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G Amp V Booster B2
G Amp V Booster B2
Grammar & Vocabulary Booster B2 is intended for learners at CEFR level B2. It consists of 14
units and it aims to help learners understand and use English grammar and vocabulary at B2
level through structurally graded material, realistic texts and full-colour pictures.
Key features
• Condensed presentation of grammar structures followed by a variety of exercises and a
revision section at the end of each unit
• B2 vocabulary presentation and practice by topic as well as practice on phrasal verbs,
prepositions and words often confused
• English in Use sections consisting of key word transformations, word formation, open cloze
texts and multiple choice cloze texts and sentences
• Regular review sections that revise the grammar and vocabulary of the preceding units
• Appendices on prepositions and prepositional phrases in alphabetical order
Components
Student’s Book
Teacher’s Book (overprinted)
Tests & Quizzes (downloadable)
Jenny Dooley
Stative verbs
Stative verbs express a permanent state rather than an action and are not used in the feel and hurt can be used in
continuous forms. These are: verbs of the senses used to express involuntary actions either continuous or simple
(feel, hear, see, smell, taste, etc), verbs of feelings and emotions (adore, detest, dislike, forms.
enjoy, forgive, hate, like, etc), verbs of opinion (agree, believe, suppose, understand, etc) and She feels/is feeling better.
other verbs (belong, concern, depend, know, mean, own, possess, need, prefer, want, etc). Look, watch and listen
I see someone coming. She hates pop music. I don’t agree with you. He knows a lot about express deliberate actions
computers. and can be used in
Some stative verbs (be, love, see, smell, taste, think, etc) have continuous forms, but continuous forms.
there is a difference in meaning. He is listening to some records.
State Action
• I see them coming towards us. (= I have the ability) • She’s seeing her doctor today. (= she’s visiting)
• These flowers smell nice. (= they have a nice • Why are you smelling the food? Has it gone off?
smell) (= why are you checking the smell of )
• This soup tastes delicious. (= its flavour is good) • She’s tasting the soup. (= she’s testing the flavour)
• It feels like velvet. (= it has the texture of ) • He’s feeling the cloth. (= he’s touching the cloth)
• He has a house. (= he possesses) • We’re having a nice time. (= we’re enjoying ourselves)
• Do you like his new car? (= Is it nice?) • How are they liking the party? (= are they enjoying)
• I think he has left. (= I suppose, I believe) • I’m thinking about his suggestion. (= I’m considering)
• Ann is polite. (= her character is) • Tom is being very impolite. (= he is behaving impolitely)
• It looks as if it’s going to snow. (= it appears) • They are looking at the statue. (= they’re viewing it)
1 Put the verbs in brackets into the Present simple or 2 Choose the correct option.
the Present continuous.
1 We have been walking/have walked
1 A: I _____________ (see) there’s a great film on at the cinema since 3:00.
tonight. Would you like to go? 2 How long has she spoken/has she
B: No, I _____________ (see) the dentist about my toothache. been speaking to that customer?
2 A: _____________ (you/think) about going on a picnic this 3 Paul has bought/has been buying
afternoon? three shirts.
B: Not really. I _____________ (think) I need to study. 4 They haven’t explored/haven’t been
3 A: Is John OK? He _____________ (look) very red in the face. exploring the market all day.
B: Yes, I know. I _____________ (look) for the doctor’s telephone 5 Have you been knowing/Have you
number now. known Alex since you started school?
4 A: How _____________ (you/like) your stay in Budapest?
B: I am really _____________ (enjoy) myself. I particularly 3 Fill in has/have been to/in, has/have
_____________ (like) the Hungarian food. gone to.
5 A: Why _____________ (you/taste) the stew? 1 Bertha’s not here. She ___________
B: I think you _____________ (need) to add some spices; the library.
it _____________ (taste) a bit bland. 2 I ___________ Madrid, but I only
6 A: Why _____________ (you/feel) the radiator, Dad? spent a few days there.
B: I _____________ (not/think) it’s working; it _____________ 3 “How long _____ you ___________
(feel) very cold in here. Birmingham?”“For nearly two years.”
7 A: Tom _____________ (be) usually a very quiet boy. 4 Tom is alone because his parents
B: Yes, but he _____________ (be) very noisy today. ____________ the seaside.
8 A: _____________________ (you/have) a car? 5 Julia __________ the supermarket –
B: Yes, but I _____________ (have) some problems with it, so it’s at she’ll be back in about an hour.
the garage.
9 A: Why _____________ (you/smell) the roses?
B: They always _________ (smell) so wonderful at this time of year.
5
4 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present 6 Choose the correct option.
tenses. 1 James ___ to my email yet. Maybe he’s on holiday.
A doesn’t reply B isn’t replying
Hi John, C hasn’t replied
First of all, sorry I 1) _______________ (not/write) for so 2 Mike always ___ up early on weekdays.
long, but I was on holiday. 2) ______________ (you/get) A gets B is getting C has got
your exam results yet? I’m sure you 3) _______________
3 Your French ___ all the time, Sally.
(pass) them all since you always 4) _______________
A improves B is improving
(study) so hard. I 5) _______________ (wait) for mine at
C has improved
the moment, and I 6) _______________ (try) not to
worry! Well, I 7) _______________ (write) from my new 4 I ___ a cake; that’s why the kitchen is such a mess.
flat. Yes, I 8) _______________ (move) house! Now, we A make B making
9) ______________ (paint) and 10) _______________ C have been making
(clean) the place to make it look nice. When it’s finished, I 5 The plane ___ at 9:30 tomorrow morning.
want to have a party and, because I 11) _______________ A arrives B is arriving C has arrived
(not/see) you for weeks, I 12) _______________ (want)
you to come. Write soon and let me know if I’ll see you 6 Alice ___ for a job at the moment.
there. A looks B is looking C has looked
Talk soon, 7 This soup ___ delicious. What did you put in it?
Mary A smells B is smelling C has smelt
8 Their baby ___ to walk.
A just starts B has just started
C has just been starting
5 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present 9 We ___ a party next Saturday. Would you like to
tenses. come?
1 Alan ______________ (fly) to Barcelona tonight. He A have B are having C have had
________________ (already/pack) his suitcase, 10 I ___ for an hour and the bus still hasn’t come.
but he ________________ (not/call) a taxi yet. His A am waiting B have waited
plane ________________ (leave) at 8 pm. C have been waiting
2 Ann and Sally ________________ (be) flatmates. 11 I ___ this film three times already.
They sometimes ________________ (argue) A see B am seeing C have seen
because Sally ________________ (always/make) a
mess in the kitchen. 12 Melanie ___ at her father’s shop every day this week.
3 “Look over there! It’s John Cooper.” A works B is working C has worked
“Oh yes! But he ________________ (look) so 13 I can’t get in the house. I ___ my keys.
different! He ________________ (put on) at least A lose B am losing C have lost
15 kilos, and I ________________ (think) he
14 There ___ Luke on his new bicycle!
________________ (wear) a police uniform.”
A goes B is going C has gone
4 Ever since the accident, Susan ________________
(be) afraid to drive. Next week, she 15 I ___ the book you lent me. I’m really enjoying it.
________________ (see) a psychologist who A read B have read
________________ (specialise) in that sort of C have been reading
problem. 16 ___ you ever been to Lyon?
5 “What a great match! Johnson ________________ A Do B Are C Have
(pass) the ball to Green, who ________________
(shoot) and ________________ (score)!”
6 “What on earth ___________________________
(you/do)? Your clothes are all dirty!” “Well, I
____ ____________ (work) in the garden all day.
Look! I ________________ (already/plant) a lot of
flowers. I ________________ (plan) to cut the grass
now.”
6
Time expressions
yesterday, last week, etc, (how long) ago, then, just Past perfect continuous
now, when, in 2021, etc
• action continuing over a period up to a specific time
in the past
Past perfect She had been saving for a whole year before she
bought her ticket to Australia.
• past action which happened before another action
or before a stated past time • past action of certain duration which had visible
By his second day at camp he had made several friends. results in the past
He had been shouting so loudly that he had a sore
• complete past action which had visible results in the throat.
past
She felt much safer after she had locked all the doors.
Time expressions
for, since, before, etc
Time expressions
for, since, already, after, just, never, yet, before, by,
by the time, etc
7 Choose the correct option. 8 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past
forms.
Last year, Tom and Fiona 1) decided/were deciding to
buy a house. They 2) had saved up/had been saving up Last summer, we 1) _________ (arrange) to go camping.
for ages, and by the end of May, they 3) put by/had put We 2) _________________ (look) forward to it for weeks
by enough for the deposit on a house. They 4) lived/were when finally the date of departure 3) __________ (arrive).
living in a tiny flat at the time. They 5) had searched/ We 4) _______________ (load) the car with our luggage
had been searching for only a few days when they and 5) _______________ (set off) early in the morning.
found exactly what they 6) were looking/had looked for The sun 6) _______________ (shine) brightly. There
– a two-bedroomed house with nearly an acre of garden. 7) ___________ (not/be) a cloud in the sky! While we
Unfortunately, the owner 7) was asking/had been 8) ________________ (travel) along the motorway, we
asking much more than they could afford, and when they 9) __________ (notice) that the car 10) _____________
8) looked/had looked more closely at the interior, they (make) a strange noise. Pete 11) ____________ (stop)
9) saw/had seen that whoever 10) was living/had been the car, 12) __________ (get out) and 13) ____________
living there before 11) made/had made an absolute (go) round to the back of it. To his surprise, the boot was
mess of the walls and floors. Still, Fiona 12) liked/was wide open – whoever 14) _____________ (load) the
liking the location of the house and convinced Tom that, luggage 15) ______________ (not/close) it properly, and
despite the price, it was the perfect house for them. everything 16) ________________ (fall out)!
9 Put the verbs in brackets into the Present perfect or the Past simple.
1 A: Is Paul there, please? 6 A: 1) _________________ (you/ever/taste) sushi?
B: Sorry, he 1) _________________ (leave) about B: Yes, I 2) _________________ (eat) sushi at least
10 minutes ago. I think he five times. I 3) __________________ (try) it for
2) _________________ (go) to the library. the first time on my dad’s 50th birthday. He
2 A: I 1) ______________________ (live) in Lisbon 4) _________________ (invite) the whole family
for two years now. to a Japanese restaurant.
B: Really? What a coincidence! I 2) _______________ 7 A: Hi, Carol! How are you?
(live) there for a year before moving to America. B: Great, thanks. We 1) _________________ (just/
3 A: I 1) ________________ (bump) into Peter at the come) back from Spain. We 2) _____________
supermarket last week. (stay) in Barcelona for two weeks.
B: Oh, really! I 2) _________________ (not/see) A: Oh, I 3) ________________ (never/be) to Spain,
him since last summer. How is he? but I’d love to go. 4) _________________ (you/
4 A: 1) _________________ (you/write) to Becky? have) a good time?
B: Yes, I have. I 2) ________________ (write) a long B: Yes, we did. The weather 5) _________________
letter yesterday, but I 3) _________________ (be) fantastic and we 6) _________________
(not/post) it yet. (spend) every day on the beach.
5 A: The chairman 1) _______________ (decide) to A: Lucky you!
retire.
B: Yes, actually he 2) _________________ (inform)
the managing director of his decision this morning.
10 Complete the sentences using the words in bold. 11 Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate
Use two to five words. past tenses.
1 Sally went to ballet classes three times a week. 1 Last Friday, I _______________ (walk) to work
GO Sally ___________________________ when I _______________ (see) an old friend
ballet classes three times a week. I _________________ (not/see) for a long time.
2 It was my intention to phone you last night, but I I ________________ (throw) my arms around him.
forgot. He _______________ (stare) at me with an open
GOING I ______________________________ mouth. To my horror, I _______________ (realise) I
___________ you last night, but I forgot. ______________ (mistake) a stranger for my friend!
3 Lying on the beach all day is an unusual experience 2 By the time Paul and Thomas got back to their car, it
for me. _______________ (get) dark and a cold wind
USED I ______________________________ _______________ (blow) in their faces. They
_______________ on the beach all day. ______________ (walk) for more than three hours
4 When I was young, I used to visit my grandmother and they felt exhausted. It had all begun when they
every day after school. _______________ (go) hiking in the forest.
WOULD When I was young, _________________ Everything _______________ (go) well until it
_______________________ every day _______________ (start) to rain heavily.
after school. Unfortunately, they had lost their map as they
_______________ (cross) a river, but after a couple
5 Tom didn’t like the idea of living in a village, but soon
of hours they finally _______________ (find) their
he changed his mind.
way back. They _______________ (be) glad to get
GOT Tom ____________________________
in the car and drive home.
______________________ in a village.
Time words
• ago: back in time from now (used with Past simple) • yet is used with perfect tenses in negative sentences
Ann left an hour ago. after a contracted auxiliary verb or at the end of the
• before: back in time from then sentence.
Tony told me that Ann had left an hour before. He hasn’t yet called. He hasn’t called yet.
before is also used with present or past forms to It can also be used at the end of questions.
show that an action preceded another. Have they arrived yet?
He’ll arrive before you leave. He had cooked dinner • already is used with perfect tenses in mid or end
before she came home. position in statements or questions.
• still is used in statements and questions after the He had already fixed the tap when the plumber arrived.
auxiliary verb or before the main verb. Have you got dressed already?
She can still dance well. • just + present/past perfect
still comes before the auxiliary verb in negations. She has just finished studying.
She still hasn’t replied to my letter. just now + past simple
She finished studying just now.
Future simple
Note: by or not ... until/till are used with the Future
• decisions taken at the moment of speaking perfect. Until/till are normally used with the Future
(on-the-spot decisions) perfect only in negative sentences.
I’m hungry. I’ll cook something to eat. He will have completed his studies by the end of the
• hopes, fears, threats, offers, promises, warnings, year. (NOT: till/until) He won’t have arrived until tonight.
predictions, requests, comments, etc with: expect,
hope, believe, I’m sure, I’m afraid, probably. Time expressions
I promise I’ll be on time. before, by, by then, by the time, until/till
• predictions based on what we think
He’ll probably pass his driving test.
Future perfect continuous
• actions which will inevitably happen
Summer will be here soon. duration of an action that started in the past and will
continue up to a certain time in the future
be going to By May, he will have been teaching for 35 years.
• planned actions or intentions
Time expressions
Now that she’s passed her exams, she’s going to train
by ... for
to be a solicitor.
• evidence that something will definitely happen in
the near future
Present simple (future meaning)
Those dark clouds mean it’s going to rain soon.
timetables/programmes
Time expressions The play begins at 7 o’clock this evening.
tomorrow, tonight, next week/month, in two/three,
etc days, the day after tomorrow, soon, in a week/ Present continuous (future meaning)
month, etc fixed arrangement in the near future
She’s meeting her aunt this weekend.
Future continuous
• We can also use these expressions to refer to the
• actions in progress at a stated future time future: be on the verge of …, be about to …, be on the
This time next year, she’ll be running her own business. point of …, be due to … .
• actions which are the result of a routine (instead of • We never use future forms after: as long as, as soon
the Present continuous) as, after, before, by the time, if (conditional), unless, in
I’ll be playing tennis on Sunday. (I play tennis every case, until/till, when (time conjunction), whenever,
Sunday – it’s part of my routine.) while, once, suppose/supposing, on condition that, etc.
• when we ask politely about people’s arrangements Let’s buy some extra food in case they call round.
to see if they can do sth for us or because we want to (NOT: in case they will call round)
offer to do sth for them • when used as a question word and if meaning
Will you be going shopping at the supermarket today? “whether” (especially after I don’t know, I doubt, I
Can you buy me some milk? wonder, etc) can be used with future forms.
When will he bring the books back? We don’t know if
Future perfect he will be appointed to the post or not. (= whether)
10
13 Choose the correct option. 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the Future continuous,
1 This time next week, we ____ to New York. Future perfect or the Future perfect continuous.
A will fly B will be flying 1 The guests are coming at 8 pm. I ________________
C will have been flying ________________ (finish) cooking by then.
2 By the time we get there, the shop ____ . 2 Don’t call after 11 o’clock because she
A will close B is closing __________________ (sleep) then.
C will have closed 3 By Christmas, I ____________________________
(live) in London for three years.
3 There’s someone at the door. I ____ see who it is. 4 He ____________________________ (not/paint)
A will go B going C will be going all the doors till Tuesday.
4 I doubt if Paul ____ by midnight. 5 I __________________________ (play) basketball
A returns B will return C is returning with my friends on Sunday, as usual.
6 By five o’clock, they ________________________
5 The train ____ at three o’clock tomorrow afternoon.
(lie) on the beach for four hours.
A leaves B will leave C will have left
7 “_________________________ (you/use) the car
6 We ____ a film later – want to join us? tonight?”“No, you can take it.”
A will watch B will have watched 8 Do you think she ___________________________
C are going to watch (see) the doctor by four o’clock?
7 Take an umbrella with you in case it ____ . 9 By next April, he ___________________________
A rains B will rain (teach) for twelve years.
C will be raining 10 _________________________ (you/wait) for her
when her plane arrives?
8 Ask Helen if you can use her laptop. I’m sure she ____ .
A won’t mind
C won’t have minded
B doesn’t mind
15 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct future
tense.
9 By September, I ____ English for five years.
6:30 AM 100%
A will be studying B will have studied A
C will have been studying
Hi, Bill. It’s 6 am and I’ve just got to the office. I
10 “Will you ____ to the concert tonight?” 1) ___________ (call) our partner in Hong Kong at
“Yes – do you want a lift?” 7 am. Then I 2) ___________ (meet) three new
A be going B gone clients. Today I 3) ___________ (finish) work at 3
C have been going and after that I 4) _____________ (play) golf with
11 We’ve just bought Emily this watch. Do you think she the boss, as usual on a Wednesday afternoon. But
____ it? first, I’m about to have a video conference with our
A will wear B is wearing Dubai office. I doubt if I 5) ___________ (have)
C will have worn time to send you those files you need today.
12 He’s playing really badly. There’s no way ____ this
match. Amy
A he’s winning B he’ll be winning B
C he’s going to win Hi Amy. I still can’t believe it! This time tomorrow,
I 1) ______________________ (shop) in Vienna!
13 Wendy and I ____ married in the summer. We’ve I 2) ______________________________________
already agreed on the date. (stay) with Hilda and her family for three days, and by
A are getting B will be getting Tuesday I 3) ________________ (visit) every museum
C will have been getting in the city. Then we 4) _________________ (probably/
14 The company is ____ closing down. spend) a week skiing in Innsbruck, and if we have time, we
A is due to B is about to 5) _________ (go) to Salzburg as well. I’m sure we
C on the verge of 6) __________ (have) a wonderful time. By the end of my
trip, I 7) ______________________ (travel) around
Austria for nine days. Well, I must go now. My plane
8) ________ (leave) in a few hours. I 9) ___________
(call) you as soon as I 10) ________ (get) back. Bye!
11
16 Choose the correct option. 17 Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate
1 This time next week, we ___ in Italy. future tense.
A are skiing C will have skied A
B will have been skiing D will be skiing
Kenwhite’s one-day sale 1) _____________ (start) this
2 Robert ___ to Manchester next month. Monday. The store 2) _____________ (open) at 8 am and
A will have been moving C moves early morning shoppers 3) _________________ (be able
B is moving D will have moved to) enjoy shopping in peace and quiet before the crowds
3 Sandra fears she ___ everything by the time her 4) _________ (arrive). We 5) _________________ (offer)
guests arrive. substantial discounts on ladieswear and you
A won’t have prepared C won’t prepare 6) _________________ (come across) some real bargains
B won’t be preparing D isn’t preparing in our menswear range. By the end of the day, we are
sure that all of our customers 7) ______________________
4 Peter ___ football practice on Mondays at 7 pm. (find) what they are looking for.
A is having C will have
B will be having D has
B
5 My little brother ___ six next month. Anne Mayton’s latest book The S-Plan
A is being C will be Diet 1) ____________ (be) available in
B is D will have been bookshops soon. The new S-plan diet
6 It’s hot in here. I ___ the window. 2) ____________ (help) you lose
A open C ‘ll be opening weight safely and quickly. You
B ‘ll open D ‘ll have opened 3) ____________ (not/need) to miss
7 ___ this book by the end of the week? meals and you 4) ____________ (not/
A Are you going to read have to) spend hours measuring out
B Will you have been reading portions of food. By the end of the diet,
C Will you have read the author guarantees you
D Are you reading 5) ____________ (lose) at least 7 kilos.
8 We ___ at a French restaurant tonight. We’ve already
booked the table.
A will have eaten C are eating 18 Complete the second sentence so that it means
the same as the first. Use two to five words,
B will have been eating D eat
including the word in bold.
9 By April, Mr Johnson ___ in this company for twenty
1 Jenny has arranged to meet Mark in front of the
years.
cinema.
A is working C will be working
GOING Jenny and Mark __________________
B works D will have been working
_____________ in front of the cinema.
10 The band ___ at the same time next Saturday. 2 The teacher will not tolerate any disobedience in class.
A will be performing PUT The teacher _____________________
B will have been performing __________ any disobedience in class.
C will have performed 3 The play starts at 7:00, but we won’t get to the theatre
D performs before 7:15.
11 I’m not sure if the festival ___ ahead as it might rain. HAVE The play ________________________
A goes C will have been going by the time we get to the theatre.
B will go D will have gone 4 Next month, Chris will be celebrating ten years in the
12 ___ your cousin this weekend? field of psychology.
A Don’t you visit C Aren’t you visiting WORKING Next month, Chris _________________
B Won’t you be visiting D Won’t you have visited _______ as a psychologist for ten years.
5 Sarah turned down Alex and Jessica’s invitation to
their wedding.
NOT Sarah __________________________
_________ Alex and Jessica’s wedding.
12
13
PERSONALITY
4 Choose words from the list to fill in the gaps.
• impatient • optimistic • dishonest • modest
Laura & Dennis Marie & Tom, Bella & Baby Joe • talkative • hard-working • disorganised
• gentle • rude • mean • organised • patient
• quiet • arrogant • pessimistic • generous
• polite • honest • aggressive • lazy
Mike, Samantha & Paula Abby 1 ______________ people always see the bright side
of things.
2 ______________ people think they are more
My dad, Mike, is tall and well-built and he’s got thick, important or more talented than others.
wavy hair. He’s cheerful and 1) ___________. Paula is 3 ______________ people always tell the truth.
of medium height and she’s got 2) ___________ hair. 4 ______________ people like to chat a lot.
She’s quiet and 3) ___________ . I’ve got a half- 5 ______________ people don’t like sharing money
4) ___________, too. Her name is Abby and she’s 23 with others.
years old. She’s 5) ___________ with blue eyes, red 6 ______________ people have very good manners.
hair and freckles. She’s shy and introverted. 7 ______________ people don’t mind waiting for
My mum, Paula, has got a 6) ___________. His name things.
is Tom and he’s my 7) ___________. He’s in his thirties 8 ______________ people can’t keep things in order.
and he’s got a shaved head. He’s polite and very kind. 9 ______________ people don’t like to work.
His wife is Marie and she’s my 8) ___________. She’s 10 ______________ people don’t like talking about
slim with long hair. She’s friendly and extroverted. Tom their achievements.
and Marie have got two children. They are my
9) ___________. Bella is five years old and Joe is a 5 Put the adjectives in the right column.
baby. He’s very cute! Our grandparents are Laura and
Dennis. Laura is our 10) ___________ and Dennis is • easy-going • bad-tempered • enthusiastic
our 11) ___________. Laura has got 12) ___________ • caring • spoilt • friendly • loving • energetic
hair and Dennis has got a 13) ___________. • popular • selfish • helpful • calm • indifferent
• creative • outgoing • ambitious • responsible
• cheerful • chatty • immature • reserved
APPEARANCE • bossy
2 Write the words under the correct headings in
Positive Negative
your notebook. Use them to describe yourself
and your classmates.
• short • glasses • fair • mid-thirties • well-built
• ugly • green • dark • expressive • plump • slim
• late/early teens • freckles • curly • tall • bald
• of medium height • blue • wrinkles
• good-looking • middle-aged • teenager
• shoulder-length • handsome • elegant • skinny
• beard • straight • moustache • of medium build
Use the adjectives to describe your friends’
personalities.
