the height of summer the year stands poised. It's only a passing moment, but even as it passes the heart knows it cannot change."
-- Ursula K. Le Guin

A dandelion seed falls briefly across the face of a tiny Daisy Fleabane flower ( Erigeron strigosus ) in a small clearing by a creek deep in the deciduous hardwood forest of southern Illinois...

For #hqspflowers for +HQSP Flowers, and #hqspmacro for +HQSP Macro, and #Macro4All by +Bill Urwin, +Thomas Kirchen, +Walter Soestbergen (+Macro4All ), and #macromaniacs for +MacroManiacs and +Sandra Deichmann, and +FLOWER POWER / #FlowerPower curated by +Edith Kukla, and +5743487236255844338 curated by +angelic labru...

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The twin Voyager spacecraft took some of the very first up-close images of planets in our solar system, like Jupiter and Saturn. See these beautiful planets through the eyes of the spacecraft: https://nasa.tumblr.com/post/164934300734/planets-as-seen-by-voyager #Voyager40

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Game of Thrones Fans Missed This Important Clue in Jon Snow's Name For Years http://ellemag.co/2oh6nFO

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Astronaut Peggy Whitson Home After Record-Setting Flight

Wrapping up a record-setting flight, Peggy Whitson, America's most experienced astronaut with nearly two years of time in orbit across three missions, returned to Earth Saturday after a 288-day stay aboard the International Space Station, landing on the steppe of Kazakhstan with Soyuz MS-04 commander Fyodor Yurchikhin and flight engineer Jack Fischer.

Congratulations on setting a new record for women everywhere!

+Lynda at Sonoran Sun 623-777-9224

#womeninbusiness #women

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President Donald Trump’s Justice Department announced Tuesday it would wind down DACA, putting in place a phased termination plan that would give Congress a six-month window to pass legislation that could eventually save the Obama-era program that allowed undocumented immigrants who came to the United States as children to remain in the country.

Under the plan announced by Attorney General Jeff Sessions, the Trump administration will stop considering new applications for legal status dated after Tuesday, but will allow any DACA recipients with a permit set to expire before March 5, 2018, the opportunity to apply for a two-year renewal.

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Boom boom Linux

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ZTE Axon Multy with dual-screen design coming soon to AT&T - ZTE and AT&T are planning to launch an interesting smartphone that will feature a foldable dual-screen design, in the vein of the 6-years old Sprint-exclusive Kyocera Echo  (pictured in this article). According to Venture Beat, the upcoming handset is called ZTE Axon Multy, and should be exclusively sold by AT&T come mid-October. Reportedly, the ZTE Axon Multy is a horizontal clamshell with two 1920 x 1080 pixel screens that norma...

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#UFC rankings updated following @ufc Fight Night 115 – pound-for-pound rankings shift again
#MMA
http://bit.ly/2vJcWmN

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Your "mobile data always active" setting might be enabled if you recently updated to Android 8.0.

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Watch video for possible spoilers

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Mayweather's Son: 'No Chance' Floyd Rematches Conor McGregor, 'Officially Done' 
https://goo.gl/UnF2kZ

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When the moon finally eclipsed the sun’s dazzling rays, I stared at the black orb in the sky with utter disbelief.
I was one among the tens of thousands camped out amongst the Painted Hills in Oregon, experiencing the celestial event of a lifetime. I’d heard from previous eclipse chasers that people have drastically different reactions to a total solar eclipse: wonder, awe or even ecstasy. But disbelief may be among the most common emotion.
The reason? A black hole in the middle of our burning sun, with a 360° sunset darkening the skies at 10AM, is something utterly beyond most people’s normal expectation of our world.
Humans perceive the world not just through senses like sight, mixed into our perception is a heavy dose of prediction. The brain actively works to fill in information to make sense of what we’re seeing, what’s the color and shape? Is it a face? Is it supposed to be there?
Most of the time, our expectations accurately match up with our senses. When the system works normally, it allows us to distinguish between what we think we’ll see from what we’re actually seeing. It even lets us accept the abnormal as the new normal.