Age Height Build Hair Eyes Special features General
14
15
16
MULTIPLE CHOICE
4 Read the sentences, then the options. Decide if the sentences focus on grammar or lexis. Choose the option
that best completes each gap.
1 He ___ no effort to help us. 6 Martyn is quite a ___ person.
A did B had C made A decisive B decision C decided
2 They ___ up after ten years of marriage. 7 How long is it since she ___ to the library?
A made B were C broke A go B went C gone
3 Ann could hardly make ___ meet, so she searched for a 8 He came to our school a month ___ .
second job. A ago B before C still
A changes B ends C wonders
9 We ___ talked to Bill for a week.
4 His shop wasn’t making a ___ so he decided to close it. A didn’t B won’t C haven’t
A profit B service C progress
10 Bob is a very ___ young man.
5 It was ___ of him to behave so rudely. A enthusiasm B enthusiastically C enthusiastic
A fooling B fool C foolish
17
18
(TO-} INFINITIVE/-//VG FORM - PARTICIPLES
• after certain verbs (agree, appear, decide, expect, • after: I'm busy, it's no use, it's (no) good, it's (not) worth,
hope, plan, promise, refuse, etc). what's the use of, can't help, there's no point (in), can't
He agreed to meet us tonight. stand, have difficulty (in), in addition to, as well as, have
trouble, have a hard/difficult time.
• after certain adjectives (happy, glad, sorry, delighted,
There's no point in arguing.
etc).
I was sorry to hear about your accident. • after: spend/waste (time, money, etc).
You waste too much time watching TV.
• after / would like/would love/would prefer to express
specific preference. • for activities/sports after the verb go.
Td love to visit India. He went swimming.
• with: it + be + adjective (+ of+ noun/pronoun). • after: hear, listen, notice, see, watch to express an
It was unkind of her to say that. incomplete action.
I saw him throwing rubbish out of the window. (I saw
• with: so + adjective + as.
part of the action. I didn't wait until he had finished.)
Would you be so kind as to pass the sauce f
BUT hear, listen, see, watch + infinitive without "to"
• with only to express an unsatisfactory result.
express a complete action.
He won in the lottery only to lose at the casino.
I saw him throw all the rubbish out of the window.
• after: be + the first/second, etc/next/last/best, etc. (I saw the whole action.)
She was the first to congratulate him.
• in the expression: for + noun/pronoun + to -infinitive. The infinitive without to
For John to lend you his car was very unusual.
The infinitive without to is used
• in expressions such as: to tell you the truth, to begin
• after most modal verbs (can, could, may, etc).
with, to be honest, etc.
He can go if he wants to.
To be honest, I didn't know how to react.
• after had better/would rather/wouid sooner.
If two infinitives are joined by "and" or "or", the "to" of
You'd better go to bed.
the second infinitive can be omitted. I'd prefer to go to
• after make/let/see/hear/feel in the active.
a disco and dance or talk to my friends.
She made the child eat all his soup.
/ 19
Grammar
(TO-) INFINITIVE/-WG FORM - PARTICIPLES
Write what each word is followed by: F.l. (full Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the
infinitive), B.l. (bare infinitive) or -ing form. infinitive or -ing form.
1 refuse +
2 finish +
3 dislike +
4 would rather+
5 would +
6 object to +
7 promise +
8 be known +
9 would like +
10 it's no use +
11 admit +
12 let +
13 hear +
14 it's no good +
15 decide +
16 deny +
20
Grammar
{TO-} INFINITIVE/-/A/G FORM - PARTICIPLES
Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing form or Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing form or
the infinitive with or without to. the infinitive without to.
• begin, continue, intend, start + to-infinitive or -ing be advised, be allowed, be encouraged, be permitted,
form. We don't normally have two -ing forms be required + to-infinitive.
together. They aren't allowed to talk in class.
He began speaking/to speak. NOT: He is beginning
need, require, want + to-infinitive/-ing form/
speaking.
passive infinitive.
• advise, allow, encourage, permit, require + object + You need to wash the car.
to-infinitive. Your car needs washing.
She doesn't allow them to talk in class. Your car needs to be washed.
• advise, allow, encourage, permit, require + -ing
form.
She doesn't allow talking in class.
Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words.
21
to-infinitive or -ing form
• goon + to-infinitive (= finish doing sth and start • be sorry + to-infinitive (= feel regret about sth)
doing sth else; then; afterwards) I'm sorry to tell you your flight has been cancelled,
She finished one letter and went on to write another. be sorry for + -ing form (= apologise for)
go on + -ing form (= continue) He was sorry for hurting her feelings.
She went on writing till the early hours of the morning. • hate + to-infinitive (= hate what one is about to do)
• regret + to-infinitive (= be sorry to) I hate to cut in, but you must see the manager.
I regret to inform you that your services are no longer hate + -ing form (= feel sorry for what one is doing)
required. I hate causing you so much inconvenience.
regret + -ing form (= have second thoughts about • be afraid + to-infinitive (= be too frightened to do
sth already done) sth; hesitate)
He regrets misbehaving. She was afraid to climb the tree.
• would prefer + to-infinitive (specific preference) be afraid of+ -ing form (= be afraid that what is
Td prefer to see you in private. referred to by the -ing form may happen)
prefer + -ing form (in general) When she goes swimming, she's always afraid of being
I prefer working on my own. stung by jellyfish.
prefer + to-infinitive + rather than + infinitive
without to (say you like one thing instead of another)
He prefers to paint the flat on his own rather than hire
a professional.
Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing form or the infinitive.
1 A: Oh, Mum, this programme's nearly finished. Can't 5 A: Why don't we stop (get)
I go on(watch) TV for a while? something to eat on the way home?
B: No, I want you to do your maths homework and B: OK, but we should really stop
then go on(write) your English (spend) money on junk food.
essay. 6 A: I'm sorry for(spoil) your plans
2 A: Your suit is filthy. It wants(wash). last weekend.
B: I know. I wanted(take) it to the B: That's OK. I was sorry(hear)
cleaner's yesterday, but they were closed. you weren't feeling very well.
3 A: Don't you hate(not/know) 7 A: Jane doesn't know how to use the photocopier, but
anyone here? she's afraid(ask) for help.
B: Yes, but I hate(worry) my B: But isn't she afraid of(get)
parents, so I tell them I've made lots of friends. into trouble if she breaks it?
4 A: I'll never forget(visit) Thailand 8 A: Did you remember(tell) Tim
for the first time. about the party?
B: Yes, it was such a wonderful holiday. If only I hadn't B: I don't remember(tell) him,
forgotten(take) my camera. but I'm sure I did.
22
(TO-) INFINITIVE/-//VG FORM-PARTICIPLES
1 His lawyer advised him_____the journalist to court. 12 It's hot in here. Do you mind____ the window?
A take B to take C taking A open B to open C opening
2 I wouldn't advise_____that dog - it might bite you. 13 The bank manager agreed_____me £5,000.
A touch B to touch C touching A lend B to lend C lending
3 You'd better_____because the bank will close soon. 14 She put off____ her bags until a few hours before her
A hurry B to hurry C hurrying flight.
A pack B to pack C packing
4 Why do you keep_____me such silly questions?
A ask B to ask C asking 15 My parents always make me____ my homework before
I go out.
5 I would offer_____you with the housework, but I'm
A do B todo C doing
rather busy.
A help B to help C helping 16 She wrote him a note to remind him_____his laundry at
2 o'clock.
6 Students are not allowed_____during the exam.
A pickup B to pick up C picking up
A talk B to talk C talking
17 Steven is exhausted because he isn't used to_____much
7 They don't allow_____in this park because some boys
exercise.
used to ride around too fast.
A do B to doing C doing
A cycle B to cycle C cycling
18 They don't let people_____loudly in the library.
8 I would rather until tomorrow before I do anything.
A speak B to speak C speaking
A wait B to wait C waiting
19 You should practise_____this tune on the piano until
9 I might not_____to school tomorrow - I'm getting a
you perfect it.
sore throat.
A play B to play C playing
A go B togo C going
20 We regret____ you that your application has not been
10 She is afraid____ the lift, so she uses the stairs.
successful.
A take B to take C taking
A inform B to inform C informing
11 The question was so difficult that no one could_____it.
A answer B to answer C answering
Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing form or the infinitive.
2 A: I think I'd prefer(go) on holiday to Greece this year and spend some time visiting ancient
sites.
B: Yes, I prefer(do) something interesting to just(sit) on a beach
all day. And I'd prefer(go) somewhere warm rather than(stay)
in England.
23
(TO-) INFINITIVE/-^ FORM - PARTICIPLES
Scotland was the perfect place 1) (grow up). My parents had spent years 2) (save
up) because they wanted 3)_____ (buy) a small farmhouse in the Scottish Highlands. Shortly after I
was born, their dream came true and our new life in the country began. To begin with, I was probably too young
4) (appreciate) the fresh air and breathtaking views, but as I grew up, I began 5)
(enjoy) exploring the unspoilt countryside. I soon got used to 6) (have) to walk miles to the
shops, and since it was too far 7) (travel) to the nearest primary school, my parents did their
best 8) (educate) me at home. However, I never felt lonely and was usually too busy
9)______ (help) my father on the land to worry about 10)I______________________ (not/have) any friends,
My brothers and sisters were also starting 11) (grow up) fast and we had no difficulty
12)_____________ (amuse) ourselves for hours on end. When I reached the age of eleven, my parents decided it
was time 13) ______________ (send) me to secondary school as they didn’t feel they were capable of
14)____________ (provide) me with the range of skills I would need for my future life. This would involve
IS) ____________ (travel) twenty miles to the nearest town and twenty miles back. I was sorry
16) (say) goodbye to my old way of life, but at the same time I looked forward to
17) ____________ (mix) with new people. After 18) (finish) school, I was forced
19)_____________ (move) to Edinburgh to look for work and I have now made the city my home. Although I love
the cosmopolitan lifestyle, I sometimes can’t help 20) (wish) I was back in the Highlands.
Participles
Present participles (verb + -ing) describe what Past participles (verb + -ed} describe how someone
somebody or something is. feels.
It was a boring lecture. (What kind of lecture? Boring.) They were bored by the lecture. (How did they
feel during the lecture? Bored.)
1 He was encouraging/encouraged towards his children. 7 She told us a very entertaining/entertained story.
2 They found the film very excited/exciting. 8 They were all surprising/surprised when he turned up
3 He was exhausting/exhausted after the marathon. at the party.
4 They were worrying/worried that they would be late. 9 That book is really interested/interesting.
5 Her behaviour is extremely annoying/annoyed. 10 They were fascinated/fascinating by the view.
6 We were shocking/shocked by his attitude.
24
Choose the correct option.
1 Your passport might______ in the top drawer - did you 13 You must______ to have eaten such a big dinner last
look there? night.
A be C being A be starving C having starved
B to be D having been B being starved D have been starving
2 Melanie couldn't resist______ another piece of cake. 14 You're wasting your time______ to explain it to him.
A take C taking A try C trying
B to take D having taken B to try D be trying
3 Colin stopped______ a glass of water before he 15 We watched the bus______ over the hill.
continued his workout. A disappear C be disappearing
A drink C drinking B to disappear D to be disappeared
B to drink D to have drunk
16 The boss doesn't encourage______ in the office. He's a
4 It's unusual forThomas______ without saying goodbye. non-smoker.
A leave C leaving A smoke C smoking
B to leave D have left B to smoke D to be smoking
5 The house should ______ before you move in next 17 It appeared______ all night.
month. A be snowing C having snowed
A have painted C be painting B have snowed D to have been snowing
B being painted D be painted
18 She admitted to______ my favourite coffee mug.
6 I really dislike______ people mistreat animals. A have broken C having broken
A see C to be seeing B have been broken D have been breaking
B seeing D to have seen
19 This pencil is blunt - it needs______ .
7 We prefer to go camping rather than______ in a hotel. A sharpen C sharpening
A stay C staying B to sharpen D to be sharpening
B to stay D have stayed
20 Sophia pretended______ so that her brother would
8 Man is said______ the wheel about ten thousand years leave her alone.
ago. A sleep C having slept
A to be invented C to be inventing B sleeping D to be sleeping
B having invented D to have invented
21 He isn't old enough______ to stay out late.
9 We arrived at the theatre only______ that the tickets A to allow C to be allowed
had sold out. B to allowing D allowing
A to find C finding
22 The accident is believed by excessive speed.
B to be found D having found
A have caused C to cause
10 Your childish behaviour is beginning______ me. B to have been caused D being caused
A annoy C annoying
23 There's no point______ upset about it - let's just try to
B to annoy D to be annoying
find a solution.
11 It's no use______ with Philip - he won't change his A to get C getting
mind. B get D to getting
A argue C arguing
24 I'd rather______ there by bus; it's too tiring.
B to argue D being argued
A not to go C not go
12 I don't really like that kind of film,______ you the truth. B to not go D not going
A tell C telling
25 Will you let me______ your car for the weekend?
B to tell D to be telling
A to borrow C borrow
B borrowing D to be borrowing
25
Vocabulary
TRAVEL & TOURISM
a) Match the words (A-H) to the Match the words (A-F) to the pictures (1-6).
pictures (1-8).
A skiing holiday D cruise
B sightseeing holiday E walking holiday
C beach holiday F safari
C underground train
D motorbike
E van
F car
G bike
H plane
Sea
Have you ever had a problem while on holiday? Tell your
Travel
partner.
26
PHRASAL VERBS PREPOSITIONS
bring about: cause to happen Look at Appendix 1, then fill in the correct preposition.
bring back: 1) recall, 2) reintroduce
1 They congratulated him getting his degree.
bring down: 1) cause to fall, 2) reduce
2 The airport was crowded holidaymakers.
prices
3 He keeps boasting his new sports car.
bring forward: suggest an idea
4 The Prime Minister refused to comment the rumours about
bring on: cause, usu sth unpleasant
his resignation.
bring out: publish, release sth to the
5 He's very clever solving crosswords.
public
6 She's capable putting up a tent all by herself.
bring round: 1) help sb regain
7 The cause the fire was never discovered.
consciousness; bring to,
8 Don't put the blame him. It's not his fault.
2) persuade sb to change opinion
9 He blamed the traffic missing his flight.
bring up: 1) raise a child, 2) vomit,
10 They were astonished the beauty of the scenery.
3) introduce a subject, 4) mention
11 Which political party do you belong?
be/get carried away: be/get excited 12 Concentrate what you're doing.
carry off: do sth successfully 13 The taxi driver charged me £10 the ride.
carry on (with): continue esp despite 14 She was charged murder.
difficulties 15 The police are holding three suspects connection
carry out: perform, complete the bombing in Brighton last week.
carry over: postpone 16 Is there any connection sunbathing and skin cancer?
carry through: 1) complete despite 17 More money is needed to help care the homeless.
difficulties, 2) help sb survive 18 He cares deeply the welfare of his students.
during troubled times 19 Italian is frequently compared French as they are from the
same language family.
20 The standard of the hotels in this city compares favourably
to bring him.
a horse
7 Jane carried her part in the
play without difficulty. a camel
8 After a short break, we carried
a bike
our journey.
9 Tom got carried and
wouldn't stop buying souvenirs.
10 If we don't pay the ransom, the
kidnappers will carry their
threats.
27
English in Use
Use the words in capitals to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
30
Summary of functions of modal verbs
1 I can/could play the guitar when I was seven years old. 6 You had better/don't have to have a licence to cycle
2 You mustn't/don't have to make any noise in the on the roads.
library. 7 The underground has to/will be very busy now.
3 Shall/Might we go to the cinema tonight? 8 May/Shall I have a glass of water, please?
4 "Where's John?""Tm not sure. He may/can be in his 9 Jeremy doesn't need/needn't to get a haircut yet.
office." 10 You can't/mustn't be hungry; you've just had dinner.
5 You couldn't/shouldn't have eaten so much chocolate. 11 All members need/must attend the meeting tomorrow.
That's why you feel sick now. 12 You may/might borrow the car tonight if you want.
13 You really ought/should to get your eyes checked.
Grammar
MODALS
mustn't - needn't
We are happy that you have come to work for us. Before you start work,
I want to familiarise you with some rules and regulations.
First of all, you 1)wear the uniform which is supplied, and
you 2) keep your hair covered at all times. You
Welcome to
3)wear gloves unless you choose to, except in a few
special areas. You 4)smoke anywhere in the factory and
you 5) forget to wash your hands after breaks. You
• don't have to/don't need to/needn't + present • didn't need to/didn't have to (It was not necessary in
infinitive (It is not necessary in the present or future) the past, and we may not know if the action
You don't have to/don't need to/needn't wear an happened or not.)
evening dress. It’s an informal party. (It is not necessary She didn't need to/didn't have to wear an evening
to wear...) dress as it was an informal party. (It wasn't necessary
• needn't + bare perfect infinitive (We know that for her to wear an evening dress, and we don't know
1 It wasn't necessary for him to write to his mum because 4 It wasn't necessary for Arthur to get the train because
she rang him. his brother offered to give him a lift.
NEED He______________________________________________ NEED Arthur_________________________________________
to his mum because she rang him. the train because his brother offered to give
2 We took more luggage than was necessary on our him a lift.
holiday. 5 She came early last night, which wasn't necessary
TAKEN We ____________________________________________ because the party didn't start till ten.
much luggage on our holiday. COME She ____________________________________________
3 There's no need for you to water the plants this early last night because the party didn't start
morning. till ten.
HAVE You ____________________________________________
the plants this morning.
32
must (affirmative logical assumption) - may/might (possibility) - Can't/COUldn't (negative logical assumption)
1 I'm sure she has given up smoking. 12 Perhaps she'll come with us.
HAVE She ____________________________________________ MAY She _______________________________________
________________________ smoking. _ us.
2 I'm sure she isn't feeling sick now. 13 I'm sure she hadn't prepared her speech.
BE She ____________________________________________ HAVE She ____________________________________________
_____ now. _______ her speech.
3 Perhaps they were working for the enemy. 14 Perhaps he was asleep when we rang.
HAVE They ___________________________________________ BEEN He ______________________________________________
____________________ for the enemy. _______ when we rang.
4 Perhaps he will be on time. 15 Perhaps he'll be waiting when we get there.
BE He______________________________________________ MAY He______________________________________________
_____ time. when we get there.
5 Perhaps he was too ill to take part in the race. 16 I'm sure she didn't know about it.
BEEN He ______________________________________________ KNOWN She _______________________________________
to take part in the race. _ about it.
6 I'm sure they informed the police about the robbery. 17 I'm certain it has stopped raining now.
HAVE They ___________________________________________ HAVE It________________________________________________
about the robbery. _______ raining now.
7 Perhaps Harry will be sunbathing this time tomorrow. 18 Perhaps you left your keys on the table.
BE Harry___________________________________________ HAVE You ____________________________________________
________ tomorrow. your keys on the table.
8 I'm sure he had warned the soldiers about the coming
danger.
HAVE He______________________________________________
about the coming danger.
9 I'm sure Jenny hasn't been working there that long.
HAVE Jenny___________________________________________
_______ there that long.
10 Perhaps she was telling you the truth.
BEEN She ____________________________________________
_______ the truth.
11 Perhaps she's been working hard.
BEEN She ____________________________________________
___________________ h a rd.
33
Grammar
i MODALS
How else can we say the Fill in a modal or a synonymous expression and the appropriate
following? form of the verb in brackets.
1 It is likely that she has got lost. 1 There's no reply when I ring him. He
(leave) the office already.
2 Don't give up so easily. You ________________________________________________
(do) it if you tried a little harder.
2 Shall I book a ticket for you as well?
3 That's no excuse! You know you___________________________________________
___________________________________________ (finish) this report by today.
4 He (mention) his plans on
3 How about inviting Paul and Helen? the phone last night, but I really can't remember.
5 Since she crashed the car, she_____________________________________________
(walk) to work every day.
6 If you find something valuable, you
4 I am to welcome the guests and show
(take) it to the nearest police station.
them to their rooms. 7 Passengers(not/waIk)
across the lines. They should use the footbridge.
8 You (know) better than to tell
5 Might he have forgotten all about it? her all your secrets.
9 You(destroy) the letter
as soon as you receive it.
10 You(enter) the building if you
6 You have to wait until dark before you
have a special pass.
leave. 11 Can you help me? (find out)
what time the London train arrives.
12 He looks very annoyed. He (wait) for ages.
13 I (take) the library books
back yesterday, but I forgot and now I'll have to pay a fine.
34
Grammar 3
A REVISION
7 Choose the correct option. 8 Complete the sentences using the words in bold.
Use two to five words.
1 Did you remember to turn off the cooker? I______
smell something burning. 1 Helen managed to get there in less than ten minutes.
A can C must GET Helen______________________________________
B may D should there in less than ten minutes.
2 You______ come with us if you don't want to. 2 I'm sure Peter ate all the biscuits - there are none left!
B had better D don't have to all the biscuits - there are none left!
3 You are forbidden to take books out of the library
3 You______ slow down. You're driving too fast!
without a library card.
A need C shouldn't
MUST You_________________________________ books
B might D had better
out of the library without a library card.
4 I______ remember to get a present for Diana. It's her 4 So, how about trying that new Chinese restaurant
birthday next week. tonight?
A can C could SHALL So, _________________________________________
B must D shouldn't that new Chinese restaurant tonight?
5 ______ I borrow your pen for a moment, please? 5 They didn't let us use calculators in the exam.
A May C Should ALLOWED We_________________________________________
B Must D Needn't to use calculators in the exam.
6 It would have been a good idea to read the
6 I______ have slept longer, but I had to get up and take
instructions first.
the dog for a walk.
OUGHT We_________________________________________
A can't C could
the instructions first.
B must D should
7 Mark, could you turn down the volume, please?
7 Although I was underage, I______ enter the race.
MIND Mark, ______________________________________
A may not C am able to
down the volume?
B ought to D was allowed to
8 We didn't succeed in making it to the top of the
8 "______ I pick you up from the airport?" "No, that's OK. mountain.
I'll geta taxi." MAKE We_________________________________________
A Might C Shall ___________ to the top of the mountain.
B Would D Ought to 9 Would you like another cup of coffee?
9 The fire spread through the house very quickly but GET Can _______________________________________
13 People______ to do more to protect the environment. you had told Jenny the truth.
A must C ought 15 The sign says we have to leave our luggage here.
B could D should MUST The sign says our luggage _____________
______________________________________ here.
35
Vocabulary
FOOD
1 I I pepper a vegetables
21 I mashed b steak
JO fried c beef
4| | poached d sauce
5 | | stale e juice
61 | traditional f meal
71 | well-done g potatoes
81 | steamed h eggs
91 | roast i bread
A: How do you like your eggs - boiled or fried?
10| | freshly squeezed j chicken
B: Actually, I prefer them scrambled.
FOOD PRODUCTS
Choose the correct word.
Fill in: bag, bottle, carton, loaf, bowl, bunch, can, jar,
1 I'd like a back/side order of salad with my burger and
bar, packet.
chips, please.
1 Jane eats a of cereal for breakfast every 2 It's important to follow a supported/balanced diet
morning. with plenty of nutrients.
2 She gave the child a of chocolate. 3 You should try to avoid eating so much fast/quick
3 Could you pick up a of milk on your food.
way home from work? 4 You should chew sugar-free/fat-free gum - it's much
4 We need to buy a of bread to make better for your teeth.
sandwiches. 5 Would you like some grated/grateful cheese on your
5 Eric ate a of crisps during his lunch break. pasta?
6 There is a of honey on the top shelf of 6 You can serve the ice cream in a desert/dessert glass.
the cupboard. 7 I can't drink milk, so I'll have a black/dark coffee,
7 George was feeling thirsty, so he drank a please.
of cola. 8 My mum gave me a sandwich and an apple for my
8 I need a of sugar to make the cake. boxed/packed lunch.
9 I'd like a of ketchup for my chips,
please.
10 Don't forget to buy a of bananas.
1 PHRASALVERBS PREPOSITIONS
come across: meet/find by chance Look at Appendix 1, then fill in the correct
come by: obtain preposition.
come down with: become ill with
come into: inherit 1 The taste of the soup depends the
come off: 1) happen, 2) succeed ingredients.
come out: 1) be published, 2) bloom 2 She had difficulty following the recipe.
come round: 1) visit casually, 2) regain consciousness; 3 Anne is very fond baking cakes.
come to, 3) be persuaded to change opinion 4 She was very disappointed the meal.
come on: come along; hurry up 5 He was delighted the invitation to dinner.
come through: survive
6 They decided a quiet wedding reception.
come up: be mentioned
7 This restaurant is famous its fresh seafood.
come up to: equal
8 Have you heard Aunt Sarah?
come up with: find (an answer, solution, etc)
9 Did you hear the new restaurant?
cut across: take a shorter route 10 Have you heard this brand of ice cream?
cut back (on): reduce (production) 11 He's an expert French cuisine.
cut down: reduce length of sth
12 Paul is an expert making desserts.
cut down (on): reduce amount consumed
13 He's experienced cooking vegetarian food.
cut in/into: interrupt (conversation)
14 I would never dream becoming a chef.
cut off: disconnect
be cut off: be isolated
cut out: 1) leave out; remove, 2) (for) (passive) be suited for ^ WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED
cut up: cut into small pieces
Tick (/) the correct boxes. Check in your dictionary.
spring. responsibility
5 The question ofchanging the menu came false artificial
during the conversation.
passport
6 The chef stayed at home in bed after he had come
hand
__________ the flu.
teeth
7 He came a large fortune when his uncle
lights
died.
flowers
8 Her latest cookbook has just come.
promise
9 The village was cut by the flood.
10 I don't think the new waitress is cut this alarm
37
KEY-WORD TRANSFORMATIONS 7 Shall I carry your shopping for you?
ME Would ________
WORD FORMATION
Roughly one-third of all the food produced for have enough food, 700 million people around
consumption each year is thrown 0) away. the world are currently starving or
That’s approximately 1.3 billion tonnes! Some malnourished. Clearly, we need to think
of the waste is out of date food from shops 4)how we can distribute food more
and supermarkets, or leftover food from evenly so nobody is hungry. The best way to
restaurants. We waste lots of food at home too. cut 5)on food waste is to avoid
Many of us buy more than we need, cook creating it in the first place. Planning your meals
more than we are going to eat and forget to 6)advance, making a shopping list
use 1)food in the cupboard or and sticking to it, and storing food correctly so
fridge before it is past its use-by date. that it keeps fresher for longer are just some of
This is harmful for our planet because when we the simple things you can do at home. Also,
waste food unnecessarily, we also waste the don’t be afraid to buy wonky fruit and
natural resources used to grow our food, and vegetables. Produce that is the wrong shape or
all the energy used to process, package and size is often discarded by supermarkets. It
transport it. Furthermore, the vast majority of might look a little different, but it tastes just
food that is thrown in the bin ends 7)good. Of course, some food
2)in landfill, where it breaks down waste is unavoidable, but that doesn’t mean it
in a way that creates greenhouse gases like has to go in the bin. Food scraps such as
methane, which contribute 3)global banana peels and egg shells can be turned
warming. There is an ethical side to food waste 8)compost, a nutrient-rich soil that
as well. While most people are fortunate to can be used to help plants grow.
39
Grammar
ADJECTIVES/ADVERBS/COMPARISONS
Order of adjectives
• When there are two or more adjectives, they normally go in the following order:
—
Fact adjectives
Opinion
size age shape colour origin material type purpose noun
adjectives
It's a beautiful big old round brown Italian oak four-sided dining table.
Afraid, alike, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep, content, ill, BUT a gold pen (a pen made of gold), feathery leaves
glad, etc. are never followed by a noun. (leaves which look like feathers) BUT a feather duster
The baby is asleep. (NOT: the asleep baby) (a duster made of feathers), metallic colour (colour that
Nouns of material, purpose or substance can be looks like metal) BUT a meta! chair (a chair made of
used as adjectives, a cotton skirt, a winter dress, a metal), leathery skin (skin looking/feeling like leather)
shopping bag However, certain adjectives derived BUT a leather wallet (a wallet made of leather), a
from such nouns are used metaphorically, silky hair leaden feeling (an unpleasant feeling) BUT lead pipes
(hair like silk) BUT a silk scarf (a scarf made of siIk), a (pipes made of lead), a steely look (a strong,
stony expression (cold expression) BUT a stone cottage determined look) BUT steel framework
(a cottage made of stone), golden hair (hair like gold) (framework made of steel).
Identify the adjectives in the sentences. Which Rewrite the sentences putting the adjectives into
are factual? Which are opinion? the correct place. Identify what kind of adjectives
they are.
1 What a charming young man he is!
1 He was carrying a briefcase, (leather, nice, black, new)
2 Did you see that orange house? Why did they paint it
4 That new French film doesn't sound very interesting. 3 I bought three chairs from an antigue shop. (American,
7 The meal we had at the Indian restaurant was 5 The table lamp was broken by the children, (metal,
white, small)__________________________________________
absolutely delicious.
8 Sophia is a good-looking girl with long dark hair. 6 She bought a carpet, (expensive, Persian, antique,
woollen)_______________________________________________
9 We had such a great trip. The people were so friendly
and the countryside was fantastic. 7 He crashed his car yesterday, (sports, brand new,
yellow)_________________________________________________
10 Jeremy was given a cute little furry puppy for his
40
ADJECTIVES/ADVERBS
Choose the correct option. Put the adjectives in the correct order.
Adjectives/Adverbs
• Adverbs normally describe verbs, adjectives, other Adjectives and adverbs which have the same form
adverbs or whole sentences. are: best, better, big, cheap
*, *,
clean *,
clear close
*,
She dances well. (How does she dance? Well.) *,
cold, daily, dead, dear deep, direct, dirty, early, easy,
They say how (adverbs of manner - slowly), when *,
extra, far, fast, fine free, further, hard, high, hourly,
(adverbs of time -yesterday), where (adverbs of inside, kindly, last, late, long, loud
*, low, monthly, past,
place - next door), how often (adverbs of frequency *,
quick *,
quiet right, slow
*, *,
straight, sure, thin thick,
- usually) or to what extent (adverbs of degree - tight, weekly, well, wide, wrong, yearly, etc.
absolutely) something happens. There are also Ann was our last guest. She came in last.
sentence adverbs (possibly, etc.) and relative Those adverbs with an asterisk (*) can be found with
adverbs (where, why, when). -ly ending without a difference in meaning, but
then they are more formal.
Walk slow! (informal) ALSO Walk slowly! (formal) /
1 He felt uncomfortable because his jeans 5 Tom constantly arrives late for work.
were too tight. _____________________ 6 The late Prime Minister was
2 I buy Time Magazine weekly a collector of antiques.
whereas he subscribes to it on 7 The walls were so thjn you could
a yearly basis. _____________________ hear the next-door neighbours.
3 I couldn't get the book down from the 8 He worked hard all day to finish
top shelf because it was too high. painting the house.
4 If you want to find the post office, 9 She bought this rug cheap from
go straight down the high street the market. _____________________
and you'll see it on your left. 10 He kicked the ball high into the air.
41
Adverbs with two forms and differences in meaning
deep = a long way down full = exactly; very lately = recently wide = off-target
deeply = greatly fully = completely near = close widely = to a large extent
direct = by the shortest hard = intently; with effort nearly = almost wrong = incorrectly
route hardly = scarcely pretty = fairly wrongly = unjustly
directly = immediately high = at/to a high level prettily = in a pretty way (wrongly goes before
easy = gently and slowly highly = very much short = suddenly verbs/past part. - wrong/
easily = without difficulty last = after all others shortly = soon wrongly go after verbs)
free = without cost lastly = finally sure - certainly
freely = willingly late = not early surely = without a doubt
1 Lately/Late there has been a rise in the price of 6 He is very high/highly thought of at the office because
vegetables; they are not near/nearly as cheap as they he works so hardly/hard; that's why he full/fully
used to be. deserves a promotion.
2 I can hard/hardly believe that he has gone. Surely/ 7 You wrong/wrongly accused him of stealing the pen
Sure he wouldn't have left without me! without hearing his explanation first - now he is deep/
3 It is wide/widely believed among scientists that we deeply offended.
will short/shortly run out of natural resources. 8 She was prettily/pretty embarrassed when she
4 It is not wide/widely known that students are realised that she had arrived lastly/last at the party.
admitted free/freely to all the events. 9 He hard/hardly ever studies, yet he always produces a
5 He managed to get to Lisbon easily/easy by flying high/highly standard of work.
there direct/directly. 10 I fully/full understand your concern.
• Quite (to a high degree) is used in favourable Rather (to a higher degree) is used: a) in unfavourable
comments. comments.
She's quite good at painting. He's rather mean with money.
Quite meaning "completely" is used with adverbs, b) in favourable comments meaning "to an unusual
some verbs and adjectives such as: alone, amazing, degree".
brilliant, certain, dead, dreadful, different, exhausted, The lecture was rather informative. (It was more
extraordinary, false, horrible, impossible, perfect, informative than we expected); and
ridiculous, right, sure, true, useless, etc. c) with comparative degree.
I'm quite sure he stole the money. It's rather sunnier today than yesterday.
Quite is used before a/an. Rather is used before or after a/an.
She's quite a good dancer. I quite enjoyed the film. He's a rather rude person. He's rather a rude person.
Fairly and pretty are used to show a lower degree.
They can be used after a.
He's a fairly/pretty well-behaved person.
1 It's quite/pretty a nice day. Let's go for a drive in the 5 Sam's a pretty/quite good chef. He started taking
countryside. cooking classes three months ago.
2 The film was fairly/rather interesting. In fact, I'm going 6 August is pretty/rather warmer than March.
to see it again. 7 Mia did fairly/rather well on the test, just well enough
3 "How are you feeling?" "Pretty/Rather good, but not to pass.
great." 8 That's quite/fairly an expensive watch you're wearing.
4 This phone has a quite/fairly new design, but the
latest ones are even slimmer.
42
Word order of adverbs
• Adverbs can be used in front, mid or end position in • Time adverbs go in end position. They also go in front
a sentence. Front position is at the beginning of position to emphasise the time.
a sentence. Mid position is normally before the main
verb or after the auxiliary. End position is at the end of subject + verb place manner time
• Adverbs of manner can go in any position. When • Adverbs of frequency (sometimes, always, usually,
placed in front position, they give emphasis. never, often, seldom, rarely, etc) go after an auxiliary,
He climbed up the stairs quickly. Quickly he climbed up but before the main verb.
the stairs, (emphasis) You are always late. He usually comes late.
• When there is more than one adverb in the sentence, They go before the auxiliary in short answers.
their usual order is manner - place - time. "Does he help you clean the house?"
"Yes, he always does."
subject verb manner place time
• Adverbs of degree (hardly, almost, nearly, etc.) go
She was studying hard in her room all night. before the words they modify.
• When there is a verb of movement, then the order is She works quite hard.
place - manner-time.
8 Choose the correct option. Rewrite the sentences putting the adverbs in the right place.
1 The girl speaks fluently English/ 1 He eats his sandwiches, (at break time/always/quickly)
English fluently.
2 Clare often is/is often late for school 2 Birds migrate, (to warmer countries/usually/in winter)
on Mondays.
3 You start off in the beginning slowly/ 3 The plane crashed, (into the sea/suddenly/an hour ago)
slowly in the beginning.
4 We have always/always have wanted 4 Politicians prepare their speeches, (thoroughly/at home/generally/
to live in France. in advance)______________________________________________________________
5 I felt so sleepy that I could hardly keep/
keep hardly my eyes open. 5 The thiefcrept into the house, (silently/at midnight)
6 Philip goes frequently/frequently
goes to football matches. 6 Newspapers are delivered, (only/weekly/in remote areas)
7 I waited impatiently at the bus stop
for an hour/for an hour impatiently 7 Hundreds of people are imprisoned, (each year/
at the bus stop. wrongly)_________________________________________________________________
8 "Does Paul ever wear a tie?"
"No, he never does/does never." 8 People who sunbathe can get burnt, (badly/on the beach/
9 She nearly has finished/has nearly frequently) _______________________________________________________________
finished reading the novel she started
yesterday. 9 Hotplan's new washing machine has been designed to save you money,
10 I'm travelling today by car to (cleverly/now/in the home) __________________________________________
London/to London by car today.
10 Staff have been made aware of the consequences of a shrinking
market, (rapidly/recently/fully) _________________
43
Grammar
COMPARISONS
of two syllables ending in -ly, funny funnier (than) the funniest (of/in)
-y, -w also add -er/-est narrow narrower (than) the narrowest (of/in)
of two or more syllables take modern more modern (than) the most modern (of/in)
more/most intelligent more intelligent (than) the most intelligent (of/in)
We normally use than with the comparative form. Certain adjectives form their comparative and
Tim is shorter than Tony. superlative either with -er/-est or more/most.
We normally use the... of/in ("in" refers to places, These are: clever, common, cruel, friendly, gentle,
groups, etc.) with the superlative form. narrow, pleasant, polite, shallow, simple, stupid, quiet,
Irregular forms
1 Mount Everest is highest/the highest mountain in the 6 The most amazing/amazingest thing just happened
world. to me!
2 The damage was far worse/worst than I'd expected. 7 She is the more polite/politest person I have ever met.
3 This suitcase is heavier/more heavy than it looks. 8 This is the less/least expensive pullover in the shop.
4 If you need any farther/further information, please 9 Lucy wakes up the earliest/most early in her family.
contact me. 10 You need to check your work a bit carefully/more
5 What's the cheapest/most cheap flight from Los carefully for spelling mistakes.
Angeles to Tokyo?
44
Grammar
COMPARISONS
Put the adjectives in brackets into the correct Choose the correct option.
form.
1 She drove very/even quickly along the lane.
2 "We will give you further/farther news as we receive
it,"the newsreader said.
3 Her parents were more/most pleased when she won
the prize.
4 Can't he speak any/much louder than that? No one
can hear him.
5 She plays very/much more noisily than any child I've
ever met.
Come and visit one of 1)(historical)
countries in the world — Egypt, where the people are Choose the correct option.
2)(hospitable) than anywhere else.
1 Nicole is than the other girls in her class.
You will see some of 3)(old) and
A taller C more tall
4)(famous) ancient monuments in
B tallest D the tallest
the world, as well as modern cities with 5)
(good) restaurants in the Middle East. To make travel 2 Children learn languages than adults.
arrangements 6)(easy), our tour includes A faster C more fastly
guided visits to all of 7)(popular) B fastest D more faster
tourist attractions in Egypt. You will also get the opportunity to 3 What's route to the stadium?
go on a cruise down the River Nile - the 8) A shorter C the more short
(long) river in the world! The experience is sure to be B the shortest D the most short
9)(amazing) than anything you’ve
4 Adam speaks French, but I can speak it better.
experienced before, as you see first-hand where one of
A well C better
10)(old) civilisations began. Our
B good D best
company offers tailor-made tours for 11)
(small) groups than is usual on a package holiday. We 5 I am about this exam than the last one.
provide accommodation in intimate hotels which offer a A worried C more worried
12)(friendly) service than the B the most worried D most worried
13)(large), 14)
6 We do similar jobs, but she earns than I do.
(impersonal) ones. Even 15)(frequent)
A many C more
traveller will experience something new in this unique country.
B most D much
Book today!
7 His fifth novel was of them all.
A more successful C the more successful
Fill in the relevant adverbs in their comparative B most successful D the most successful
or superlative forms. 8 Jenny's guests arrived than she expected.
A early C earliest
Bicycles look set to become 1)
B earlier D more early
(common) used form of transport in Britain. Not
only are bicycles better for the environment than 9 What's way to get around the city?
cars, but they allow you to travel 2) A easiest C the easiest
(convenient). You can get from point B more easier D the most easy
A to point B 3)(quick) than
10 I got lost, and to make things worse, it began to
by car, and you can find somewhere to leave your
rain.
bike much 4)(easy). Many
A very C most
younger people now ride a bike to work because B even D any
they find it 5)(good) suits their
lifestyle and enables them to get around
11 This is one of restaurants in town.
A more popular C very popular
6)(practical). In addition,
they often arrive 7)(early) than B most popular D the most popular
Types of comparisons
• look, sound, smell, taste + like • would rather/sooner + infinitive without to + than
That sounds like a good idea. + infinitive without to
• less... (positive degree)... than He'd sooner go alone than go with Edward.
The busier the roads are, the longer it will take to get
there.
The less you sleep, the more tired you get.
Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words.
1 Wouldn't you prefer to get a takeaway rather than have 8 Last night I felt more tired than ever.
to cook tonight? AS I have___________________________________
SOONER Wouldn't you I did last night.
have to cook tonight? 9 Tony finds history easier than geography.
2 If we stay longer, we can spend more time sightseeing. NOT Geography _________________________________
THE The___________________________________________ history for Tony.
time we can spend sightseeing. 10 As he gets older, he becomes less tolerant.
3 I'd rather go home than go to the cinema. THE The_____________________________________
THAN I'd prefer____________________________________ tolerant he becomes.
go to the cinema. 11 I love going to football matches, but my sister prefers
4 In some countries, men and women are paid the same. going to tennis tournaments.
AS In some countries, women WHEREAS I love going to football matches.
_________________________________________ men.
5 Crisps are not as nutritious as nuts. to tennis tournaments.
LESS Crisps_______________________________________ 12 Helen had twice as much work as Janet.
nuts. HALF Janet had __________________________________
6 No other job is as well-paid. Helen.
BEST It ____________________________________________ 13 I like being self-employed. It's better than working for
job. someone else.
7 John and I have received the same number of job TO I prefer ______________________________________
offers. ____________ for someone else.
MANY I have received 14 My grandfather is getting less and less patient as he
John. gets older.
IMPATIENT My grandfather is getting
_____________as he gets older.
46
4
REVISION
2 David couldn't stand the suspense any. 15 Linda walks every evening.
A longer C more longer A quickly home after work
B longest D as long B after work quickly home
C home quickly after work
3 We to go to the theatre these days.
D after work home quick
A geta rarely chance C get rarely a chance
B geta chance rarely D rarely geta chance 16 You're looking now. Has your cold gone?
A best C more better
4 Burgers are than fruit and vegetables.
B better D more good
A less healthy C least healthier
B less healthier D least healthy 17 Her new job was than she thought it would be.
A far challenging C most challenging
5 I find history than geography.
B the challenging D more challenging
A much interesting
B very interesting 18 Joe could hit the ball than his competitor.
C much more interesting A powerfully C most powerfully
D more of interesting B more powerfully D the most powerfully
6 As the day went on, the weather got. 19 Reading a good book is way to relax.
A bad and worse C worse and worst A very leisurely C the most leisurely
B worse and worse D worse and bad B more leisurely D leisurely
7 On the floor was a rug. 20 The he gets, the more patient he becomes.
A large Persian round C Persian round large A far older C older
B round large Persian D large round Persian B oldest D old
8 Could you talk a bit, please? 21 This isn't the as the one before.
A less loudly C least loudly A such C like
B less louder D least loud B same D more
9 Our team's performance was a disappointment. 22 I'd prefer to watch TV rather than out.
A fairly C quite A go C to going
B pretty D more B togo D going
10 Can't you run faster? 23 She loves sci-fi films,her sister prefers action
A any C very films.
B more D many A while C less
B as D same
11 That yellow bicycle costs twice as as this blue
one. 24 That sounds a bad idea.
A more C much A than C as
B most D many B whereas D like
48
r PHRASALVERBS PREPOSITIONS
do away with: abolish Look at Appendix 1, then fill in the correct preposition.
do down: speak badly of sb
do in: kill 1 His wife insists buying a larger flat.
do out: clean 2 There has been a noticeable increase house prices.
do up: 1) fasten; tie, 2) redecorate 3 Many local residents objected the scheme.
do with: 1) need; want, 2) have a 4 Some people are indifferent the welfare of the homeless.
connection with 5 There has been a slight decrease crime in the area.
do without: manage to live or continue 6 What we lack our flat is enough storage space.
without 7 They were very impressed the view from the balcony.
fall back: move back; retreat 8 Gary prides himself his house.
fall back on: use sth in the absence of sth 9 The hostess was pleasant each of her guests.
else; turn to 10 I'm really pleased my new kitchen.
fall behind: 1) fail to keep up with,
2) be late with payment ' WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED
fall for: 1) be tricked, 2) fall in love with sb
fall in with: accept sb's plans, ideas
fall off: decrease
Like is used
fall on: 1) attack, 2) eat (food) hungrily • for similarities.
fall out (with): quarrel He works like a mule. (He isn't a mule.)
fall through: fail to be completed
• after feel, look, smell, sound + noun.
She looks like her mother.
It smells like burnt toast.
Fill in the correct particle(s).
with nouns, pronouns or the -ing form to express similarity.
1 I can't do an airconditioner Frogs'legs are supposed to taste just like chicken.
in the summer. Is that your mum? You look like her.
2 The government should do It's like walking on air.
those old regulations.
As is used
3 Youd better do your shoes
or you'll trip over your laces. • to say what sb or sth really is (jobs or roles).
a woman with a gun. in certain expressions: as usual, as...as, as much, such as, the same
5 This room could do a fresh as. She was late as usual.
coat of paint. after: accept, be known, class, describe, refer to, regard, use.
6 Theatre attendance has fallen He's regarded as an expert on computers.
because of the rise in ticket prices.
in clauses of manner to mean 'in the way that'.
7 Our holiday plans fell
We must write the essay as they have shown us.
when all the airlines went on strike.
8 After some disagreement, they finally
fell our suggestions. Fill in as or like.
9 Once we'd spent all our money, we fell
our credit card. 1 you mentioned, they are two peas in a pod. Jack
10 John fell with the rent looks exactly his twin brother, Jim. They even have the
11 George always falls girls 2 Ugh! This soup tastes just water. Didn't you make it
12 I fell my flatmate and 3 He treats his friends dirt. I detest people behaving
didn't speak to her for a few days. that. He should treat people he'd like to be treated himself.
4 he didn't know what his relations looked, they
sent him a photo so he would recognise them at the airport.
5 I have been working a tour guide for two years now, but
I don't really regard it a serious career. It's time to do
something different. I might even go back to college my
sister has done.
49
4 English in Use
50
OPEN CLOZE
Think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space.
Would you pack your bags and move 0) into an underwater house? Perhaps you might even
dream of living in the fictional city of Atlantis. If it makes sense to go out and set 1)a
colony on Mars, then why not live in the ocean? It’s just as habitable and far closer to home.
Given that around 71 % of Earth is covered by water, it wouldn’t be much of a surprise if we .WOBflfr
have to adapt to living away from land 2)some point. However, living underwater
does have its fair share of challenges, like cold temperatures and immense water pressure,
3)to mention a lack of oxygen. Even so, the technology to build underwater houses
already exists, so you could be moving into one sooner 4)you think.
There are already restaurants and hotels popping 5)around the world that allow
people to experience underwater living. In fact, floating underwater houses, where part of
the structure is lying beneath the surface of the sea, are currently for sale off the coast of
Dubai. From the underwater level, residents are able to view fish and seahorses swimming
around their natural habitat in the Arabian Gulf. Architects have even drawn 6)plans
to create whole underwater cities, complete with shops, schools and residential areas.
Certainly, living underwater would help to protect the human race 7)the effects of
rising sea levels and overpopulation, and would mean that we won’t have to cut 8)
any trees to make way for houses. It would also probably be more comfortable than living on
Mars.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Read the text below and decide which word (A, B, C or D) best fits each
space. There's an example at the beginning (0).
Sustainable Citics?
A sustainable city is one that has been designed with bicycles as cars in the city, and nearly half the population
environmental concerns 0) B mind. More than half of the 4) ______by bike. This has not only dramatically 5) _______
world's population lives in cities, highlighting the need for carbon emissions, but also improved the health of its
sustainable practices in 1) ______areas. Sustainable cities citizens.
aim to change the way they function, ensuring that they do Other examples of things a sustainable city might introduce
not 2)_____ a strain on resources which will cause them to include roof gardens, solar panels, more efficient public
disappear before future generations have an opportunity to transport, water 6) ______ , improved recycling facilities,
benefit from them. tougher pollution controls, wind energy and more green
There is no single model of a sustainable city, but rather a spaces. These changes can be expensive and may take years
wide variety of changes which are intended to reduce the to put in 7)______, but they can have a gradual effect in
environmental impact of the city as a whole. These may reversing climate change. Simply planting roof gardens on
include individual lifestyle changes made by city residents tops of buildings, for instance, can dramatically reduce the
as well as schemes 3) ______ by local governments. In amount of heat 8)______by cities, keeping the temperature
Copenhagen, for example, the city introduced a vast down.
network of bicycle lanes. Now there are five times as many
0 A at ® in C on D to
1 A national B public C remote D urban
2 A feel B have c make D put
3 A delayed B implemented c involved D prohibited
4 A adjusts B commutes c shifts D transfers
5 A carved B chopped c cut D sliced
6 A conservation B motivation c observation D reservation
7 A location B place c site D spot
8 A absorbed B consumed c extended D occupied
Grammar
PASSIVE VOICE
Passive voice
The passive is formed with the appropriate tense of the verb to be + past participle. Present perfect continuous, Future
continuous and Past perfect continuous are not normally used in the passive. Note that only transitive verbs (verbs
which take an object) can be put into the passive.