But sometimes the system fails. This week, a new study in Science answered a question first set forth by the philosopher Rene Descartes over 300 years ago: if we can’t be sure our perception reflects the world, how can we separate illusion from reality?
As it turns out, our brains keep a running tab on reality through an internal fact-checking system. The fact-checker constantly monitors our previous expectations and predictions about the world. If the brain is overly expectant, the system reins it in.
When the fact-checker fails, the study found, the result is hallucinations.
It’s a “very elegant” study, says Dr. Georg Northoff at the University of Ottawa who was not involved in the work.
The findings may point us towards faulty brain regions that produce hallucinations, and potentially new treatments for schizophrenia, bipolar and other serious psychiatric disorders.

Hearing Voices
To the late neuroscientist and prolific writer Dr. Oliver Sacks hallucinations are a quirk of human perception that isn’t necessarily distressing.
Although we mostly associate hearing voices and other sensory illusions with mental illness, the truth is up to 5 to 15 percent of the general population experiences some type of auditory hallucinations in their lifetimes. Roughly one percent may hear those ghostly whispers or melodies quite often, they just ignore it or accept it as part of their normal lives.
It’s this one percent that caught Yale psychiatrist Dr. Albert Power’s attention.
We wanted to understand what’s common and what’s protecting people who hallucinate but who don’t require psychological intervention he says.
Previous studies have found that hallucinations activate the part of the brain normally responsible for processing those stimuli, an imagined “ding” fires up the auditory cortex, for example. But how hallucinations come about remained a mystery.
According to Powers, it’s all about expectation. Hallucinations arise when the brain’s prediction or belief of what should happen overrides the senses.
In an experiment devised at Yale University back in the 1890s, a group of researchers repeatedly showed their volunteers an image accompanied by a ringing sound. Eventually, the participants reported hearing the sound every time the image appeared, even though the researchers had long stopped playing it.
You may have experienced something similar before, seeing shapes in clouds and Rorschach blots, or hearing a cell phone ding or buzz only to find it shut off.
People come to expect the sound so much that the brain hears it for them Powers says.

Auditory Inception
To test whether hallucinations come from an overly expectant brain, Powers and his colleagues dropped by an unusual location: their local organization of psychics. There, the team almost immediately realized the similarities between the psychics’ descriptions of their hallucinatory experiences, and those experienced by patients diagnosed with psychosis.
How loud the voices they heard, the frequency it occurred, the length and complexity were all remarkably similar, says Powers.
The team invited fifteen voice-hearing psychics to their lab. There, they applied a digitized version of the 1890 Yale experiment to them and three additional groups: patients with schizophrenia who hallucinate voices, people with psychosis but do not hear voices, and healthy controls.
The researchers trained everyone to associate an image of a checkerboard with a 1-kHz tone. Once a strong link formed, the team played with the intensity of the sound—sometimes turning it off completely—and asked the participants to press a button every time they thought they heard the tone.
If they felt confident, the researchers instructed, press the button down hard; otherwise just give it a light tap.
All the while, the team used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to capture the participants’ entire brains at work, taking a snapshot of activated networks as they made their choice.
If expectation is driving perception in hallucinations, then people who hear voices are more prone to “believing” in the link: that the visual must be accompanied by the tone.
That’s exactly what they found: the two voice-hearing groups were roughly five times more likely to report hearing a nonexistent tone than the controls. They were also 28 percent more confident in their assertion that there was a sound.
Their prior belief about the association was so strong that it drove the auditory hallucination, the researchers say.
When the team added additional trials without the tone, the psychics and controls eventually tweaked their prediction model: they no longer associated the checkerboard with the tone, and stopped reporting sounds that weren’t there.
In contrast, the groups with mental illness had trouble updating their priors. Despite increasing evidence that the tone was no longer present, both groups clung to their belief that the ghostly sound hung around.
People with a psychotic illness find their perceptions really difficult to abandon even when everybody around [them] agrees that what [they] are hearing is not actually happening says study author Dr. Philip Corlett. The results match closely with what we see in the clinics he adds.