Note: Get is used in colloquial English instead of be to express something happening by accident.
He'll get hurt if he plays like that.
• when the person performing the action (agent) is when we are interested more in the action than the
unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context. agent, such as in news reports, formal notices,
The rooms have been searched thoroughly, (by the police instructions, processes, headlines, advertisements, etc.
- obvious agent) "Crocodiles have been set free..'.'
Choose the correct option. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct passive
form.
1 This product has not been tested/has not tested on
animals. 1 Polar bears(hunt) for their fur.
2 Those windows really need to clean/be cleaned soon. 2 A lecture(give) in the main hall at
3 Kate was made take/to take piano lessons by her the moment.
parents. 3 After(award)
4 Some of our old family photos got lost/lost when we a medal for bravery, he became a local hero.
moved house. 4 Her ankle(hurt) when she fell down.
5 I don't like seeing/being seen in my pyjamas. 5 She th in ks her ca r(stea I)
6 Who was the television invented by/invented? by someone she knows.
7 John was seen leaving/leave through the back door. 6 The apartment(sell) last week.
8 My car is repaired/is being repaired this week, so I'm 7 I hate(lie to) by my friends.
going to work by bus. 8 Nurses really ought(pay) more
9 The dessert was made by/with bananas and cream. than they are.
10 The prize money will divide/will be divided between 9 The music must(turn down)
the two winners. by 12 o'clock at the latest.
10 Your free gift(send) to you in the
next few days.
52
Grammar
PASSIVE VOICE
• The object of the active verb becomes the subject in the passive sentence. The active verb changes into a passive
form, and the subject of the active verb becomes the agent which is either introduced with "by" or is omitted.
• By + agent is omitted when the agent is unknown, • For verbs which take two objects, it is more common
unimportant, obvious from the context or words to begin the sentence with the person.
such as: someone, people, I, they, etc. They gave her all the details. —► She was given all the details,
They will give more information soon. —► More (more common than: All the details were given to her.)
information will be given soon, ("by them"is omitted) • In passive questions with who, whom or which we
• By + agent is used to say who or what did the action. do not omit by.
She was knocked down by a lorry. With + instrument Who offered her thejob? -* Who was she offered thejob by?
or material is used to say what the agent used. • Make, hear, help, see are followed by a to-infinitive in
The policeman was stabbed with a knife. the passive.
• Verbs followed by a preposition (look after, accuse of, They saw him cross the street. -► He was seen to cross
etc.) take the preposition immediately after them the street. Note that hear, see, watch can be followed
when turned into the passive. by a present participle in the active and passive.
She looks after her daughter well. -♦ Her daughter is We heard him playing the guitar. —► He was
looked after well. heard playing the guitar. //
1 Her hair_____at the moment. 9 Reservations can_____by calling the hotel directly.
A is dyeing B is being dyed A be made B been made
C being dyed C being made
53
PASSIVE VOICE
Fill in by or with. Change the sentences from the passive into the
active.
1 This suit was designed Armani.
2 This cake is filled fresh cream. 1 Why was James asked to leave the club?
3 Who was Neptune discovered?
4 Ford cars are made experts.
5 The baby was covered a blanket. 2 They love being invited to parties.
6 "Carmen"was composed Bizet.
7 The coat was lined fur.
8 The food will be provided caterers. 3 The best cream cakes are made by Sayers.
9 The stew was flavoured garlic.
10 The Royal Wedding was watched millions.
4 By the end of the party, all the food had been eaten.
Change the sentences from the active into the
passive. Omit the agent where it can be omitted.
5 Gauff was beaten by Światek in the Women's Tennis Final.
1 The British eat around 2.5 billion burgers each year.
54
Grammar
PASSIVE VOICE
Personal/lmpersonal constructions
The verbs believe, expect, feel, hope, know, report, say, think, etc are used in the following passive patterns in personal
and impersonal constructions.
• subject (person) + passive verb + to -infinitive Doctors expect he will recover soon.
(personal construction) He is expected to recover soon.
Turn the following into the passive, as in the Complete the sentences using the words in bold.
example. Use two to five words.
1 They say he is a millionaire. 1 The teacher scolded Jim for not paying attention.
He is said to be a millionaire. WAS Jim_________________________________________
It is said that he is a millionaire. for not paying attention.
2 They expect the plane will be landing soon. 2 Her parents named her after her grandmother.
The plane___________________________________________________ WAS She _______________________________________
It___________________________________________________ ______ her grandmother.
3 They believe he was working illegally. 3 Most people think that learning a language is difficult.
He___________________________________________________________ THOUGHT It ___________________________________________
It_____________________________________________________________ a language is difficult.
4 They say he is feeling better.
4 An editor will check the article.
He___________________________________________________________
BE The article_________________________________
It_____________________________________________________________
_________________________________ an editor.
5 They thought he had been brave to do so.
5 The traffic warden will give you a ticket if you park
He___________________________________________________________
there.
It_____________________________________________________________
BE You _______________________________________
6 They think he has escaped from prison.
_______ if you park there.
He___________________________________________________________
6 A lot of men enjoy football.
It_____________________________________________________________
IS Football ___________________________________
7 They expect he'll pass his exams.
_____________________________ a lot of men.
He___________________________________________________________
7 The builders will have finished the extension by July.
It_____________________________________________________________
BEEN The_________________________________________
8 They say she lied to the police.
___________________ by July.
She___________________________________________________________
It_____________________________________________________________ 8 The teacher has given the students their homework.
9 They say they miss too many lessons. HAVE The_________________________________________
55
Rewrite the text in the passive. Rewrite the newspaper headlines as complete
sentences using the passive.
The critics have greeted with enthusiasm Turning 1 KENYAN ATHLETE BREAKS
Point, Marvin Morton’s new play. They regard it as his MARATHON WORLD RECORD
most mature work. Morton wrote it after he had
studied people’s behaviour for a considerable time.
On the opening night, the audience called Morton
2
onto the stage and applauded him loudly. They are MAYOR WILL OPEN NEW LIBRARY NEXT WEEK
staging the play at the Apollo Theatre where they
expect thousands of people to see it. Film companies
have asked Morton to write a script for a film based
on the play. We do not know yet whether 3 LOTTERY WINNER HAS NOT
Morton will seriously consider
CLAIMED £2 MILLION PRIZE YET
the proposal.
Rewrite the news report in the active. CAR FACTORY LAYS OFF 500 WORKERS LAST WEEK
56
J REVISION
2 The sound of footsteps was heard______ up the stairs. 15 The novel______ by Lewis Carroll in 1865.
A came C coming A wrote C was write
B to come D becoming B was written D were written
3 The omelette______ eggs, cheese and peppers. 16 He was made______ at the station for two hours.
A made with C made by A wait C waited
B was made with D was made by B to wait D waiting
4 I had the feeling that I______ . 17 Your application______ by the end of the month.
A was being watched C am being watched A will review C will be reviewed
B was been watched D am watching B will be review D will have reviewed
5 Jamie______ be a talented actor. 18 Linda was knocked off her bike______ a bus.
A is said C says that he A by C with
B is said to D is said that he B on D from
7 That wet paint should not______ . 20 The parcels,______ , were put on the boss's desk.
A touch C been touched A having delivered C have being delivered
B be touched D being touched B have been delivered D having been delivered
8 The report______ by the end of next week. 21 Sandra heard her name______ from across the street.
A will have finished C will have been finished A called C being called
B will been finished D have been finished B calling D having called
9 Philip______ while playing football. 22 Around 5,000 snow leopards are believed______ in the
A got injured C been injured wild.
B has injured D were injured A to be left C to have left
B being left D be left
10 I remember the announcement______ last week.
A making C being made 23 What______ you told to do?
B be made D being making A had C will
B were Dwould
11 A new stadium______ near the station.
A is building C is being built 24 A fashion show will_______ next week.
B building D being built A have held C held
B being held D be held
12 I don't know who______ that article, but it's very good.
A wrote C was written 25 Accommodation for new teachers______ by the
B is written D has been written college.
A provides C will provide
13 This chicken's really dry. It______ for too long.
B is provided D would provide
A has cooked C has been cook
B has be cooked D has been cooked
5 .MH4 HEALTH
Fill in: twist, have (x7), cut, sprain, bruise, burn, break, Match the sentences to the illnesses in the list.
pull, hit. Which are (IL) illnesses? Which are (IN)
A concussion B food poisoning C a cold
injuries? Add three more items to each category.
D an allergy E a fever F a throat infection
58
Vocabulary
59
f KEY-WORD TRANSFORMATIONS 7 The manufacturers expect the device will be on the
market early next year.
They made the customers wait outside in the rain. EXPECTED The device _______________________________
The customers were made to wait outside in the rain. ___________ on the market
early next year.
The professor gave the books to the students.
The students were given the books (by the professor). 8 Anne was sent a large bouquet of flowers by Harry.
The books were given to the students (by the professor). TO A large bouquet of flowers
__________________________ Anne by Harry.
I remember them giving the tickets to Paul.
9 Do you remember them taking me to hospital?
I remember Paul being given the tickets.
BEING Do you remember
I saw a reporter interviewing Chris on TV.
__________ to hospital?
I saw Chris being interviewed on TV.
10 Many people claim that children are spending less
People believe that dogs are intelligent animals. time reading these days.
Dogs are believed to be intelligent animals. CLAIMED It is_________________________________________
It is believed that dogs are intelligent animals. _______ less time reading
Scientists think the ice in Antarctica is melting quite fast. these days.
The ice in Antarctica is thought to be melting quite fast.
It is thought that the ice in Antarctica is melting quite fast. WORD FORMATION
We expect the weather will be better tomorrow.
ADJECTIVES FORMED FROM VERBS AND NOUNS
The weather is expected to be better tomorrow.
Many people consider that Jane has been treated -able believe - believable
60
English in Use J I
5 MT
r MULTIPLE CHOICE
Read the text below and choose the best answer (A, B or C) to fill in the gaps. There is an example at the
beginning (0).
OPEN CLOZE
Think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space.
61
GRAMMAR
1 From 14-20 June, Liverpool____ its International Garden 14 As soon as he entered the house, he realised that one of
Festival; everyone's welcome. the windows_____ .
A had held C has been holding A had broken C been broken
B are going to hold D will be holding B being broken D had been broken
2 She____ for her exam all night; she looks tired. 15 The poorer in carbohydrates your diet is,____ you might
A must be studying feel.
B must have been studying A the more depressed C the depressed
C can't be studying B more depressed D as depressed
D couldn't have studied
16 By the time the police arrived, the burglars____ .
3 When I moved from Paris to London, I____ on the left. A disappeared C had disappeared
A wasn't used to driving C didn't used to driving B were disappearing D had been disappearing
B wasn't used to drive D didn't use to driving
17 The flowers in my garden should____ at least once a
4 She'd sooner stay at home alone____ with James. week.
A than going out C than go out A watered C will be watered
B rather going out D rather go out B water D be watered
5 There's no point____ the phrase. I can't speak Chinese. 18 An additional bonus payment____ to all our employees
A to repeat_____________ C repeat next month.
B repeating D to repeating A will provide C be provided
6 A lot of people____ redundant last year due to the B will be provided D will provided
economic crisis. 19 I'm really scared of dogs. You____ me that you've got
A made C had made one.
B be made D were made A didn't have to tell C must have told
7 I don't feel like cooking.____ we go out for dinner? B needn't have told D should have told
A Shall B Shall be C Will D Are 20 I would prefer to eat at home rather than____ to a
8 It's Saturday, Jack. You____ your essay by Friday. Please restaurant.
do not miss the deadline next time. A togo B going C go D to going
A must be handed in 21 Life in the countryside isn't____ it used to be decades
B didn't need to hand in
ago.
C were supposed to hand in
A hectic as C as hectic than
D ought to hand in
B as hectic as D hectic than
9 Would you be so kind as____ my CV? I'm not experienced
22 He prefers living in the city centre____ to work for hours
enough in writing it.
from the suburbs.
A to proofread C proofread
A to commuting C commuting
B proofreading D to proofreading
B to commute D than commuting
10 "Why are you crying?" "I____ onions."
23 I haven't finished the report yet, but I'm certain I____ it
A cut C been cutting
by tomorrow afternoon.
B was cut D have been cutting
A complete
11 He doesn't derive pleasure from his work. I think he____ B will be completing
to resign soon. C will have completed
A is able B should C is likely D would D will have been completing
12 I bought a washing machine yesterday, but it____ yet. 24 John's so exhausted; he's been driving a car all day
A hasn't been delivered C been delivered without_____ a break.
B hasn't delivered D be delivered A to take B taking C take D to taking
13 Amanda is looking forward____ her sister in London. 25 What's this? You____ an umbrella with you. It's going to be
A to visit C visit sunny and hot today, according to the weather forecast.
B visiting D to visiting A needn't have taken C don't have taken
B didn't have to take D won't have taken
62
A
REVIEW
VOCABULARY
i Don't forget to buy a____ of milk, please. 15 My grandfather____ a fortune selling recipe books.
A jar B can C carton D bar A made B did C caught D broke
2 Jim arrived at the airport too late and therefore, he____ 16 Jenny is a tall girl with dark____ hair. She's really
his flight. outgoing and helpful.
A missed B lost C got D caught A plump Btanned C wavy D narrow
3 I'm not sure whether she's going to wait for us. She's so 17 Do you think you could do the Internet for a week?
A without C out
A lazy C talkative B up D away with
B impatient D disorganised
18 It's a bad idea to goto London in July sinceall the sights
4 They'd been married for 5 years by the time they broke are____ with tourists.
A empty B full C booked D crowded
A into B down C out D up
19 Chris had the flu and it took him a longtime to get_____
5 I've always dreamt of watching wildlife. Finally, I'm lucky it.
to be going on____ . A through C away
A camping holiday C skiing holiday B over D in
B safari D beach holiday
20 Well, I'd like to buy a detached house or a cottage. Also,
6 You need to____ one pill twice a day before meals. I've got a car so there must be_____ next to the house.
A drink B give C take D make A an attic C a garage
B a chimney D a garden
7 My room is so cramped, I'm looking forward to moving
into a more____ one next year. 21 You might need to cut____ sugar to lose some weight.
A basic C old-fashioned A down with C through
B noisy D spacious B upto D down on
8 I'm not a fan of fried chicken because it's too____ . 22 James is so____ . He always thinks other people aren't as
A salty B spicy C sour D greasy qualified and skilful as he is.
A arrogant C modest
9 She decided to leave when she fell ____ with her
B optimistic D disorganised
roommate.
A down B out C in D behind 23 "What's that?" "Don't worry, I____ myself while I was
shaving yesterday."
10 I used to suffer____ insomnia a lot. What helps me fall
A broke B twisted C hit D cut
asleep quickly now is listening to relaxing music.
A from B to C about D of 24 I've never____ a yacht, but I'd love to try!
A ridden B sailed C driven D gone
11 I'd like a burger with a____ order ofchips.
A packed B back C side D balanced 25 Unfortunately, the flat isn't equipped with_____ but you
can use the air-conditioner instead.
12 Mary has taken sick leave because she has a____ throat.
A a microwave oven C central heating
A sick B sore C ache D cold
B a built-in wardrobe D a carpet
13 I'm not accustomed____ working in a team.
A with B for C about D to
We use have + object + past participle to say that we arrange for someone to do something for us.
He asked the mechanic to repair his car. He had his car repaired. (He didn't do it himself- the mechanic did it.)
Present simple She looks after her children. She has her children looked after.
Present continuous She is looking after her children. She is having her children looked after.
Past simple She looked after her children. She had her children looked after.
Past continuous She was looking after her children. She was having her children looked after.
Future simple She will look after her children. She will have her children looked after.
Future continuous She will be looking after her children. She will be having her children looked after.
Present perfect She has looked after her children. She has had her children looked after.
Present perfect continuous She has been looking after her children. She has been having her children looked after.
Past perfect She had looked after her children. She had had her children looked after.
Past perfect continuous She had been looking after her children. She had been having her children looked after.
Infinitive She can look after her children. She can have her children looked after.
-ing form She likes looking after her children. She likes having her children looked after.
The verb to have, when used in the causative, forms Make/have + object + bare infinitive are used to
its negations and questions with do/does (Present express that someone causes someone else to do
simple) and did (Past simple). something, but their meaning is slightly different.
She doesn't have the flowers arranged. Did you have He made Liz send a fax. (He insisted that Liz should
the clothes ironed? send a fax.)
Get can be used instead of have in the causative. He had Liz send a fax. (He asked Liz to send a fax.)
Did you have/getyour hair cut? Get + object + to-infinitive is used to show that
The causative can be used instead of the passive to someone persuades someone else to do something.
express accidents or misfortunes. She got her husband to cut the grass.
He had his cheek bruised in a fight. (= His cheek was (She persuaded her husband to cut the grass.)
bruised in a fight.)
1 Do you ask someone to type your essays? 7 He isn't going to take his glasses to be adjusted today.
a Do you have your essays typed? a He isn't going to adjust his glasses today.
b Do you type your essays? b He isn't going to have his glasses adjusted today.
2 Her photographs haven't been printed yet. 8 Did the detective order the constable to follow the
a She hasn't printed her photographs yet. suspect?
b She hasn't had her photographs printed yet. a Did the detective follow the suspect?
3 She doesn't like asking people to do her shopping. b Did the detective have the suspect followed?
a She doesn't like having her shopping done. 9 You should ask someone to collect your mail.
b She doesn't like doing her shopping. a You should have your mail collected.
4 Have you asked them to install a burglar alarm for you? b You should collect your mail.
a Have you installed a burglar alarm? 10 Has the chauffeur been driving Mary's kids to school
b Have you had a burglar alarm installed? for years?
5 I didn't use to employ someone to do the housework a Has Mary been driving her kids to school for years?
for me. b Has Mary been having her kids driven to school for
a I didn't use to do the housework. years?
b I didn't use to have the housework done. 11 Was his arm broken in a car crash?
6 The doctor examined her wound. a Did he have his arm broken in a car crash?
a She had her wound examined. b Did he break his arm in a car crash?
b She examined her wound.
64
i THE CAUSATIVE
Read the situations, then write sentences using Complete the sentences using have, make or get in
the causative form. the correct form, as in the example.
1 The optician is testing her eyes. What is she doing? 1 He insisted that Peter left immediately.
He made Peter leave immediately.
2 Janet persuaded Diane to drive her to the airport.
2 If he doesn't drive more carefully, the police will take Janet________________________________________________________
away his licence. What will happen to him? ____________________________________________ to the airport.
3 My car radio is being fitted by Gary today.
3 This time tomorrow, an artist will be painting her son's ______________________________________ my car radio today.
portrait. What will she be doing? 4 She asked her sister to translate the article.
She__________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________ the article.
4 Someone has cut down the tree in our garden. What 5 I finally persuaded the landlord to change the locks.
have we done? I finally _____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________ the locks.
6 My mother insisted that I should wear a dress to the
5 They can vaccinate your children against smallpox. wedding.
What can you do? My mother ________________________________________________
__________________________________________ to the wedding.
7 I will ask John to pick me up at the station.
6 She will hire someone to build a shed for her. What I will ________________________________________________________
will she do? ____________________________________________ at the station.
8 Sue persuaded her colleagues to change their minds.
Sue______________________________________________________
7 The dentist is polishing Tom's teeth. What is Tom ___________________________________________ their minds.
doing? 9 She is going to ask him to rewrite the assignment.
She is ______________________________________________________
__________________________________________ the assignment.
8 The police had been towing away his car. What had 10 I can't believe he asked me to return the gift.
been happening to him? I can't believe______________________________________________
____________________________________________________ the gift.
11 He insisted that they should stay at home.
9 Someone dry-cleans his suits every month. What He __________________________________________________________
does he do? ___________________________________________________ at home.
12 I will try to persuade him to give you the money he
owes you.
10 He has been paying a therapist to massage his back. I will ________________________________________________________
What has he been doing? _______________________________ the money he owes you.
13 The receptionist asked her to wait outside his office.
The receptionist___________________________________________
11 Sally gets a hairdresser to dye her hair every month. ________________________________________ outside his office.
What does she do? 14 The doctor insisted that she should go to hospital.
The doctor_________________________________________________
_______________________________________________ to hospital.
12 Max will be cooking dinner for us tonight. What will 15 He asked the porter to carry his luggage.
we be doing? He __________________________________________________________
______________________________________________ his luggage.
65
Complete the replies using the causative. Complete the sentences using the words in bold.
Use two to five words.
1 A: I heard you painted your room.
B: That's not true. I ______________________________________ 1 They arranged for medical supplies to be flown into
the region.
2 A: Sorry to call you now. You must be cooking dinner. HAD They_________________________________________
B: Actually, we ___________________________________________ ____________ into the region.
____________________________________________ for us. 2 A shark bit Tony's leg.
3 A: Have you booked the venues for your tour? GOT Tony_________________________________________
B: Not really. I ____________________________________________ _________________ by a shark.
_____________________________________ for my tour. 3 A lawyer will have to sign this document for you.
4 A: Will he drive his clients to the airport? HAVE You _________________________________________
B: No, he __________________________________________________ this document signed by a lawyer.
__________________________________ to the airport.
4 Why did you insist that I buy this horrible cheese?
5 A: Had they cancelled the milk delivery before they
MAKE Why_________________________________________
went away?
this horrible cheese?
B: No. They________________________________________________
5 She pays someone to clean the windows every month.
_________________________________________ for them.
CLEANED She___________________________________________
6 A: His eye was bruised during the match.
______________ every month.
B: That's true. He_________________________________________
6 The labourers were forced to work seven days a week.
_____________________________ during the match.
MADE They_________________________________________
7 A: Had she been cutting the grass when you called?
seven days a week.
B: No, she_________________________________________________
__________________________________________ for her. 7 Someone will pick your pocket if you aren't careful
8 A: Who will look after her dog while she is away? around here.
9 A: Are you going to paint your fence? 8 They will take away your licence if they catch you
B: No, I_____________________________________________________ driving that way.
_________________________________________ by Peter. HAVE You _________________________________________
10 A: Does she put on her own make-up before each away if they catch you driving that way.
performance? 9 She arranged for her neighbour to walk her dog while
B: No, she_________________________________________________ she was away.
by Megan before each performance. HAD She___________________________________________
by her neighbour while she was away.
10 Please don't insist that I cook dinner tonight.
MAKE Please_______________________________________
____________ dinner tonight.
11 Someone stole their car while they were asleep.
HAD They_________________________________________
while they were asleep.
12 Her nose was broken in the accident.
GOT She___________________________________________
in the accident.
13 Did you insist they rewrite the composition?
MAKE Did___________________________________________
_________ the composition?
14 She hired someone to make new curtains for her
house.
HAD She_________
______________ for her house.
15 He got someone at the garage to adjust the brakes.
ADJUSTED He ___________________________________________
______________ at the garage.
66
Grammar 6
A REVISION
2 Jane is at the hairdresser at the moment. She_____ . 11 One of my teeth was hurting, so I went to the dentist
A has her hair done to_____ .
B is having done her hair A get it look at
C is having to do her hair B get it looked at
D is having her hair done C get it to look at
D had it looked at
3 I love talking to Jessica. She always_____.
A makes me laugh 12 Sally_____my shoes before I entered her house.
B makes meto laugh A made to take off
C makes me laughed B had me to take off
D makes laugh me C made me take off
D made me to take off
4 We should_____before Christmas.
A get painted our flat 13 When you order the tickets, can you_____to my work
B get our flat painted address?
C had our flat painted A sent them
D have our flat to paint B get sent them
C had them sent
5 Kevin_____ some time tomorrow.
D have them sent
A will get his tyres change
B will get his tyres changed 14 My cat loves_____ .
C will get changed his tyres A having its head scratched
D will have his tyres get changed B having scratched its head
C getting its head scratch
6 I don't have time to clean the house on my own, so I'd
D getting scratched its head
better_for me.
A get somebody do it 15 He_____for years before he bought a new pair.
B get somebody done it A had having his old shoes repaired
C get somebody to do it B had been having his old shoes repair
D get to do it somebody C had been having his old shoes repaired
D had been having repaired his old shoes
7 Were you_____when I called yesterday?
A got your shopping delivered 16 I'd better_____before we set off on our trip.
B having your shopping delivered A have the car look over
C getting delivered your shopping B get looked over the car
D having your shopping be delivered C get the car to look over
D have the car looked over
8 Melanie_____for hours.
A has been painted her portrait 17 They_____all next week.
B has having her portrait painted A will be getting their new kitchen installed
C been having her portrait painted B will been having their new kitchen installed
D has been having her portrait painted C will be getting to install their new kitchen
D have been having their new kitchen installed
9 This is the second time we_____this month.
A have the air conditioner fixed 18 I'm going to_____by Mike to see what is wrong.
B have get the air conditioner fixed A check my computer
C have had the air conditioner fixed B have checked my computer
D have had fixed the airconditioner C have my computer checked
D have my computer to check
67
Vocabulary
THE ARTS
Match the descriptions (a-f) to the film types Fill in: audience, bow, box office, stage, costumes,
(1-6). interval, play, seats.
111 comedy a a film that shows real events 1 You can pick up your theatre tickets from the
IzL romance or gives information on a before the show.
lik documentary topic 2 The lights came on just as the first actor came onto
|4| action film b a film that makes people the.
|s| science fiction laugh 3 We talked about the first half of the performance
horror c a film about a frightening during the.
story 4 An usher helped us find our near
d a film about life in space/the the front of the theatre.
future 5 The young actor looked into the to
e a film about a love story see if he could find his family.
f an adventure film 6 The cast took a(n)as the audience
applauded at the end of the show.
a) List the adjectives: gripping, moving, original, 7 Macbeth is a famous by Shakespeare
well/poorly-written, thrilling, involving, excellent, which is still performed today.
shocking, entertaining, disappointing, enjoyable, 8 The cast were wearing beautifully designed
confusing in the appropriate box(es). for the performance.
Plot Script Fill in: chapter, crime, characters, novel, poetry, tale,
volume, myth.
b) Fill in the gaps with words from Ex. 2a. What • author • biography • chapter • character
type of film(s) are they? • contents • fiction • front/back cover • hero
• narrator • non-fiction • novelist • play • poet
1 There were some really funny scenes, and overall I
• short story • title
found the film very.
2 It was such a story that I Type of Real or fictitious
couldn't stop crying when the couple parted forever. Part of a book
literature person
3 There were some really scary monsters, and there was
so much blood that I found it quite.
4 The chase scenes were so
that I was on the edge of my seat.
68
r PHRASAL VERBS ' WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED
give away: 1) give sth for free, 2) reveal Choose the correct option. Check in your
give off: emit dictionary.
give back: return
give in: 1) surrender, 2) hand in 1 No wonder everybody_____at him. He always wears
give out: distribute such strange clothes.
give up: 1) stop (a habit etc), 2) surrender A browses B notices C stares
Look at Appendix 1, then fill in the correct 9 I'm glad you_____the mistake before it was too late.
preposition. A stared B scanned C spotted
1 He has absolutely no taste clothes. 10 I caught a_____of him before he disappeared into the
2 He succeeded getting a place at art school. crowd.
3 I think I was a bit mean Paula yesterday. A glance B glimpse C peek
4 Are you having trouble your car?
5 Not many people have such a talent acting. Choose the correct option.
6 Most writers are sensitive criticism.
A: Royal Theatre booking line. How can I help you?
7 This ticket is valid two days only.
B: Hi. I'd like two 1) adult/grown-up tickets for Master
8 I took pity the beggar and gave him some
and Margarita, please.
food.
A: Certainly. When for? The play 2) runs/holds until the
9 The young actress is completely unaware
end of May.
the trouble she has caused.
B: This Friday night, if possible.
10 Children should be warned the dangers of
A: I'll just check ... I'm sorry, but that performance is
drugs.
3) totally/fully booked. Would you like me to 4) test/
11 Robert felt a bit uneasy the plan, but he
try a later performance?
agreed.
B: Yes, please. Perhaps you could check for Sunday.
12 There is no solution your problem.
A: OK ... there are two seats available near the stage
13 I try not to let my dance classes interfere
then. Would you like to 5) keep/reserve them?
my schoolwork.
B: Yes, please. Will I receive the tickets by email?
14 The cinema smelled freshly made popcorn.
A: No. You simply 6) take/collect them at the box office
15 He makes good use his talents.
on the evening of the performance.
16 She's not used being spoken to like that.
B: I see. Thank you.
17 Don't worry Gary. He'll be OK.
18 I'm not worthy such an honour.
69
^ KEY-WORD TRANSFORMATIONS WORD FORMATION
They had/got their house broken into recently. -ise special - specialise
[ MULTIPLE CHOICE
Read the text below and choose the correct answer for each gap A, B, C or D. There is an example at the
beginning (0).
ver since the first cave paintings were produced, people have been motivated to
E 0) express themselves through art. It can even be claimed it is one of the unique qualities
that make us human. 1)_____ most people would deny being an artist. We assume that to
be an artist, we need to be able to create a masterpiece, but this is simply not the 2)_____ . on the ^ą(n
The truth is that everybody has the ability to express themselves through art, and perhaps
more surprisingly, we can all benefit from doing so.
One way we can benefit from art is improved self-esteem. Remember how proud you felt
as a young child when your mother hung your artwork up on the fridge or wall for the
entire world to see? Well, that feeling of 3)_____ doesn’t go away as an adult. Seeing a
finished work of art that you have created 4)_____ the release of the hormone dopamine
into our bodies, which reduces feelings of depression and 5)_____ feelings of confidence.
In other words, creating art makes you feel better about yourself.
Research has also shown that 6)_____ in some form of artistic activity for just 45 minutes
can significantly relieve stress. It turns out that creating art is similar to meditation. It forces
the mind to slow down, focus 7)_____ the details and block out distracting thoughts,
resulting in people feeling noticeably calmer and less anxious.
Even viewing art 8)_____ shown to improve our problem-solving skills. Exposing ourselves
to paintings, sculptures and photographs can lead to a sense of well-being, so consider
adding a beautiful portrait to your home for a quick surge of dopamine at the end of a
stressful day.
1 After reading the novel, the students were asked to 6 The play caused a when it was first performed in
write a short of the plot. New York.
A sum B summary C summarise A sensationally B sensation C sensational
2 This painting is a fake - it's practically. 7 We were really with the movie - the ending was
A worthy B worthless C worthwhile so predictable.
A disappointing B disappointment
3 The film has received reviews so far.
C disappointed
A favourite B favoured C favourable
8 I really like the design of the new art gallery. It's
4 Despite my efforts to Clare to enter the short
extremely.
story competition, she refused.
A tasty B tasteless C tasteful
A encourage B encouragement
C encouraging 9 To get into the theatre, you a ticket.
A require B requirement C requiring
5 The concert which was cancelled last night will now be
to a later date. 10 The actor was surrounded by fans, all wanting his
A rescheduled B unscheduled C scheduled autograph.
A admired B admirable C admiring
71
Grammar
CONDITIONALS
Conditionals
Type 3 lf+ Past perfect or Past would/could/might + have + past imaginary situation contrary
unreal past perfect continuous participle to facts in the past; also used
to express regrets or criticism
If she had known how to use the mixer, she wouldn't have broken it.
• When the //-clause precedes the result clause, we • After if we normally use were instead of was for all
separate the two clauses with a comma. persons in Conditionals Type 2 in formal English.
If he had been more careful, he wouldn't have caused If I were/wasyou, I would tell her everything.
the accident. BUT He wouldn't have caused the • We do not normally use will, would or should in
accident if he had been more careful, (no comma) //-clauses.
• Conditionals are usually introduced by if. Other Ifyou want this, you can have it. (NOT: ifyou will want)
expressions are: unless (= if not), providing, provided However, will, would or should can be used in
(that), as long as, in case, on condition (that), but for //-clauses to make a request or express annoyance,
+ -ing form/noun, otherwise, or else, what if, doubt/uncertainty or insistence.
supposing, even if, only if. If he should come, show him in. (doubt/uncertainty -
Unless you work more efficiently, you'll be fired. I doubt that he will come...)
I will do it only ifyou promise not to tell anyone. Ifyou will/would be more patient, I'll be with you
in a minute, (request - Will you please be more
patient?) /
1 If you don't put up/didn't put up this shelf, you won't 10 He wouldn't have gone/doesn't go with her if he had
have anywhere to put your books. known she would behave so irresponsibly.
2 If he changes/changed jobs, he would be a lot 11 I wouldn't have been able to do it unless she would
happier. help/had helped me.
3 If I were you, I would tell/told her how you feel. 12 Sometimes if you take/took a chance, it pays off.
4 If you continue to shout so loudly, you would wake 13 If he woke up/had woken up earlier, he wouldn't have
up/will wake up the baby. been late for work.
5 Even if he asked/had asked them, they wouldn't have 14 If they go on making so much noise, I will haveto/had
agreed to come. to punish them.
6 Unless you feel/felt any better, you can take the rest of 15 If we had intended/intend to spend the day in London,
the day off. we would have bought a day pass.
7 If she hadn't threatened/doesn't threaten him, he 16 Keep your voice down in case he overhears/overheard
wouldn't have left. us.
8 I don't trust/wouldn't trust him if I were you. 17 If she were/had been more experienced, she would be
9 If you're patient for a few minutes, I will be able/would more likely to get the job.
have been able to finish this.
72
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. Choose the correct option.
73
Grammar
CONDITIONALS
Omission of if
If can be omitted in //-clauses. In this case, should, were and hod (Past perfect) come before the subject.
If he should win the race, he'll be very happy. —► Should he win the race, he'll be very happy
If I were you, I wouldn't tell him. —► Were I you, I wouldn't tell him.
If I had known the truth, I'd have called the police. —► Had I known the truth, I'd have called the police.
1 If I were you, I would think twice before accepting his 4 If you get through to the theatre, could you reserve
offer. four tickets for tonight's performance?
Were I you, I would think twice before accepting his offer.
2 If you had saved enough money, we could have gone
on holiday._____________________________________________ 5 If you had paid the telephone bill on time, your phone
wouldn't have been cut off.
3 If I were you, I'd leave an hour earlier to be sure of
getting there on time.________________________________
Mixed conditionals
All types of conditionals can be mixed. Any tense combination is possible if the context permits it.
1 If I were you, I to Jane like that yesterday. 5 You wouldn't be feeling so cold now if you some
A wouldn't speak B didn't speak warmer clothes for the trip.
C wouldn't have spoken A had packed B pack
C packed
2 You would be feeling better now if you the
medicine the doctor gave you last week. 6 If you were me,the place at university I turned
A would take B had taken down?
C take A will you accept B would you have accepted
C would you accept
3 If they didn't take a phone with them, they able
to call us. 7 How far if they had been walking since 7 in the
A won't be B aren't morning?
C wouldn't have been A will they have gone B did they gone
C would they go
4 He would have been picked for the team if he
a better player. 8 You the race if you had a better bike.
A were B is A would have won B had won
C would be C will win
74
REVISION
i If you've finished tidying your room, you______ on your 13 ______ my aunt, I'd never have found this house!
computer. A Unless C Incase
A play C can play B But for D If
B played D could play
14 I______ longer if I had known for sure that you were
2 ______ here ten minutes ago, we would have seen the coming.
Prime Minister! A would wait C would have waited
A Had we been C Were we B had waited D waited
B If we were D Should we be
15 ______ you had three wishes, what would you wish
3 Supposing you______ Einstein, what would you have for?
asked him? A What if C Incase
A meet C met B Even if D On condition that
B will meet D had met
16 ______ you, I wouldn't try to pet that strange dog.
4 If I______ you, I wouldn't eat that chilli - it's very hot! A If I C Should I be
A am C will be B Had I D Were I
B were D had been
17 ______ turned up for work yesterday, you wouldn't
5 If your room were neater, it______ you ten minutes to have lost your job today.
find that book. A Had you C Did you
A won't take C doesn't take B Would you have D Should you have
B wouldn't taken D wouldn't have taken
18 Unless you eat all your food, you______ a dessert!
6 ______ anyone ask, I'll be in about an hour late A won't get C will get
tomorrow. B can get D wouldn't get
A Should C If
19 If the boys had left on time, they______ on the train
B Could D Would
that's just leaving now.
7 ______ a musical instrument if you got the chance? A will be C would be
A Would you learn C Will you learn B are D will have been
B Did you learn D Would you have learnt
20 drop by, tell him I'm in the cafe across the street.
8 The journalist took a notepad______ she had to write A Did Henry C If Henry
something down. B Should Henry D If Henry would
A unless C in case
21 Should anyone come into the shop,______ me a shout.
B provided D supposing
A you gave C give
9 I'll come and watch your basketball game______ you B to give D gave
come to the cinema with me afterwards.
22 The twins______ such a bad problem with acne if they
A if only C as long
ate less fried food.
B unless D only if
A didn't have C hadn't had
10 If John______ to the museum, he wouldn't have seen B wouldn't have D don't have
his favourite actor.
23 You can go on the school trip______ you promise to
A hadn't gone C didn't go
behave yourself.
B wouldn't go D hasn't gone
A otherwise C or else
11 If you gave me your name, I______ your file up on the B even if D as long as
computer.
24 If you______ teasing your little brother, I'll send you to
A would look C will look
your room.
B look D looked
A hadn't stopped C don't stop
12 Make a lot of food. They'll be starving if they______ all B didn't stop D wouldn't stop
day.
A walking C are walking
B were walking D will be walking
75
Vocabulary
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES, WEATHER, ANIMALS
Complete the gaps with words in the list. There are three extra words.
• bay • valley • glacier *0011109 • cloudy • harbour •rainforest •mountains • beach • sunny • humid
• Sea • rainy • Desert • volcano • coast • frosty • river • forest • freezing • lake • cliff • mild • coral reef
• Ocean • waterfall • island
2 Complete the table. Read the collocations and use them to complete
the descriptions.
cloud 4)___________________
fog 5)____________________
6)___________________ snowy
7)___________________ misty
storm 8)___________________
76
1 PHRASALVERBS r WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED
keep at sth: continue working on sth Choose the correct option. Check in your
keep away (from): stay away dictionary.
keep back: 1) stay back, 2) conceal
keep behind: make sb remain after others have left 1 The weather/whether forecast said it will snow
keep sb/sth down: control tomorrow.
keep (oneself) from: 1) prevent from, 2) avoid 2 You should avoid the heat/hit by staying out of the
keep in with: remain friendly with sun.
keep sb/sth off: (cause) to stay at a distance 3 Strong/Heavy winds blew some tiles off our roof
keep on: continue overnight.
keep up with: to continue doing or stay at the same level 4 Make sure you wrap up; the temperature will be
with (sb/sth)
under/below zero today.
5 I enjoy flying my kite when there's a gentle breeze
and a clean/clear blue sky.
Fill in the correct particle(s). 6 Most countries in Europe have a medium/mild climate,
1 She hired an assistant because she couldn't keep which means there isn't much extreme weather.
77
1 KEY WORD TRANSFORMATIONS WORD FORMATION
78
English in Use
MULTIPLE CHOICE j
For questions 1 -10, read the text and choose the correct answer for each gap, A, B, C or D.
For questions 1 -10, complete the sentences below by choosing the correct answer A, B or C.
1 When you write the of your essay, try to include 6 He worked out the answer to the problem using pure
a quotation.
A conclusion B conclusive C concluding A illogical B logic C logical
2 To get into the cinema for this film, we that you 7 What is the best to do while we're in the national
prove to us you are over 18. park?
A requirement B require C requiring A active B activity C inactive
3 The customer must pay for any that occur in 8 The in the rainforest is nearly unbearable!
handling the items on sale. A humidity B humid C humidify
A break-ups B breakdowns C breakages
9 The weather's today - can we turn on the
4 This country is responsible for nearly half of the heating?
worldwide of sunflower seed oil. A frozen B freeze C freezing
A production B productive C producer
10 You were about my place of origin - I'm from
5 I think you've the number of people who will Japan, not Thailand!
come to the party - this is far too much food! A informed B information C misinformed
A estimated B overestimated
C underestimated
79
Grammar
WISHES/UNREAL PAST
Wishes
Form Use
1 wish (if only) + Past simple/Past continuous wish/regret about a present
(wish/regret about the present) situation we want to be different situation
1 wish we were in London now. (It's a pity we aren't.)
1 wish (if only) + could + bare infinitive wish/regret in the present
(wish/regret about the present) concerning lack of ability
I wish 1 could sing. (BUT 1 can't.)
1 wish (if only) + Past perfect regret that something happened
(regret about the past) or didn't happen in the past
I wish you had told us earlier. (BUTyou didn't.)
1 wish (if only) + subject + would + bare infinitive wish for a future change unlikely
(impossible wish for a. wish and would should have a different subject, to happen or wish to express
a future change) b. wish + inanimate subject + would is used to dissatisfaction; polite request
express the speaker's lack of hope or implying dissatisfaction or lack of
disappointment hope
I wish he would stop eating too much junk food. (BUT / don't think he will - wish for a future change unlikely to happen)
1 wish you would pay more attention to what I'm saying, (dissatisfaction)
1 wish the wind would stop blowing. (BUT I'm afraid it won't stop blowing - wish implying disappointment)
1 wish you would be more careful. (Please, be more careful - request implying lack of hope)
After I wish we can use were instead of was in all persons. I wish she were/was here.
Choose the correct option. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
• as if/as though (untrue situation in the present) • as if/as though (untrue situation in the past)
She behaves as if she were the Queen. Soon after being introduced, they were talking to each other
as if they had been friends for years.
• when the subject of would rather is also the subject of the following verb
I'd rather + (^resent ^are i^0^ (present/future reference) I'd rather play tennis.
\ Perfect bare \nf\n\twe (past reference} I'd rather not have gone out with him yesterday.
• when the subject of would rather is different from the subject of the following verb
I'd rather sb +1 ^ast s'mP'e (P^sent/future reference) I'd rather you stopped smoking.
I Past perfect (past reference) I'd rather you had mentioned that before.
• would prefer+ fu\\ infinitive + rather than + bare infinitive (specific preference)
I'd prefer to live in London rather than (live in) Swansea.
• would rather + bare infinitive + than + bare infinitive
I'd rather fly to Munich than go there by car.
81
Choose the correct option. Complete the sentences using the words in bold.
Use two to five words.
1 She had only lived there three months, but she spoke
the language as if she had been living/lived there 1 Your mother's worried about you. You should phone
longer. her.
2 If they went/had gone out less, theyd have more BETTER You ____________________________________________
money. your mother as she's worried about you.
3 I feel a bit sick now. I wish I hadn't eaten/didn't eat 2 Will you ever think about finding a flat of your own?
so much. TIME It's______________________________________________
4 We'd rather you took out/take out separate holiday about finding a flat of your own.
insurance. 3 Look at how he lives - he thinks he's a millionaire.
5 Sylvia wishes she had/has long hair. IF He lives _______________________________________
6 She'd rather didn't show/not show him her passport. a millionaire.
7 You'd better have gone/go to bed as we have to be 4 This summer, I would rather book a holiday in Monaco
up early tomorrow. than Lyon.
8 If only I wouldn't leave/hadn't left the window open! PREFER This summer, I _______________________________
9 Suppose they had cancelled/cancelled the flight. _____________ a holiday in Monaco
How would you have got home? rather than Lyon.
10 Tom's mother made him go to school, although he
5 Why didn't you tell me yourself that you were leaving?
would rather stayed/have stayed at home.
RATHER I'd ______________________________________________
11 I hate it when you speak to me as if I am/were a child.
me yourself that you were leaving.
12 Chris prefers to work/work mornings rather than
6 She wants to be more like her mother.
evenings.
WISHES She ________________________________________
13 Suppose Helen invited/would invite Mark, would you
more like her mother.
still goto the party?
7 I should have taken that job in Canada last year.
14 It's high time he faced/had faced up to his
ONLY If________________________________________________
responsibilities.
that job in Canada last year.
15 I'd rather Sam doesn't play/didn't play his music so
loud. 8 You should have checked the oil before you set out.
BETTER It________________________________________________
Find and correct the mistakes. you had checked the oil before you set out.
1 If I are you, I'd tell them the truth. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate auxiliary
2 I'd rather you leave now. verb.
3 Suppose he met Alan last
Monday, what would he have 1 He hasn't got a yacht, but he wishes he.
told him? _____________________ 2 She can't afford a maid, but she wishes she.
4 I'd rather to have a break now. 3 I didn't pay attention in class, but I wish I.
5 I'd prefer to stay in to go out. 4 He had his hair cut really short, but now he wishes he
6 He behaves as if he knows
everything. _____________________ 5 He's going to the dentist this afternoon, but he wishes
7 If only you came on time to the he.
meeting yesterday. 6 She made a terrible mistake, but now she wishes she
8 Suppose you had accepted their
proposal, would you move 7 They probably won't change their minds, but I wish
to N ew Yo rk n ext wee k? they.
9 If you had come, I would 8 He always brings his dog to my house, but I really
introduce you to James. wish he.
10 It's about time we get started. 9 I forgot to enclose the cheque, but I wish I.
10 He won't let me leave early, but I wish he.
82
Grammar
REVISION
1 I only wish I_____with you now to help you. 14 If we hadn't got home late, we_____you.
A was being C am A could call C called
B were D had been B would have called D would call
2 It's about time you_____looking for a new job. 15 Supposing you_____the competition, how would you
A to start C would start spend the prize money?
B had started D started A won C have won
B win D had won
3 He prefers walking_____ driving.
A than C to 16 I'd rather you____ them where I was.
B from Drather A don't tell C weren't telling
B hadn't told D haven't told
4 If only I____ failed my exams.
A wouldn't C didn't 17 I'd sooner you_____today.
B couldn't D hadn't A to be coming C came
B to come D come
5 It's about time we_____.
A had left C have left 18 Suppose he had found the note, what_____him?
B are leaving D left A could you tell C had you told
B would you tell D would you have told
6 I'd rather live alone than____ a flat with a stranger.
A share C having shared 19 He orders us around as if he_____the boss.
B to sharing D to share A has been C is
B were D would be
7 Suppose you____ a week off, where would you go?
A had had C are having 20 I'd rather____ eaten a whole pizza.
B had D would have had A not to have C didn't
B hadn't D not have
8 If she had told them the truth, they____ got angry
with her. 21 I'd rather you_____the assignment yesterday.
A weren't C wouldn't have A had finished C have finished
B wouldn't D didn't have B finished D to have finished
9 I_____to talk to my friends than watch TV. 22 I____ to move to Rome rather than move to Milan.
A would rather C had better A would prefer C rather
B would prefer D rather B prefer D would rather
11 I'd rather____ before he came. 24 She went to the meeting, but she wishes she
A had left C have left A hasn't C wasn't
B would leave D left B hadn't D doesn't
12 I forgot to text her, but I wish I_____. 25 It would have been better if you____ here straight
A wouldn't C hadn't after college.
B wasn't D didn't A were coming C would come
B came D had come
13 I prefer____ TV rather than go out.
A watch C watching
B have watched D to watch
83
Vocabulary
ENVIRONMENT
let sth down: lengthen a garment Choose the correct word to complete the
let sb down: disappoint sentences. Check in your dictionary.
let sb off: not to punish
let on: reveal a secret 1 The government ordered locals living near the
let out: make (a garment) looser, larger, etc volcano to evacuate/rescue immediately.
let up: lessen, stop gradually 2 The police want to reduce the number of casualties/
survivors in road traffic accidents.
3 It didn't rain for three months during the draught/
Fill in the correct particle. drought.
4 They felt the ground shaking/rocking and worried
1 The judge let the boys with a warning.
that it might be an earthquake.
2 When she put on weight, she had to let all
5 The emergency/disaster services responded to the
her clothes.
floods very quickly.
3 It was raining hard earlier, but it's letting now.
6 The authorities are warning of extreme weather
4 John didn't let that Jim had broken the
states/conditions tomorrow evening.
window.