An internal fact-checker
Both psychics and patients with schizophrenia showed abnormally low activity in several brain regions known to monitor our models of the world. The stronger reported hallucinations, for example, correlated with weaker activity in the cerebellum, a small crinkled apple-shaped brain region that sits near the base of the skull.
Normally involved in planning and coordinating movements, the cerebellum constantly makes predictions about the world and how our bodies interact with it.
A handful of recent studies suggest that the cerebellum may also play a role in memory and other higher cognitive functions. However, this study is one of the first to reveal a fact-checking role for the “little brain.”
Doing this kind of research, particularly with non-clinical voice hearers, is really key for showing how what we believe about the world, what we expect to hear can really shape our sensory experiences says Dr. Ben Alderson-Day at Durham University who was not involved in the study.
Alderson-Day recently showed that people who hear voices have brains that are more primed to look for meaningful patterns in ambiguous situations, further giving weight to the idea that our perception heavily relies on priors.

If the theory holds up over time, the researchers believe that it could trigger a field change to the way we treat, and think about, mental illness.
Rather than dousing the entire brain with psychoactive medication, for example, physicians may be able to stop hallucinations by tweaking the brain’s fact-checking system with targeted brain stimulation. Psychologists may even be able help the patients re-frame their phantom voices into something less distressing.
To Powers, the major impact of his study lies in its experimental way to manipulate what the mind perceives.
Future studies using similar protocols could answer why the placebo effect is so strong in some populations, or how environmental stimuli, lack of sleep or sensory deprivation, could mix fantasy with reality in otherwise healthy people.
The power of the mind over itself is amazing he says. We’re only just beginning to understand the biology behind that.

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rainbow morning

#hqspphotoart +HQSP Photo Art

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Too Weak

Even the Sith need more sleep

(Source: goo.gl/imEqnY)

#StarWars #Palpatine #RevengeOfTheSith

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Decades Ago, Paul Manafort Played a Leading Role in a Pioneering Operation to Secretly Funnel Foreign Money into U.S. Politics https://theintercept.com/2017/09/05/decades-ago-paul-manafort-played-a-leading-role-in-a-pioneering-operation-to-secretly-funnel-foreign-money-into-u-s-politics/ -via Flynx

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What’s the New Taylor Swift All About? Just Look at the Trademarks http://vntyfr.com/BWLsE8z

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The DACA decision has prompted sharp responses from a number of politicians with ties to the Bay Area. House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi called it a "despicable assault on innocent young people in communities across America." http://nbcbay.com/IzJQbZF
What do you think about the announcement?

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Long-rumored midsized black hole may be hiding out in the Milky Way | Science | AAAS

'Astronomers have found the best evidence yet for the existence of a midsized black hole—long-rumored objects bigger than the small black holes formed from a single star, yet far smaller than the the giant ones lurking at the centers of galaxies—and it’s hiding out in our own Milky Way. If the discovery is confirmed, it could indicate that our galaxy has grown by cannibalizing its smaller neighbors.

“It’s a very careful paper and they have gorgeous data. It’s the most promising evidence so far” for an intermediate mass black hole, says astronomer Kevin Schawinski of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich.

Black holes are hard to see because they don’t emit their own light. But they can be detected by their influence on nearby objects, for example if the black hole is in a binary pair with a star, or if it is consuming gas which gets heated as it approaches and shines brightly. Astronomers have long found evidence for small, star-sized black holes—up to about 10 times the sun’s mass—and supermassive ones, containing millions or billions of solar masses, in galactic cores.
...'

http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/09/long-rumored-midsized-black-hole-may-be-hiding-out-milky-way

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Harvey Flooded 13 of the U.S.'s Most-Toxic Waste Sites and the EPA Says 11 are Still Inaccessible

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09/05/2017 You Must Know. #WhiteHouseGov.
"I Believe That Real & Positive Immigration Reform Is Possible, as Long as We Focus on the Following Goals: To Improve Jobs & Wages for Americans; To Strengthen Our National Security; To Restore Respect for Our Laws".- President Donald J.Trump.

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Samsung Galaxy Note 8 Hands On Video

#Android #Samsung #GalaxyNote8

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Restaurant and casino owner Tilman Fertitta has agreed to buy the Houston Rockets from Leslie Alexander for a purported NBA record fee, according to multiple reports.

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Donald Trump Is the Only Person Not Paying Attention to Melania Trump’s Outfit Choices http://thecut.io/2vJiEF9

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Top 10 Most Handsome Actors in The world

The glamorous world of movies is filled with various actress, actor, producers, directors, etc. You can find many of the beautiful and hot actresses in the world. However, here we are going to talk about some of the most handsome actors in the world in 2017. These actors are extremely good looking and handsome.

Watch The Video To See All Handsome Actors In The World !!

Tom Hiddleston

Tom Hiddleston was born on 9th February 1981, in United Kingdom. He is a very nice actor from United Kingdom. He is very handsome and is always very enthusiastic. He has worked in many hit movies like The Deep Blue Sea (2011), The Avengers (2012), etc.

He has been nominated in many of the awards like Crime Thriller Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2010, Scream Award for Breakout Performance in2011, etc. He has won awards like MTV Movie Award in 2013, Evening Standard Theatre Best Actor in 2014.

Salman Khan

Salman Khan was born on 27th December 1965, in India. He is a very famous and richest Indian actor who has large fan following in Asia and around some parts of the world. He is an extremely good looking actor, he may be in age, and however he looks much younger than his age. He has very well-built body which makes him very handsome.

He has worked in many of the Indian movies which have done well on the box office. He has also been successful in winning many of the awards related to films.

Robert Pattinson

Robert Pattinson was born on 13th May 1986, in United Kingdom. Robert Pattinson is both a model and an actor. He is the most handsome and one of the top successful actors in the world. He has a very charming look, mesmerizing eyes and a very good style. He has acted in various hit films like Ring of the Nibelungs, Twilight, Queen of the Desert,etc.

Watch The Video To See All Handsome Actors In The World !!


Hrithik Roshan

Hrithik Roshan was born on 10th January 1974, in India. He is a very successful actor from India who gave many of the blockbuster Indian movies. He is really very tall and handsome guy who have attracted many of the girls right from his entry. He attractive eyes and well-built body makes his personality very dashing. His debut film was a super hit and had gave him fame to a great extent.

He has been awarded on many occasions like Filmfare Award for Best Actor for movie Kaho Naa Pyar Hai, Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor for Koi Mil Gaya,etc. He is admired in India and all over the world.

Watch The Video To See All Handsome Actors In The World !!


Zayn Malik

Paradoxically seen as both the quiet one and the bad boy, Zayn Malik began to gain attention as part of One Direction before going off on his own direction, as it were. With impeccable style, artful tattoos and a voice that can certainly be seductive to most who enjoyed a good tenor, it’s easy to see why Zayn would make many swoon.

To sweeten the pot, it appears that after his most recent album, Mind of Mine, he is seeking to go back to school for a Literature degree, all while being an ambassador for the British Asian Trust, which helps improve the lives of those in poverty in primarily Southeast Asia.


#HandsomeActorInTheWorld #HandsomeActors #BollywoodActors #HollywoodActors #SalmanKhan #HrithikRoshan #MaheshBabu #ZaynMalik #RobertPattinson #TomHiddleston #JohnnyDepp #Bollywood #BollywoodUpdate #BollywoodUpdates #BollywoodNews #BollywoodLatestUpdates #EntertainmentNews

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The money will go to schools, sports facilities, infrastructure, jobs programs and public safety initiatives.

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It's #MCM featuring veteran Allison and Pat Patriot! We can't wait to celebrate our 5th Super Bowl win with you this Thursday night!
🏆🏆🏆🏆🏆🎉 #CountdownToKickoff

Read more on: bit.ly/2wCgx3d

#Sports #NFL #Cheerleaders

(Credit: New England Patriots Cheerleaders)

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Google's new Street View cameras help AI map the real world http://engt.co/2wEF4o8
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