7 The environmental group are calling/demanding for
5 This skirt is rather short. You'd better let it.
new laws to protect endangered species.
6 I thought I could trust Sam, but he let me.
8 They organised a campaign/an expedition to clean
up the polluted beaches.
^PREPOSITIONS 9 The tap water here isn't secure/safe to drink.
10 The latest research shows that raising/rising sea
7 Look at Appendix 2, then fill in the correct levels are caused by climate change.
preposition. 11 The climatic/climactic conditions in the area make it
an ideal place to grow olives.
1 The scandal has been the news for weeks
12 All rubbish is dumped in a landfill sight/site outside
now.
the city.
2 We can offer you a 10% discount if you pay
cash.
Loose or lose? Complete the gaps. Check in your
3 Payment can be made cheque or credit card.
dictionary.
4 Martha was a loss to explain why she'd been
sacked. 1 money
5 There's a beautiful cottage sale in our village. 2 break
6 You're a good mood today! Have you had 3 dog
some good news? 4 a game
7 Your order will be sent post within 3 days. 5 my keys
8 There's a restaurant the top of the Eiffel Tower. 6 an advantage
9 The books were piled one top of the other. 7 clothes
10 We regret that the lift is not use today. 8 agreement
11 I'm sorry. I took your jacket mistake this 9 contact
morning. 10 the right to
12 The judges announced their decision the
end of the competition.
13 We were worried at first, but the end,
everything went well.
14 Let's go out to dinner a change.
15 The offices are 77 Oxford Street.
85
* KEYW0RDTRANSF0RMAT,0NS ^ WORD FORMATION
86
English in Use
A W
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space.
There is an example at the beginning (0).
SO ®D»=ffiW
Orang-utans are among the 0) most endangered species
on our planet. 1)we do more to protect
them, some scientists predict they will disappear within
50 years. There are 2)about 55,000 orang
utans left in the world, and this number is falling. Hunters
kill the adults and sell the babies to circuses and zoos.
Natural disasters have also taken a toll on orang-utan
numbers. Indonesia, for example, one of the
3)orang-utans come from, was devastated
by severe forest fires in 2020. Hundreds of orang-utans
were killed and thousands left 4)food or a
place to live. Luckily, however, many were rescued and
taken to Tanjung National Park where they received
medical care and food.
The Indonesian government has now 5)
permission for a new centre to be built which will protect
and care for any orang-utans that need help. The Orang
utans Foundation in London is helping to raise
6)for the construction of the centre. If you
would like to help raise funds, we would love to hear from
you. An organisation called Care For The Wild is running
an Orang-utan adoption scheme if you are 7)
in contributing to the care and upkeep of one particular
animal. There are many ways you can help to make sure
that these lovely animals don’t 8)extinct.
So, why don’t you help make a difference!
1 I've never felt as proud I do today, helping put 6 It's time we all our part to reduce pollution.
out the fire in the forest. A did B have done C would do
A from B than C as
7 I never had the to explain to them what had
2 Everyone needs water for a healthy life. really happened.
A clear B clean C fine A occasion B opportunity C moment
3 You won't be allowed to enter the country unless you 8 We can all steps to protect our oceans and
a visa. marine life.
A don't have B will have C have A take B have C bring
4 Our lives on the environment, so we need to 9 Many of our rivers and lakes with chemicals and
take good care of it. industrial waste from factories.
A depend B base C count A have polluted B polluted C are polluted
5 She must to the Andes before. 10 It turned out a really interesting lecture.
A be B to be C have been A to be B being C be
87
REPORTED SPEECH
Direct speech gives the exact words someone said. We We use say + to-infinitive but never say about. We
use inverted commas in direct speech. use tell sb, speak/talk about, instead.
"It's quite warm," she said. Mum said to be home by 10 o'clock. She spoke/talked
Reported speech gives the exact meaning of what about/told us about her adventures.
someone said but not the exact words. We do not use We use ask in reported questions and commands, or
inverted commas in reported speech. in direct questions.
She said it was quite warm. He said to me, “Help me!" —► He asked me to help him.
He asked, "Are you OK?" -> He asked me if I was OK.
Say - Tell - Ask
We use say in direct speech. We also use say in Expressions with say, tell and ask
1 My parrot can a few words in English. 11 The old man always good morning to his
2 Please me what you think of my new dress. neighbours.
3 He that he couldn't reply to any more 12 "I'd love to go," she to me.
questions. 13 When I was younger I used to my sister all
4 My mother used to me a story before I went my secrets.
to bed. 14 "Could you help me with these bags?" she
5 He promised to no more about the matter. me.
6 She stopped to the time because she 15 Rachel keeps me that she's going to change
thought she was late. jobs, but she never does.
7 The little girl her prayers and then went to 16 He didn't anything to me about the job.
sleep. 17 My friend called and me if I was feeling
8 Sally couldn't for certain whether or not she better.
would be staying. 18 Can I you a question?
9 He had taken an oath, so he had to the truth 19 Could you me your name, please?
in court. 20 Linda for directions to the museum.
10 With identical twins you can rarely the
difference between them.
88
REPORTED SPEECH
There are three types of reported speech: statements, questions and commands/requests/suggestions.
Statements
• Reported statements are introduced with say or tell. - the speaker is reporting something immediately
Inverted commas are omitted in reported speech. after it was said (up to date).
That is optional in the reported sentence. "The hotel is awful," he said. -► He said (that) the
"She is sleeping," Tom said. —► Tom said (that) she was hotel is awful, (up to date)
sleeping. - the direct sentence is unreal past, conditionals
• Tenses change as follows: type 2/type 3 or wishes.
"I wish I were rich," she said. —► She said she wished
Direct speech Reported speech she were rich.
Present simple —► Past simple • If the speaker expresses something which is believed
"He plays well," she said. She said (that) he played well. to be true, the tenses may change or remain
unchanged.
Present continuous —► Past continuous
7 love the place," she said. —► She said she loves/loved
"He is playing well," she She said (that) he was the place.
said. playing well.
• However, if the speaker expresses something which
Past simple —► Past simple/Past perfect is believed to be untrue, the tenses change.
"He played well," she She said (that) he played/had "China is a small country," he said. -► He said (that)
said. played well. China was a small country.
Past continuous —► Past perfect continuous • The Past simple changes to the Past perfect or
remains the same. When the reported sentence
"He was playing well," She said (that) he had been
contains a time clause, the tenses remain
she said. playing well.
unchanged.
Future simple —> would "The car broke down while I was driving to work," he
“He will play well," she She said (that) he would play said. —► He said (that) the car had broken down while
said. well. he was driving to work.
Note: If the reported sentence is out of date, the
Future continuous —► would + be + verb -ing
tenses change, but if it is up to date, the tenses can
"He will be playing well," She said (that) he would be remain the same.
she said. playing well. "He moved out a month ago," he said. —► He said (that)
Present perfect -► Past perfect he had moved out a month before, (speech reported
"He has played well," she She said (that) he had played after he had moved out - out of date)
"I'm sitting an exam tomorrow" he said. —► He said he was sitting an exam the next/following day. (out-of-date reporting)
"I'm sitting an exam tomorrow," he said. —► He said he is sitting an exam tomorrow, (up-to-date reporting)
1 "I've done my homework," Lia said to Paul. 1 "My dad ran a marathon at the age of 45."
Lia said/told Paul l/she had done/did my/her She told me that her dad_a marathon at the age
homework. of 45.
2 "I enjoy working in my garden," said Alex. A was running B had run C has run
Alex said/told that he/l had enjoyed/enjoyed
2 "We're meeting Thomas at 8 o'clock."
working in his/my garden.
She said that they_____Thomas at 8 o'clock.
3 "We played tennis for our school," said Alice.
A were meeting B have met
Alice said/told me we/they play/had played tennis
C had been meeting
for our/their school.
4 "I saw Victoria in the supermarket today," he said. 3 "I've written four pages of the report."
He said/told that he/l had seen/has seen Victoria in He said that he_four pages of the report.
1 "I'm visiting Greece,"says Angela, (up-to-date 8 "If I see him, I'll invite him to the party," said Mary,
reporting)_____________________________________________ (out-of-date reporting)_____________________________
2 "I've never been to Paris before,"said John, (out-of- 9 "I was locking the car when a traffic warden turned up,"
date reporting)_______________________________________ she sa id. _______________________________________________
3 "I'm taking my driving test next week,"she said, 10 "I'm not going on holiday next week," he said, (up-to-
(up-to-date reporting) _____________________________ date reporting)_____________________________________
4 "I don't speak Spanish,"said Sarah. 11 "I've written five emails this morning,"said Eddy,
(up-to-date reporting) ___________________________
5 "My house is not far from the town centre," he says.
12 "I saw a car accident last night," he said to me.
6 "Water boils at 100°C," he said, (general truth)
Reported questions are used to report someone else's question begins with a question word; b) ask + if/
questions, suggestions, offers or requests. In reported whether when the direct question begins with an
questions, we use affirmative word order and the auxiliary verb (do, have, can, etc). Tenses, personal
question mark becomes a full stop. Inverted commas are pronouns, possessive adjectives, time words, etc change
omitted. To report a question we use: a) ask + question as in statements.
word (who, which, where, how, etc) when the direct
1 "Were the Smiths at the event?" he asked. 6 "Did you see the parade?" he asked us.
a He asked were the Smiths at the event. a He asked us if did we see the parade.
b He asked if the Smiths were at the event. b He asked us whether we'd seen the parade.
2 "Why are you leaving now?" she asked me. 7 "Why are you wearing sunglasses?" she asked him.
a She asked me why am I leaving now. a She asked why he was wearing sunglasses.
b She asked me why I was leaving then. b She asked why was he wearing sunglasses.
3 "Did you meet each other at university?" he asked them, 8 "How often do you use public transport?" she asked me.
a He asked them if they'd met at university. a She wanted to know how often I used public
b He asked them if did they meet at university. transport.
b She wanted to know how often did I use public
4 "Are you staying in tonight?" Jim asked her.
transport.
a Jim asked her if was she staying in tonight.
b Jim asked her whether she was staying in that 9 "Who else have you told?" they asked me.
night. a They asked me who else we'd told.
b They asked me who had we told else.
5 "What can we do about this?" we asked.
a We wanted to know whether we could do about it. 10 "Where will you be staying?" I asked her.
b We wanted to know what we could do about it. a I asked her if she would be staying.
b I asked her where she would be staying.
91
Grammar
REPORTED SPEECH
1 "Will you be going to San Francisco next summer?" his 7 "Did you actually seethe man fall?" the reporter asked
boss asked. the bystander.
2 "Why were you in a hurry?"she asked me. 8 "Will you give me a hand lifting the piano?"the
workman asked his helper.
Indirect questions are used to ask for information/ doubt..., the question mark is omitted. Question words
advice. They are introduced with: Could you tell me...?, {what, who, where, etc) or whether can be followed by
Do you know...?, I wonder..., I want to know..., I doubt an infinitive in the indirect question if the subject of the
..., etc and the verb is in the affirmative. If the indirect question is the same as the speaker.
question starts with I wonder..., I want to know... or I
1 Where did I leave my glasses? (I wonder...) 5 Did he tell the truth? (I doubt...)
2 Is John planning to call a meeting? (Did you know...) 6 Where is the nearest swimming pool? (Could you tell
me...)
3 Have they ever had a hit single before? (Do you know...)
7 Who left this package on my desk? (She wondered ...)
92
Grammar
REPORTED SPEECH
1
Reported commands/requests/suggestions
To report commands, requests, suggestions we use an introductory verb (advise, ask, beg, offer, suggest, etc) followed
by a to-infinitive, an -ing form or a thaf-clause depending on the introductory verb.
1 "Don't drink this milk-it's gone off!" 1 "What about having the party outside?"
a He warned us not drinking the milk. She suggested_the party outside.
b He warned us not to drink the milk. A to have B about having C having
2 "OK, I won't talk about this anymore." 2 "Why don't you come and stay with us for a few days?"
a I agreed not to talk about that anymore. She invited us_and stay with them for a few days.
b I agreed not will talk about that anymore. A going B togo C went
3 "I'm sorry, but I'm not going to get involved." 3 "Don't open the window!"
a She refused to get involved. I told him not_____the window.
b She refused getting involved. A to open B opening C open
4 "Do you want me to drive you to the station?" 4 "I'm so sorry I missed your party."
a He offered drive me to the station. She apologised for____ my party.
b He offered to drive me to the station. A to miss B missed c missing
5 "Excuse me, but there aren't any clean towels in our 5 "I won't be late again!"
room." He promised not____ late again.
a They complained about not to have clean towels A being B will be c to be
in their room.
6 "I really must speak to the manager."
b They complained about not having clean towels
She demanded____ to the manager.
in their room.
A to speak B spoke c speaking
6 "You should come with us - it's going to be a lot of fun."
7 "Please leave the building now!"
a She wanted me to go with them.
The police ordered us____ the building immediately.
b She wanted me going with them.
A leave B leaving C to leave
7 "Your order will be ready in three days."
8 "We're definitely going to the concert. We have to see
a They informed me that my order was ready in
it."
three days.
He insisted on us____ to the concert.
b They informed me that my order would be ready
A togo B going C go
in three days.
9 "I don't think it's a good idea to invite Sophia."
8 She asked herself, "Should I buy some new furniture?"
He advised us not_____Sophia.
a She wondered whether to buy some new
A to invite B inviting C invite
furniture.
b She wondered should she buy some new 10 "I didn't close the door of the fridge properly."
b He wondered where he could get his laptop fixed. He warned us not____ the road without looking both
ways.
10 "I didn't have anything to do with what happened."
A cross B crossing C to cross
a She denied have anything to do with what happened,
b She denied having anything to do with what
happened.
93
Grammar
REPORTED SPEECH
1 "Don't run down the corridors, please," he said to us. 5 "Can you open the window?"she said to me.
2 "May 1 leave the room, please?"said the student. 6 "Shall we go ice-skating on Saturday?"said Miles.
3 "Let's turn on the television,"said Paul. 7 "Don't touch the statue!" he said to us.
4 "Soldiers! Stand to attention!"said the Major. 8 "Shall we go camping this summer?"said my brother.
Some modal verbs change in reported speech when the reported sentence is out of date, as follows:
will/shall —► would, can —► could (present reference}/would be able to (future reference), may -► might/could, shall ->
should (asking for advice)/wou/d (asking for information)/offer (expressing offers), must -► must/had to (obligation)
^must remains the same when it expresses possibility or deduction), needn't —► didn't need to/didn't have to (present
reference)/wouldn't have to (future reference).
would, could, might, should, ought to, had better, used to and mustn't do not change in reported speech.
1 He said, "Shall I carry your bags?" 5 He said, "Kevin may need your help later."
2 He said, "She needn't see the report." 6 He said, "You must control your feelings."
3 He said, "HI pick you up at 4 o'clock." 7 He said, "You need to let me know tomorrow."
4 He said, "You should get away for a while." 8 He said, "She had better not say that again."
94
REPORTED SPEECH
accuse sb of + -ing form "You stole my handbag!" —► She accused me of stealing her handbag.
apologise for "I'm sorry 1 was rude to you." —► He apologised for being rude to me.
admit (to) "Yes, 1 broke the window." He admitted (to) breaking/having broken the
window.
boast about "Tm more intelligent than you." —► He boasted about being more intelligent than me.
complain to sb about "You always leave the door open." —► He complained to me about my always leaving
the door open.
deny "No, 1 didn't break the window." —» He denied breaking/having broken the window.
insist on "You must take all the medicine." —► He insisted on me/my taking all the medicine.
suggest "Let's go out for a walk." —► He suggested going out for a walk.
agree + thot-clause "Yes, it's a great idea." —► He agreed that it was a great idea.
boast "Tm the best player of all." —► He boasted that he was the best player of all.
claim "1 know who stole your car." He claimed that he knew who had stolen my car.
complain "You never help me." She complained that he never helped her.
deny "1 never touched the vase!" —► He denied that he had ever touched the vase.
exclaim "It's a success!" He exclaimed that it was a success.
explain "It's a difficult theory to follow." —► He explained that it was a difficult theory to
follow.
inform sb "Your application is under review." He informed me that my application was under
review.
promise "1 won't forget again." —► He promised that he wouldn't forget again.
suggest "You ought to help her out." —► He suggested that 1 help her out.
explain to sb + how "That’s how 1 crashed the car." —► He explained to me how he had crashed /
the car.
Grammar
REPORTED SPEECH
wonder + whether + to-infinitive or He asked himself, "Shall 1 take the job?" -* He wondered whether to take/he
clause should take the job.
wonder where/what/how + He asked himself, "What shall 1 do next?" —► He wondered what to do next.
to-infinitive (when the subject of the He asked himself, "How can 1 break the —► He wondered how to break the
infinitive is the same as the subject of news?" news.
the verb)
Use the correct form of the verbs in the list to Use appropriate introductory verbs, to report the
complete the sentences. following sentences.
• refuse • tell • order • accuse • suggest • beg 1 "You took my bag, didn't you?" she said to me.
• forbid • agree
2 "I'll bring my homework tomorrow," he said.
1 He said/'Let's go shopping."
He going shopping.
2 "Please, please give me another chance." 3 "Get out of the room now!" he said to us.
I her to give me another chance.
3 "OK, I'll go to the cinema with you," she said. 4 "The train leaves at 6 o'clock," she said to Ann.
She to go to the cinema with him.
4 "You are not allowed to stay out past midnight."
5 "Don't forget to make a dental appointment," he said
Her father her to stay out past
to me.__________________________________________________
midnight.
5 "Why don't we visit a museum on Sunday?" said Pat
6 "Please, please help me," she said to him.
to Joey.
Pat that they go to a museum on
Sunday. 7 "You must give us a call when you get back," she said
96
Grammar
REPORTED SPEECH
1 He explained that that was a difficult situation, 8 Emily allowed me to call her by her first name.
a "It has been a difficult situation," he said, a "You may call me by my first name," said Emily.
b "This is a difficult situation," he said. b "You must call her by her first name," said Emily.
2 She boasted that she had met the Queen once. 9 She asked us to turn off all the lights before we left.
a "I met the Queen once," she said. a "Had you turned off all the lights before you left?"
b "I have met the Queen recently," she said. she said.
b "Please, turn off all the lights before you leave," she said.
3 He complained to me that I always left the bathroom
in a mess. 10 He ordered them to be there on time.
a "You always leave the bathroom in a mess!" he said, a "Be here on time," he said.
b "You always left the bathroom in a mess!" he said. b "Let's try to be there on time," he said.
4 He allowed me to use the photocopier whenever I 11 They urged me to tell them what was on my mind,
wanted. a "Go on, tell us what's on your mind," they said,
a "You could use the photocopier whenever you b "Would you like to tell us what's on your mind?"
wanted," he said. they said.
b "You may use the photocopier whenever you
12 She wanted him to cook dinner that night.
want," he said.
a "I'd like you to cook dinner tonight," she said.
5 She insisted on my staying until 5 o'clock every day. b "I wanted you to cook dinner last night," she said.
a "You must stay until 5 o'clock every day," she said.
13 She apologised for spoiling the surprise party.
b "You would stay until 5 o'clock every day," she said.
a "I wish I hadn't spoilt the surprise party," she said,
6 She demanded to be given the money. b "I'm sorry I spoilt the surprise party," she said.
a "Can you give me the money?" she said.
14 Luke agreed to lend us a hand.
b "Give me the money!" she said.
a "Sure, I'd be glad if you lent us a hand," said Luke.
7 He boasted about crossing the Atlantic by himself, b "Sure, I'd be glad to lend a hand," said Luke.
a "I'd like to cross the Atlantic by myself," he said,
15 She promised to never let us down again.
b "I crossed the Atlantic by myself," he said.
a "I'll never let you down again," she said.
b "I've never let you down before," she said.
In conversations or dialogues, we use a mixture of since, so, and then he/she went on to say, while, then,
statements, commands and questions. When we report etc or the introductory verb in the present participle
dialogues or conversations, we use: and, as, adding that, form. Exclamations such as: Ohl, Oh dear!, Weill, etc are
and he/she added that, explaining that, because, but, omitted in reported speech.
97
Grammar
REPORTED SPEECH
• Exclamations are replaced in reported speech with OR subject + appropriate introductory verb.
exclaim, thank, wish, say, cry out in pain, etc, give an "Can you help me?" she said. "No," he said. —► She asked
exclamation ofsurprise/horror/disgust/delight, etc. him if he could help her, but he said he couldn't. OR She
The exclamation mark becomes a full stop. asked him if he could help her, but he refused.
Exclamatory words such as Ohl, Eek!, Wow!, etc are Question tags are omitted in reported speech. We
omitted in the reported sentence. can use an appropriate introductory verb to retain
"Wow!" she said when she saw the huge cake. -► She their effect.
cried out in surprise when she saw the huge cake. "They haven't made up their minds yet, have they?"
• Yes/No short answers are expressed in reported she said. -* She wondered if/whether they had
speech with a subject + appropriate auxiliary verb already made up their minds. / >
Subjunctive
The bare infinitive form of the subjunctive is used after simple form instead of the bare infinitive form of the
certain verbs and expressions to give emphasis. These subjunctive.
are: advise, ask, demand, insist, propose, recommend, It is essential (that) you finish this work today, (more usual)
request, suggest, it is essential, it is imperative, it is It is essentia! that you should finish this work today,
important, it is necessary, it is vital followed by (that) + (less usual)
subject. In British English we normally use should +
98
Grammar 9
REVISION
2 "I work in a bank." 14 "The weather is warmer than usual," said Peter.
He said that_____in a bank. Peter said_____warmer than usual.
A he had worked C he worked A the weather it is C the weather was
B he has worked D I work B that the weather D the weather be
3 "lam leaving for Paris tomorrow." 15 "We enjoyed the concert very much," Helen said to
She told us she____ for Paris the following day. Kevin.
A left C is leaving Helen told Kevin____ the concert very much.
B was leaving D has been leaving A they can enjoy C that they enjoying
B that enjoyed D they enjoyed
4 "I've been ill for a few days."
He told me he_____for a few days. 16 "I'm sorry I was so rude yesterday," said Jack.
A is ill C has ill Jack____ for being so rude the previous day.
B was ill D had been ill A accused C complained
B apologised D denied
5 "I'll lend you some books to read."
He told me he_____me some books to read. 17 "Where did you eat?"
A lent C would lend Julian asked me where____ .
B has lent D was lending A I had eaten C did I eat
B had I eaten D I have eaten
6 "The meeting may start early."
He told us that the meeting_____early. 18 "I didn't copy Mark's homework," Toby said.
A can start C would start Toby denied_____Mark's homework.
B might start D must start A had copied C that copied
B him to copy D having copied
7 "I must leave at 2 p.m. today."
He said that he_____at 2 p.m. that day. 19 "Have you signed the contract?"
A left C might leave Sarah_____signed the contract.
B could leave D had to leave A told me if I had C suggested that I had
B asked me whether I had D said if I
8 "I was at the doctor's this morning."
She told me she____ at the doctor's that morning. 20 "Would you like to come over for lunch on Sunday?"
A would be C had been she asked.
B has been D was being She invited_____over for lunch on Sunday.
A to come C us to come
9 "You should talk to Emma about it."
B us come D us coming
She said that I_____to Emma about it.
A could talk C would talk 21 "I'm studying now."
B should talk D talked David told me that he_____.
A was studying at that time
10 "I'll have it ready by tomorrow."
B would be studying now
He said he____ it ready by the following day.
C was studying now
A was having C will have
D is studying then
B would have D has had
22 "My car has broken down."
11 "I can't do it without your help."
Liam explained____ down.
She said she_____it without my help.
A his car to break C how his car breaks
A couldn't do C hadn't done
B us his car broke D that his car had broken
B didn't do D needn't do
12 "Be quiet!"
She told us
A be quiet C we be quiet
B to be quiet D we were quiet
99
Vocabulary
SPORTS
a) Match the sports (A-L) to the pictures (1-12). Which are: team Label the pictures.
sports? individual sports? Which take place: indoors? outdoors?
A basketball
B karate
C hockey
D motor racing
E cycling
F baseball
play do go
look after: take care of Look at Appendix 2, then fill in the correct preposition(s).
look down on: despise (opp. look up to)
look for: search for 1 The situation is getting control; we must take action
look forward to: anticipate immediately.
look into: investigate 2 We heard our team won the news.
look on: 1) be a spectator, 2) regard; 3 He hasn't played tennis for a while, so he's practice.
consider 4 The parachutist landed a field.
look out (for): watch out 5 You are arrest; you have the right to call your lawyer.
look over: inspect carefully 6 The stadium is fire; vacate the area!
look through: study carefully (sth
7 The coach agreed to speak to me the record.
written)
8 I'm sure the bus will arrive long.
look up: 1) look for information in a book
9 This must be posted delay!
or list, or on a computer, 2) visit sb after
10 I was the impression he failed to score a goal all season.
a period of time (especially sb living at
11 I'm writing regard to your recent application.
some distance)
12 our surprise, he won the tournament.
make for: move quickly towards
make up: 1) invent (story, poem, etc),
f WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED
2) make an amount complete,
3) compose, 4) reconcile, 5) prepare (by
mixing) Fill in the following collocation grid.
make oneself up: put cosmetics on
make up for: compensate for
win beat earn gain
make out: 1) complete; fill in,
2) distinguish, 3) understand confidence
a contest
a living
Fill in the correct particle(s). an opponent
a prize
1 I've been looking my
tennis racket everywhere. a salary
101
English in Use
102
r MULTIPLE CHOICE |
1 That style of dress is very at the moment. 5 The situation has improved over the past few
A fashion B fashionably C fashionable years.
A considerate B inconsiderate C considerably
2 You can the soup by adding flour or potatoes.
A thicken B thickness C thickener 6 He studied the map, trying to the way to Jessica's
street.
3 Her paid off when she was offered the job of
A memorise B memory C memorable
manager.
A persisting B persistent C persistence 7 Over 30,000 will run in the New York Marathon.
A competitors B competitions C competitively
4 I tend to be when I have to make an important
decision. 8 His speech was so that I couldn't help laughing.
A hesitated B hesitant C hesitation A humour B humorous C humourless
_ MULTIPLE CHOICE J
3
4
A
A
many
at
B
B
more
on
c
c
most
over
ERICHEM
5 A consists B conforms c contains Cricket is an 0) B team sport played with bats and a ball. It
6 A have B make c take developed in England as early as the 1200s, 1)it wasn't
7 A across B forth c forward until the 1700s that a set of rules for the sport 2). It is
also very popular in places that England once ruled as
8 A from B for c to
colonies, such as Australia, India, Pakistan, South Africa and
9 A vary B various c variety
the West Indies. It is now played in 3) than 100
10 A had B held c happened countries.
Cricket is played 4)a large oval field. In the centre of the
field is a long rectangular area called the pitch, which is about
20 metres long and 3 meters wide. At each end of the pitch is
a wicket, which 5)of three short wooden posts placed
closely together.
Two teams of 11 players compete in a cricket match, and
6)turns to bat. The team with the most runs (or points)
at the end of the match wins. Runs are scored by the two
batting players running back and 7)between the two
wickets after one of them has hit the ball. Runs can also be
scored by hitting the ball to the boundary of the field. The
fielding team tries to prevent them 8)scoring runs, and
can dismiss the batsmen in a number of ways.
Cricket matches 9)in length, with some lasting an
afternoon, and others taking up to five days to complete. An
international cricket competition called the World Cup was
first 10)in 1975. It takes place every four years between
the top cricket nations around the world.
103
10 JH NOUNS/ARTICLES
1 potato 16 ship
2 calf 17 story
3 boyfriend 18 type
4 louse 19 fishing rod
5 mosquito 20 workman
6 child 21 stereo
7 video 22 fox
8 superstar 23 toy
9 trout 24 teacher
10 photo 25 house
11 flyover 26 stepmother
12 bunch 27 lorry
13 mother-in-law 28 wolf
14 zoo 29 baby
15 dessert spoon _______________________ 30 fish
Grammar
NOUNS/ARTICLES
Nouns can be countable (those that can be counted) • Some nouns: accommodation, advice, anger,
1 egg, 2 eggs, etc or uncountable (those that can't be applause, assistance, behaviour, business, chaos,
counted) bread, wood, etc. Uncountable nouns take a countryside, courage, dirt, education, evidence,
singular verb and are not used with a/an. Some, any, no, homework, housework, information, intelligence,
much, etc can be used with them. knowledge, luck, music, news, peace, progress, seaside,
Luggage is obtained from the Luggage Reclaim Area. shopping, traffic, trouble, truth, wealth, work, etc
Can I have some bread, please? BUT a relief, a pity, • Collective nouns: baggage, crockery, cutlery, furniture,
a shame, a wonder, a knowledge (of sth), a help. jewellery, luggage, machinery, money, rubbish, stationery,
What a relief! What a pity! What a shame! etc
Uncountable nouns are: Note: With expressions of duration, distance or money
• Mass nouns (fluids, solids, gases, particles): meaning "a whole amount" we use a singular verb.
beer, blood, bread, butter, air, oxygen, corn, flour, etc Two months was too long to spend in hospital.
• Subjects of study: history, literature, maths, physics, Many uncountable nouns can be made countable:
accountancy, chemistry, economics, etc a piece ofpaper/cake/information/advice/furniture; a
• Languages: Spanish, French, Japanese, Portuguese, glass/bottle ofwater/beer/wine; a jar ofjam; a pint of
Italian, Chinese, etc beer; a box/sheet ofpaper; a packet of tea; a slice/loafof
• Games: baseball, billiards, football, golf, darts, rugby, bread; a pot ofyoghurt; a pot/cup of tea; a kilo/pound of
Plural nouns
• objects consisting of two parts: garments (trousers, headquarters, family, government, jury, press, public,
pyjamas, etc), instruments (binoculars, compasses, staff, team, etc) can take either a singular or a plural
etc), tools (scissors, pliers, etc) verb depending on whether we see the group as a
• these nouns: arms, ashes, barracks, clothes, whole or as individuals, (the staff as a group)
congratulations, earnings, (good) looks, outskirts, The staff were given a bonus at Christmas, (each
people, police, premises, riches, stairs, surroundings, member of the staff separately as individuals)
wages, etc. The police are looking for the bank robbers. The staff is required to fill out a medical form.
• Group nouns (army, audience, class, club, Note how certain nouns can be used in the singular
committee, company, council, crew, crowd, and plural with a different meaning.
Singular Plural
Give me a glass of water, please. I've been wearing glasses since 1 was 8 years old.
Has she always had short hair? There are so many hairs in the sink!
How would you rate this on a scale of 1 to 10? Can you put that fish on the scales for me, please?
In Japan it is not a custom to kiss your friends. Our bags were thoroughly searched at customs.
Have you got any lined paper 1 could use? He showed his papers to the customs officer.
She's wearing a ring made of wood. John loves his Sunday afternoon walk in the woods.
1 can't talk now; 1 have a lot of work to do. A lot of Dali's works are on display in this museum.
We had at least 200 people at our wedding. The peoples of Europe are hoping for change.
The rain is falling really heavily now. The villagers are hoping for the rains to come soon.
You need experience for this job. 1 had a lot of interesting experiences visiting Asia.
We used a compass to find our direction. Use your compasses to draw some circles.
105
2 Choose the correct verb form. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
• A/An is used with singular countable nouns to talk • The is used with singular and plural nouns, countable
about indefinite things. and uncountable ones, to talk about sth specific or
There's a man standing at the door, (indefinite) when the noun is mentioned for a second time.
We can use some in the affirmative with plural countable Can I try on the blue dress, please? (Which dress? The
nouns or uncountable nouns and any in questions and blue one; specific)
negations. There was a rat in the kitchen. I killed the rat with my
There are some people at the bus stop. Give me some boot.
milk, please. Are there any cups in the cupboard? There • A/An or the is used before singular countable nouns
isn't any sugar left. to refer to a group of people, animals or things.
• A/An can also be used meaning "per" (He goes to the A/The dolphin lives in the sea. (We mean all dolphins).
gym twice a/per week.) or with money (a/one pound), A/An or the is never used before a noun in the plural
fractions (a/one quarter), weight/measures (a/one when it represents a group.
metre), whole numbers (a/one thousand), price/weight Dolphins are intelligent animals.
(£2 a kilo), frequency/time (three times a week), distance/ (NOT: The dolphins are intelligent animals.}
fuel (60 miles a gallon), distance/speed (60 km an hour),
and illnesses (a fever, a cold, (a) toothache, (a) backache).
1 I need car and I know kind of car I want. 4 man came to door this morning and
It must do 160 kilometres hour and also do 17 asked to see the water meter. I asked him if
kilometres litre. price of water was going up, and he said it
2 "How much is dress material in would increase by 10p cubic metre.
window?" "£5 metre, madam." "Do you have 5__ everyone knows lion is king of
any in blue?" "Yes, there's blue material jungle, but is shark king of
in stockroom." ____ sea?
3 If you need help with work I've 6 "Have you got money?" "I had this
given you, go to person who runs your morning, but I did shopping and fruit
department. was so expensive! £2 kilo for apples!"
106
10
NOUNS/ARTICLES
Definite article
theatres (The Palladium), museums (The Prado), • names of sports, games, activities, days, months,
newspapers/magazines (The Independent) holidays, colours, drinks, meals and languages (not
BUT (Times), ships (The Cutty Sark), institutions (The followed by the word "language").
British Council), galleries (The Tate Gallery). He plays football well. He likes red. We speak German.
• names of rivers (the Nile), seas (the Black Sea), groups BUT The ancient Greek language is hardly used now.
of islands/states (the Shetland Isles, the USA), • names of countries (England) (BUT the Argentine, the
mountain ranges (the Himalayas), deserts (the Sahara Netherlands, (the) Sudan, the Hague, the Vatican City),
Desert), oceans (the Atlantic), canals (the Manchester cities (London), streets (Carnaby Street) (BUT the High
Canal) and names or nouns with “of" (the Valley of the Street, the Strand, the Mall, the A11, the M4 motorway),
Kings, the Garden ofGethsemane). squares (TrafalgarSquare), bridges (Tower Bridge)
Note: the Equator, the Arctic/Antarctic, the South of (BUT the Bridge of Sighs, the Forth Bridge, the Severn
France, the South/West/North/East Bridge, the Golden Gate Bridge), parks (Central Park),
• musical instruments, dances, the piano, the samba stations (Euston Station), individual mountains
(Kilimanjaro), islands (Sicily), lakes (Lake Victoria),
• names of families (the Hunters), nationalities ending in
continents (Africa).
-sh, -ch or -ese [(the) English, (the) Dutch, the Japanese,
etc]. Other plural nationalities are used with or without • possessive adjectives.
"the", [(the) North Americans, (the) Austrians, etc] That isn't your pen.
• titles (the Patriarch, the Duchess of Windsor, the King). • two-word names whose first word is the name of a
He's the most friendly boy in the group. have the name of their founder and end in -s or -zs.
Woolworth's, Lloyds Bank, Tom's Bar BUT the Red Lion
• Note: "most" used as a determiner followed by a
(pub) (because "Red Lion" is not the name of a person or
noun does not take "the".
place)
Most people like swimming. BUT Of all European
countries, Greece has the most ancient monuments. • bed, church, college, court, hospital, prison, school,
university, when we refer to the purpose for which
• the words: beach, cinema, city, coast, country(side),
they exist.
earth, ground, jungle, radio, pub, sea(side), sky,
John went to hospital. (He is a patient.) BUT His mother
station, shop, theatre, village, weather, world, etc but
went to the hospital to see him last week. (She went to
not before "man".
the hospital as a visitor.)
She went to the library to return some books.
Work (= place of work) never takes "the".
Note: "the" is optional with seasons, (the) summer
She is at work.
• morning, afternoon, evening, night.
• the words home, father/mother when we talk about
I'll be home late in the evening. BUT at night, at noon,
our own home/parents.
at midnight, by day/night, at 4 o'clock, etc
Father is at home.
• historical references/events.
• means of transport: by bus/by car/by train/by plane,
the Russian Revolution, the Renaissance, the Cold War
etc BUT in the car, on the bus/train, etc.
(BUT World War II)
She travelled by bus. BUT She caught the 5 o'clock bus.
• only, last, first (used as adjectives).
• We say: flu/the flu, measles/the measles,
He was the first person to arrive.
mumps/the mumps BUT He's got malaria.
107
Grammar
NOUNS/ARTICLES
A couple of, several, a few, many, a (large/great/good) number of, both are followed by a countable noun.
(Too) much, a little, a great/good deal of, a large/small amount/quantity of are followed by an uncountable noun.
A lot of, lots of, hardly any, some, no, plenty of are followed by a countable or uncountable noun.
1 The teacher gave us several, a lot of, many, too much, 6 Everyone can do with some, a little, both, a good
a few homework to do. deal of, several peace and quiet at times.
2 You've got some, a lot of, both, plenty of, many 7 There are a little, a number of, several, a small
beautiful furniture. amount of, no Asian people living in our street.
3 Can you lend me a few, some, a lot of, a couple of, 8 There are much, no, a small amount of, hardly any,
a little money? lots of people in the shop.
4 Jane likes both, a couple of, too much, a little, some 9 He spent a couple of, much, lots of, a good deal of,
your paintings. a few time reorganising his files.
5 Have you had a lot of, plenty of, both, a little, too 10 The children ate a good deal of, too much, a few,
much letters from Suzie? a good number of, a little food at the party.
108
Grammar LU
T
REVISION
3 ______ £30enough, ordoyou need more? 16 There were twelve______ in the symphony orchestra.
A Were C Are A celloes C cello
B Has D Is B cellies D cellos
4 Please buy me a______ of yoghurt. 17 The three______ carried a crew often each.
A carton C pot A aircrafts C aircraft
B pint D packet B aircraves D aircraftes
5 Chinese_____ _ a very difficult language to learn. 18 She has got____ _ flu, so she isn't coming to college
A are C have been today.
B be D was A the C a
B some D any
6 Your luggage______ at the hotel reception.
A is C were 19 Can I have______ . more cake, please?
B are D have been A the C an
B a D some
7 Suddenly, a .______ of lightning struck the roof of the
house. 20 I like both skirts. Can I please try on______ red one?
A block C peal A an C the
B bolt D clap B a D some
8 Excuse me! There______ hairs in my soup. 21 While we were in Venice, we visited______ Bridge of
A has been C was Sighs.
B are D is A the C -
B an D a
9 The police _____ searching the area for the robbers.
A are C was 22 ______ Titanic's wreck was discovered by Robert Ballard
B have D is in 1985,73 years after it hit an iceberg and sunk.
A - C The
10 He can't sneak French.
B A D One
A the C -
23 He gets £5_____ _ hour.
B some D well
A an C the
11 Pam was____ _ first person to leave. B a D -
A a C the 24 ______ whales live in every ocean.
B one D - A The C -
12 We went to Bath by bus. B A D Any
A an C a 25 They went to _____seaside for the weekend.
B the D - A - C a
B some D the
13 I'm afraid the information______ enough.
A isn't C haven't been
B aren't D weren't
109
10 J Vocabulary EDUCATION
1 Tom went to a boarding/grammar school, so he only 1 Would you like to be/do in the school band?
came home during the holidays. 2 You could take/join an after-school club.
2 I want my children to go to a comprehensive/ 3 Our science class got/went on a field trip to the
single-sex school. I think it's better for boys and girls Natural History Museum.
to learn separately. 4 The school organised/recognised a charity event to
3 My parents couldn't afford to send me to a public/ raise money for new computers.
co-educational school. 5 Susie attends/attracts a horse riding school.
4 I go to a grammar/language school in the evening to 6 I play/have a hip hop class twice a week.
learn Spanish. 7 My piano teacher told me to learn/practise for an
5 Harry goes to a secondary/specialist school that only hour every night.
teaches dance. 8 How many students volunteered/participated to
6 Vocational/lndependent schools prepare students plant trees in the field outside the school?
for specific jobs rather than teach them academic
subjects. Fill in with: certificate, degree, diploma, qualifications,
examinations, results.
Match the two columns to form collocations.
1 We sit our final in June.
skip a late (for) 2 When I get my university in
2| turn up b in mind medicine, I'll become a doctor.
3 pay c sb's homework 3 To get a good job, you'll need the right
4| bear d school ______________________ and work experience.
5| take e part (in) 4 You need a teaching and
6| copy f attention (to) an English degree if you want to become an English
7| fail g by heart teacher.
8| learn h an exam 5 She received a(n)after
completing the hairdressing course at the learning
centre.
Complete the text with the correct form of six 6 My exam will be out tomorrow.
collocations from Ex. 2.
Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs
in the list.
I've got good news today. My brother Nick has • hand • write • cheat • get • fall • run
Helen's won the'Student of the Month'prize at school!
1 He worked hard and a very good
Blog He really deserves it. You know, he hasn't been
absent all year. He would never grade in physics.
1)____________________- he doesn't even take the 2 The deadline for in our essays is next
2)for class in the morning. 3 Tom was so tired after studying all night that he
to every word the teacher says and he essay on the conseguences of World War II.
students often ask Nick if they can 6 She out of time and couldn't
put aside: save (usually money) 1 Please put your cigarettes before entering
put away: put in the usual place the museum.
put down: 1) suppress by force, 2) write down; make a 2 The hotel receptionist put me to room 617.
note, 3) attribute to, 4) criticise 3 We put our wedding for another two months.
put forward: propose
4 She has some money put for her old age.
put off: postpone
5 She puts all her thoughts in a diary every
put on: 1) switch on, 2) increase (weight), 3) pretend to
night.
be/have
6 I'll accept a lift if it doesn't put you too much.
put out: 1) extinguish, 2) cause inconvenience
put through: connect by phone 7 I can't put his rude behaviour any more.
put up: 1) offer hospitality, 2) erect, 3) raise prices 8 He always puts his wife by insulting her in
put up with: tolerate public.
9 Could you put the air conditioning? It's hot in
run across: meet or find by chance
here.
run after: chase
run away with: steal 10 They have run money for the political campaign.
run down: 1) (of a battery) lose power, 2) (passive) be 11 He ran his notes before entering the
exhausted, 3) knock down, 4) speak badly of sb exam room.
run into: 1) meet unexpectedly, 2) collide with 12 The plans for the new road ran a lot of
run out of: come to an end local opposition.
run over: read through quickly; review 13 She feels run after working so hard recently.
run up against: face; encounter 14 The thief ran all the money from the
run through: examine quickly; rehearse bank.
15 He ran his ex-wife in the supermarket.
Prepositions of time
At In On
at 9.30 in the morning/evening/afternoon/night on Thursday
at Christmas/Easter in the Easter/Christmas holiday(s) on Easter Sunday, etc
at noon/night/midnight in October (months) on Christmas Day
at lunch/dinner/breakfast (time) in (the) winter (seasons) on Friday night
at that time in 2017 (years) on 18th January
at the moment in the 20th century on a winter afternoon
at the weekend (on the weekend: Am. English) in two hours (two hours from now) on that day
You'll arrive at the health farm 1)Thursday, opportunity to meet the other trainers. There'll be a
that's 2)15th June. You should try to arrive rest period 12)the afternoon followed by a
3) the morning if you can. 4) the swim and sauna for those who are interested. We
first day, we won't be doing a lot, just resting, so like to have a bit of a dance 13) Friday
you can go and lie by the pool if you like. You'll be nights, so bring your party clothes! We will be
expected to get up early 5)Friday morning conducting a period of meditation and relaxation
6) about 7 o'clock. Your day's programme 14) the weekend, but all the trainers
will be given to you 7)breakfast. 8) will be around to keep you busy. Don't
the summer we have a lot more guests and so forget that we are also running a second
9) that time, you'll be assigned to your session 15)August and another one
different groups. Lunch will be served 10) 16)Christmas.
noon, and, 11) lunch, you'll be given an
^ KEY-WORD TRANSFORMATIONS WORD FORMATION
8 My parents don't want me to play outside in the cold when you leave it out of the fridge. COMPOSE
weather. 7 It is in most
1 Heavy prevented all planes from taking off. 6 When bank went up again, many customers
A fog C vapour closed their accounts.
B steam D moisture A charges C amounts
B prices D tolls
2 She was that it had taken so long for the truth to
be revealed. 7 The police could find no between the crime and
A strong C wild the suspect they were holding.
B rough D furious A together C bond
B connection D linkage
3 There was a of surprise from the audience when
the winner was announced. 8 I don't believe a word he said. He's probably the
A tide C gasp whole story.
B clap D flash A discovered C invented
B explored D researched
4 The teacher was extremely when the whole class
got 100% in the exam. 9 When Carol was made captain of the school basketball
A doubting C trustful , she was thrilled.
B suspicious D worrying A team C association
B group D company
5 Each member of the group was a different task
to complete. 10 The teacher asked us to collect for our history
A determined C assigned project.
B imposed D forced A substance C fabric
B matter D material
113
/ GRAMMAR
1 Mary was____ her hair cut when she got a message. 13 Does Vicky ever make her son____ the grass?
A had C making A cut C cutting
B having D made B to cut D to have cut
2 I wish James so stubborn when I offered him a job. 14 I'd rather not____ to Barcelona last week.
A weren't________________ C wouldn't A travelled C travel
B wasn't be D hadn't been B have travelled D would have travelled
3 If Alice_____ enough free time, she'll start improving her 15 In____ , Susan called the police when she heard an
French. explosion.
A has C had A desperance C desperation
B would have D will have B desperiety D desperence
4 William asked David,"Are you into football?"-William 16 ____ Sarah get the job, we will definitely celebrate it.
asked David if_into football. A Should C Unless
A had he been C was he B If D If only
B he was D he had been 17 It's high time Matt____ married.
5 Not only have I seen a lot of____ at the zoo, but there A had got C would get
are also some kangaroos. B got D gets
A oxes C oxese 18 The manager will have had the project____ by Monday.
B ox D oxen A doing C done
6 She asked,"What shall we do tomorrow?"- She asked B to do D do
what they_do the day after. 19 "You lied to me!" - Barbara____ me of lying to her.
A shall C might A encouraged C accused
B must D should B refused D warned
7 ____ you ever had your passport stolen? 20 Sadly, Charles is still ill - he's____ hospital.
A Had C Have A at C in
B Were D Did B ata D ina
8 Can you bring me a____ of yogurt, please? 21 People often forget that____ also need food.
A pot C tube A homeless C the homeless people
B bottle D lump B the homeless D the homelesses
9 ____ Nick lends Michael that money, he won't be able to 22 Jason____ better sunbathe in the morning.
buy a car. A had C would have
A If C Although B would D be
B Unless D Provided
23 "Can you show me these shoes, please?"-The customer
10 I wish teachers____ never shout at me! asked me to show her_____ shoes.
A would C will A those C this
B wouldn't D won't B that D these
11 "Yes, it was me who broke your favourite cup." - Richard 24 Unfortunately, I can't____ my mum to stop eating
_____ having broken my favourite cup. unhealthy food.
A denied C suggested A let C make
B admitted D claimed B have D get
12 ____ lyou, I would tell the truth. 25 If Sam had realised how expensive the book was, he
A Would C Should wouldn't_____ it last week.
B Was D Were A have ordered C order
B ordering D be ordering
114
VOCABULARY
Choose the correct option.
1 Taking your partner____ granted is one of the biggest 13 A fire broke out in the town hall, but, luckily, no____ were
mistakes one can make. reported.
A as B for C like D by A casualties C troops
B survivors D refugees
2 The thing I'm looking forward to is being with my family
____ Christmas. 14 The man who lives next door is suspected____
A at B in C on D while corruption.
A at B in C of D for
3 Lack of rain for an extended period of time causes____ .
A avalanches C blizzards 15 ____ danger when you walk alone at night.
B famine D drought A Look down on C Lookup
B Look out for D Look at
4 Thank God I____ that awful mistake before handing the
test in. 16 Hurry up! Although it's only____ now, it might start
A glimpsed C glanced raining heavily in a moment.
B spotted D scanned A blowing C lashing
B pouring D drizzling
5 ____ a goal during that match was the best moment in
my life. 17 At the end of the conference, every participant will be
A Getting C Scoring provided with a____ .
B Setting D Breaking A certificate C degree
B diploma D qualification
6 I'd say that the climate in France is rather____ - it is
neither hot nor cold throughout the year. 18 I apologise for taking your coat____ mistake.
A polar C desert A out of C through
B mild D medium B of D by
7 I do understand that my neighbours are young and they 19 There are 16____ in this novel.
want to party every night, but I simply can't_this A volumes C poetries
B contents D chapters
awful noise. Next time I'll definitely call the police.
A put through C put aside 20 Let me____ forgetting to do the washing-up by cooking
B put forward D put up with dinner.
A make out for C look forward to
8 Even though Mike had been caught committing fraud, B make up for D look down on
he was_with just a fine.
A let down C let off 21 Keep____ ! Covid-19 spreads easily, so we need to keep a
B let out D letup safe distance.
A back B on C off D up
9 Stop____ at them! It's rude!
A staring C noticing 22 If you've already decided that you want to be a pilot and
B scanning D watching don't want to study unnecessary subjects, you ought to
attend a____ .
10 Hold your____ correctly while canoeing. Otherwise, your
A grammar school C vocational school
back will ache.
B comprehensive school D boarding school
A saddle C paddle
B hoop D puck 23 Protecting____ and not letting them die out ought to be
one of the most vital aims of each government.
11 ____ protect(s) polar bears from cold weather.
A endangered species C oil spills
A Thick scales C Thick fur
B fossil fuels D global warming
B Webbed scales D Webbed fur
24 Apple juice is rich____ iron.
12 We'll have to meet____ Friday night. Sadly, I can't make it
A for B in C at D with
earlier - I've got a lot of things to do.
A at B on C in D at the 25 Ben always____ me at basketball.
A wins B scores C beats D gains
115
Grammar
CLAUSES/LINKING WORDS
T
Relative clauses
Relative clauses are introduced by: a) relative pronouns, i.e. who, whom, whose, which or that or b) relative adverbs,
i.e. when, where or why.
Relative pronouns
Subject of the verb of the relative Object of the verb of the relative Possession
clause (cannot be omitted) clause (can be omitted) (cannot be omitted)
used for who/that whom/who/that whose
people That's the man who/that stole The man (who/whom/that) you saw That's the girl whose brother is a singer.
the money. last night was my uncle.
used for which/that which/that whose/of which
things/ 1 read a book which/that was The cat (which/that) you saw lying on That's the coat the sleeves of which/
animals written by Samuel Johnson. the sofa is my favourite one. whose sleeves are made of velvet.
• Whom, which, whose can be used in expressions of quantity with of (some of, many of, half of, etc).
She received a lot ofpostcards. Most of them were from her friends. She received a lot ofpostcards, most of which were
from her friends.
• That can be used instead of who, whom or which, but it is never used after commas or prepositions.
She's the actress who/that was awarded the prize. The man in the corner, who is sitting next to Jane, is my uncle, ('that'is
not possible)
Time when (= in/on/at which) We do not normally use prepositions before relative
2012 was the year (when) I moved to Wales. pronouns.
The house in which she lives is in the suburbs, (formal
Place where (= in/at/on/to which)
- not usual)
That's the hotel where we spent our honeymoon.
The house which she lives in is in the suburbs, (usual)
Reason why (= for which) The house she lives in is in the suburbs, (more usual)
116
Grammar
CLAUSES
Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use three to five words.
1 That's the zoo where they took the tiger. WHICH 4 He's the one person on whom she can depend. WHO
That's the zoo the tiger. He's the one person _________________________________
2 The place where you went is my home town. WHICH depend on.
The place_______________________________________________ 5 He bought two jackets; they were on sale. BOTH
is my home town. He bought two jackets,______________________________
3 That's the girl he gave the present to. WHOM on sale.
That's the girl__________________________________________ 6 That's my friend; he hasa Spanish cousin. COMES
the present. That's my friend from Spain.
• A defining relative clause gives necessary Note how the commas change the meaning of the
information and is essential to the meaning of the sentence.
main clause. It is not put between commas. The players, who were involved in the fight, were sent
People who hunt illegally should be punished. off the pitch, (all the players were sent off)
• A non-defining relative clause gives extra The players who were involved in the fight were sent off
information which is not essential to the meaning of the pitch, (only the players who were involved in
the main clause. It is put between commas. the fight were sent off)
Fill in the relative pronoun adding commas where necessary. Write D for defining, ND for non-defining and
whether the relative pronoun can be omitted or not.
117
Use relative pronouns/adverbs to join the Complete the sentences using the words in bold.
following sentences, as in the example. Use two to five words.
1 That's the hotel. We stayed there last summer. 1 He lost his passport, which was silly of him.
That's the hotel where we stayed last summer. LOSE It was _________________________________________
2 This is the car. He drives to work in it every day. ___________________ his passport.
2 That's the hotel we are staying in.
WHERE That's _________________________________________
3 That's the actor. He was in the film you mentioned. __________________________ stayi n g.
3 That woman complained to the manager.
WHO That's _________________________________________
4 She bought a brooch. It once belonged to a duchess. ________________ to the manager.
4 We met several people from Portsmouth, but none of
them knew Dr Irons.
5 That's the house. It was damaged in the earthquake.
WHOM We met several people from Portsmouth,
Dr Irons.
6 They met a man. His fortune is believed to be around
5 The car we rented was very unreliable.
£3 million.
WHICH We________________________________________
very unreliable.
6 Clare Spender is the author; her book became a
7 That's the mansion. The Queen's youngest son lives
bestseller overnight.
there.
WHOSE Clare Spender is
a bestseller overnight.
7 We bought a kilo of apples; some of them were
8 They called their neighbour. She was a doctor.
bruised.
WHICH We bought a kilo of apples,
________________________ bruised.
9 We went back to the cafe. I'd left my purse there.
8 August is the month when most people take their
holidays.
10 That's the painting. It is a Picasso masterpiece. WHICH August _______________________________________
most people take their holidays.
9 She has a class of twenty students; half of them are
Canadian.
Complete the sentences so that they are true WHOM She has a class of twenty students,
about you. Use relative pronouns and adverbs. _________________ are Canadian.
10 Sue tried on some shoes, but none of them fitted.
1 The sports person_________________________________________
WHICH Sue tried on some shoes,
_________________________________________ fitted.
2 The season ________________________________________________
11 At the film festival we saw many people; some were
famous actors.
3 My friend___________________________________________________
WHOM At the film festival we saw many people,
118
Clauses of time
• Clauses of time are introduced by: after, as, as long as, She had finished reading before they came home.
as soon as, just as, once, since, when, before, by the (NOT: before-t-heycome home}
time (= before, not later than), while, until/till (= up to • When the time clause precedes the main clause, a
the time when), the moment (that), whenever, every comma is used. When the time clause follows, no
time, immediately, etc. comma is used.
He bought a villa as soon as he got the money When he finishes, he can go home. He can go home
• Time clauses follow the rule of the sequence of when he finishes.
tenses; that is, when the verb of the main clause is in • when (time conjunction) + present tense
a present or future form, the verb of the time clause When he comes, he'll tell you.
is in a present form, and when the verb of the main when (question word) + will/would
clause is in a past form, the verb of the time clause is When will he come?
in a past form, too. Note that will is never used in
• If is used for things which may happen.
clauses of time.
Wait for me if I'm late.
I'll give it to you when you tell me why you want it.
When is used for things which are sure to happen.
(NOT: when you will tell me}
I'll be back when I finish shopping.
Choose the correct option. Fill in if or when and put the verbs into the correct
tense.
1 They had finished packing by_____we returned from
work. 1 Tom will phone you he
A the time B before C soon (wake up).
2 do you think you
2 A door-to-door salesperson turned up just as I_____
(finish) the project?
the house.
3 there(be) any problems,
A had left B am leaving C was leaving
I will phone you.
3 When_____ back from work? 4 the exams(be) over, we
A is he B will he be C were he will go to the seaside.
4 By the time the ambulance_____ , the baby had already 5 Ted(apply) for the
been born. job, I'm sure he will get it.
A would arrive B had arrived C arrived 6 we(arrive) late at
the theatre, there will be no tickets left.
5 After he_____for a while, he realised he was being
7 we(have) nothing
followed.
else to discuss, we can all leave now.
A is walking B had been walking
8 (you/stop) interfering
C will be walking
in my life?
6 As soon as she____ the report, he will have it typed. 9 Please let me know you
A will finish B finishes C had finished (hear) from them, will you?
7 Make sure you lock all the doors_____ you leave the 10 I have no idea she
Clauses of result are introduced by: • Clauses of reason are introduced by: as,
• that (after such/so...), (and) as a result, (and) as a consequence, since, because, for, the reason for, the
consequently, so, etc. reason (why), on the grounds that, etc.
The sea is so cold that they can't swim. As he was late for work, he got a taxi.
• such a(n) + (adjective) + singular countable noun • Because usually answers a why-question.
It was such a nice dress that she bought it. "Why did you lie to him?" "Because I was
• such + (adjective) + uncountable/plural noun afraid of being punished."
It was such bad weather that we stayed indoors. For always comes after a comma in
written speech or a pause in oral speech.
• such + a lot of + noun
I didn't tell him anything, for I don't trust
There were such a lot of people on the bus that there were no seats left.
him.
• so + adjective/adverb
• Other ways of expressing reason:
He speaks so quickly that hardly anyone can understand him.
Because of/Due to + noun/-ing form
• so + much/many/little/few + noun
Paul was late because of/due to heavy
She won so much money in the lottery that she bought a mansion.
traffic.
• so + adjective + a(n) + noun Because of/Due to + the fact that...
it was so delicious a cake that we ate it all. (not usual) Because of the fact that/Due to the
• as a result/therefore/consequently/so + clause fact that it had been snowing for - /
He didn't have a visa, and as a result, he couldn't enter the country. four days, all roads were dosed. / /
120
CLAUSES
Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words.
1 The team were so good that we couldn't beat them. 7 She had a very bad night's sleep, so she was exhausted.
SUCH Th ey we re RESULT She had a very bad night's sleep,
______________________we couldn't
beat them. she was exhausted.
2 It was such a boring film that we left in the middle of it. 8 Do you know the reason for her leaving her job?
SO It was WHY Do___________________________________
_____________________________ we left ______________________________her job?
in the middle of it. 9 The coffee was so strong that I couldn't drink it.
3 No one knows why they are emigrating. SUCH It ____________________________________
FOR No one knows ________________________ that I couldn't
________________________ emigration. drink it.
4 Our car broke down, so we were very late. 10 He was such a skilful player that he seldom lost a game.
CONSEQUENTLY Our car broke down, SO He was
____________________________ he seldom
very late. lost a game.
5 She was so insistent that we couldn't ignore her. 11 He didn't get the job because he was inexperienced.
TOO She was TO He didn't get the job
______________________________ignore.
6 They couldn't go to the post office because of a experience.
snowstorm. 12 A lot of people use public transport because the traffic
AS They couldn't go to the post office is terrible.
DUE A lot of people use public transport
________________________ snowstorm. _________________________________ traffic.
• so that + could/would (past reference) She locked the door so that burglars couldn't get in.
He gave me directions so that I could find his house • for fear/lest + might/should
easily. He didn't say where he was going for fear he might be
He did a Master's degree with the aim of applying for a for fear of + noun/-/ngform
managerial post when he had finished. He gave them all his money for fear of being shot.
This is a knife for cutting bread. She put on her raincoat to prevent herself (from)
getting soaked.
• in case + Present Simple (present/future reference)
I'll write it down in case I forget it. • avoid +-ing form
• in case + Past Simple (past reference) Clauses of purpose follow the rule of the sequence of
121
Choose the correct option. Complete the sentences using the words in bold.
Use two to five words.
1 If you are unable to attend, please phone the
reception as soon as possible_we can arrange an 1 I didn't tell her the bad news. I didn't want to upset
alternative date. her.
A inorder B so that C with a view AVOID I didn't tell her the bad news
_____________________________ her.
2 I bought her tickets to the concert with the_____of
cheering her up. 2 Mary wrote out a shopping list. She didn't want to
Clauses of manner
• Clauses of manner are introduced by: as if/as as if/as though + any tense form (expressing
though (after the verbs act, appear, be, behave, feel, similarity/probability - how sb/sth seemed)
look, seem, smell, sound, taste), as, how, (in) the way, She sounds as if she is Italian. (She may be Italian.)
(in) the way that, the way in which, (in) the same She looked as if she was tired. (She may have been
way, (in) the same way as. tired.)
It smells as if they are frying chicken. Do as you like. as if/as though + Past Simple/Past Continuous
• Were can be used instead of was in formal English in (unreal in the present)
all persons in clauses introduced with as if/as though. She treats me as if she were my mother, (but she isn't)
She behaves as if she were/was the Queen. as if/as though + Past Perfect (unreal in the past)
She talked about Marilyn Monroe as if they had /
• The tense forms used after as if/as though depend
been close friends, (but they hadn't been)
on whether the ideas are true or untrue.
1 Does he ever have a holiday? It seems as though he 5 He slept for ten hours last night, but today he's acting
(works) seven days a week! as though he(not/have) any sleep at all.
2 My father is so proud of his cooking - he behaves as 6 She isn't a member of the aristocracy, but she acts as
though he(be) a trained chef. though she(be).
3 The boy was staring at the motorbike as if he 7 My brother isn't rich, but he spends money as if he
(never/see) one before. (be) a millionaire.
4 She is so skinny! She looks as though she 8 He talked about Hawaii as if he(be) there,
(never/eat) a proper meal in her life! but we knew he hadn't.
122
Expressing concession - Clauses of concession whatever/no matter what + clause
Whatever you do, you won't succeed.
Concession is expressed with:
• although/even though/though + clause adj/adv + though + subject + verb/
Choose the correct option. Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to
five words.
1 However/Despite the great danger,
we decided to attempt the rescue. 1 She tried hard, but she couldn't solve the problem.
2 Even though/ln spite of strong AS Hard,
opposition from the public, the she couldn't solve the problem.
company went ahead with its plans. 2 However much you complain, they won't give you a refund.
3 Although/However he ate a lot of HOW No _____________________________________________________________
spicy food at the reception, he didn't complain, they won't give you a refund.
suffer from indigestion. 3 He's a writer, but he often makes spelling mistakes.
4 No matter how/No matter what BEING In_______________________________________________________________
measures the government takes a writer, he often makes spelling mistakes.
against hooliganism, there will still be
4 Although she exercises a lot, she's not very strong.
fans who overreact. FACT Despite________________________________________________________
5 In spite of the fact that/Despite she a lot, she's not very strong.
is disabled, she plays a lot of sports.
5 In spite of his leaving home early, he was late for the appointment.
6 I arrived late at the cinema, but/as I
THOUGH Even_______________________________________________________
still got a good seat.
early, he was late for the appointment.
7 He knows he is damaging his health,
6 The plot was complicated, but I enjoyed the film a lot.
despite/yet he continues to smoke.
THOUGH Complicated ,
8 Brilliant though/although the cook
I enjoyed the film a lot.
may be, he knows nothing about
7 John works as a travel agent, but he's never been abroad.
French sauces.
OF In a travel
9 He decided not to do the computer
agent, John has never been abroad.
course, although/whereas it would
have been useful to him. 8 However hard he tried, he didn't succeed.
to convince me. 9 In spite of having a good voice, he could never be a professional singer.
HAS Although ,
he could never be a professional singer.
10 She did her best. She failed the exam.
YET She_____________________________________________________________
failed the exam.
123
Grammar
CLAUSES/LINKING WORDS
Exclamations
; • Exclamations are used to express anger, fear, shock, • such (a/an) + (adjective) + noun
surprise, etc. They always take an exclamation mark It's such an old car!
(I). Some exclamations are: Oh dear!, Ah!, Oh!, Good • so + adjective/adverb
gracious!, etc. He's so nice to us!
• What + a(n) + (adjective) + singular countable • adverb/adverbial particle + subject + verb of
noun movement
What a nice day! Off he went!
• What + (adjective) + uncountable/plural noun • Here/There + subject + verb
What awful weather! What nice manners! There she goes! BUT There goes Mary! (when the
• How + adjective/adverb subject is a noun, it follows the verb)
How clever he is! How slowly he speaks! • Interrogative - negative question at the
• You + (adjective) + noun beginning of the sentence
You (filthy) liar! Isn't it awful!
Positive and, both ... and, not only... (but also/as well), too, She is young and successful.
addition moreover, in addition to, furthermore, further, also, not
to mention the fact that, besides
Negative neither... nor, nor, neither, either Neither Jane nor Paula has any desire to meet
addition him again. Jane has no desire to meet him
again. Nor does Paula.
Contrast but, not... but, although, while, whereas, despite, even She can speak Russian fluently; however, she is
if, even though, on the other hand, in contrast, unable to read or write it.
however, (and) yet, at the same time
Similarity similarly, likewise, in the same way, equally When you move house, you must notify the post
office ofyour change of address. Similarly, you
must register with the local council.
Concession but, even so, however, (and) still, (and) yet, She applied for the job even though she wasn't
nevertheless, on the other hand, although, even suitably qualified.
though, despite/in spite of, regardless of, admittedly,
considering, whereas, while, nonetheless
Alternative or, on the other hand, either... or, alternatively They could take a holiday now, or
alternatively, they could wait until
the summer. 7 x
124
Emphasis besides, not only this but... also, as well, what is / find him pushy and demanding and, what is
more, in fact, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth, more, he is self-centred.
actually, indeed, let alone
Exemplification as, such as, like, for example, for instance, particularly, 1 enjoyed all the books you lent me, but in
especially, in particular particular, 1 liked Wild Swans.
Clarification that is to say, specifically, in other words, to put it He needs to concentrate more on his schoolwork.
another way, I mean Specifically, he has to pay more attention in the
classroom.
Cause/Reason as, because, because of, since, on the grounds that, The company has decided to take on more staff
seeing that, due to, in view of, owing to, for, now that, now that sales are increasing.
so
Manner as, (in) the way, how, the way in which, (in) the same The manager explained how the organisation
way (as), as if, as though could increase productivity.
Condition if, in case, assuming (that), on condition (that), Please notify us in the event that/in case you are
provided (that), providing (that), unless, in the event unable to attend the meeting.
(that), in the event of, as/so long as, granted/granting
(that), whether, whether... or (alternative condition),
only if, even if, otherwise, or (else), in case of
Consequence consequently, then, under those circumstances, if so, 1 may take a long lunch break tomorrow.
of a condition if not, so, therefore, in that case, otherwise, thus If so, 1 can go to the hairdresser's then.
Purpose so that, so as (not) to, in order (not) to, in order that, 1 took plenty of magazines with me in case 1 got
for fear (that), in case bored during the flight.
Effect/Result such/so... that, consequently, for this reason, as a The room at The Ritz was double-booked, and as
consequence, thus, therefore, so a consequence, we were moved to another hotel.
Comparison as...as, than, half as...as, nothing like, the...the, twice You look nothing like your sister.
as...as, less...than
Time when, whenever, as, while, now (that), before, until, As a freelance writer, she can choose to work
till, after, since whenever she wants.
Place where, wherever She makes friends wherever she goes.
Exception but (for), except (for), apart from We have sent invitations to everyone apart from
the Fords.
Relative who, whom, whose, which, what, that Let me introduce you to the man whose ideas
have revolutionised the workplace.
Chronological beginning: initially, first..., at first, to start/begin with, First of all, we need to decide what the problem
first of all is.
continuing: secondly..., after this/that, second ..., Then, we need to consider all possible solutions.
afterwards, then, next, before this
concluding: finally, at last, in the end, eventually, Finally, we must decide on the best alternative.
lastly, last but not least
Reference considering, concerning, regarding, with respect/ Considering the length of time he took to write
regard/reference to, in respect/regard/reference to the report, it is not up to standard.
this/to the fact that With reference to what we agreed last week,
1 would like to remind you that the deadline has
been brought forward to 1 June.
Summarising in conclusion, in summary, to sum up, as I have said, To sum up, the film was a complete waste of z
as (it) was previously stated, on the whole, in all, all in time. /
all, altogether, in short, briefly, to put it briefly
125
Grammar
LINKING WORDS
Choose the correct option. Complete the sentences using the words in bold.
Use two to five words.
1 You could_____leave now, or wait and ride with us.
A both B neither C either 1 I was born in that hospital.
WAS That's _______________________________________
2 He's not a very good tennis player_____he practises all
________________________ born.
the time.
A considering B despite C in spite 2 He has decided to emigrate to Australia; we can't stop
him.
3 He decided to change jobs_____that he wanted a
PREVENT We can't ____________________________________
chance to be more creative. __________________ to Australia.
A at the same time
3 I didn't tell her the news because I didn't want to upset
B as a consequence
her.
C on the grounds
SO I didn't tell her the news
4 I don't feel like going out tonight;_____ , I never enjoy ___________________________ her.
myself at pop concerts. 4 He couldn't get a credit card because he owed the
A particularly B similarly C besides bank money.
5 He's afraid of heights,_____ he wants to go rock RESULT He owed the bank money,
12 Everyone agreed_____from James. 10 You must phone work if you are ill.
126
A REVISION^v
1 She wore a wig______ no one would recognise her. 14 I'll help you with the chores______ I finish my
A for fear C inorder homework.
B to avoid D so that A as soon as C just as
B by the time D while
2 James is the person______ decided to volunteer at the
local animal shelter. 15 He looks nothing______ his father.
A whose C who A as C like
B which D whom B such D less
3 We were late______ heavy rain. 16 The person______ you met last night is a vet.
A because C for fear A whose C where
B due to D in order to B whom D why
4 It was______ good news that everyone cheered. 17 ______ he didn't have the right qualifications, he
A as C so decided to apply for the post.
B sucha D such A Despite C Even
B Although D Whereas
5 That is the actress______ husband is an Oscar nominee.
A whose C which 18 ______ Paul nor Jenny accepted the offer.
B who D whom A But C Neither
B Either D Whereas
6 She moved to New York______ studying Art.
A in case C with the aim of 19 He's______ patient with children!
B with a view D so that A even so C such
B likewise D so
7 ______ being late, they didn't hurry.
A While C Despite 20 Take some extra money in case you______ it.
B In spite D Although A will need C would need
B are needing D need
8 She sounds______ she is Spanish.
A how C though 21 ______ nice presents! Thank you all!
B the way D as if A Such a C What
B How D So
9 Tired______ she was, she continued working on the
project. 22 The house in______ he lives belongs to his
A however C as grandparents.
B although D yet A where C that
B which D whom
10 She interviewed twelve students, one of______ was
Portuguese. 23 ______ not feeling well, he went to work.
A where C which A Despite C Although
B who D whom B In spite D Even though
11 She left early______ meeting them. 24 When he______ , we can go to the supermarket.
A in case C to avoid A comes C will come
B for fear D to prevent B had come D is coming
12 The company recruited more staff______ the summer 25 ______ hard he tries, he won't be promoted.
season is starting soon. A Despite C No matter
A due to C on the grounds B However D Whatever
B seeing that D in view of
127
I Vocabulary
11 CLOTHES & FASHION
CLOTHES, ACCESSORIES AND FOOTWEAR Choose the word that does not match.
Complete the descriptions with words from the
Accessories: earmuffs, wallet, boots, scarf, bow tie,
list.
mittens
•T-shirt • suit •leggings • gloves •shirt Footwear: loafers, sneakers, trainers, necklace, sandals
• shoes • boots •trousers • skirt • jacket Clothes: raincoat, evening gown, cardigan, purse, vest
• tights • scarf • trainers • sunglasses Jewellery: slippers, necklace, bracelet, earrings,
• dress • belt brooch
Fancy dress 4
5
________________________
________________________
9
10
________________________
________________________
Gemma is wearing a hairband on her head. She
has got a black 12)
Describe your favourite outfit.
a silver 13)_________ around her
waist and a black 14) / love wearing my denim jeans and white trainers with a
cotton T-shirt and a checked shirt. I wear my watch, too,
She has got purple 15)
and a necklace.
and black 16) on her feet.
128
r PHRASALVERBS ' WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED
see about: deal with; make arrangements for (= see to) Tick (/) the correct box. Check in your dictionary.
see sb off: go with sb to their point of departure
see sb out: accompany sb to the door/exit of a house/
building
see over: inspect (a house, flat, etc) money
see through sb/sth: not be deceived by sb/sth
see sb through: support sb until the end of a difficult weight
time the bus
see to: 1) make arrangements, 2) attend to sth
a film
a target
4 You look after the children and I'll see the interest
washing up.
my jacket
5 We'll all come to the station to see you after
the fashion show. a game
an appointment
1 PREPOSITIONS
a flight
129
English in Use
PREFIXES (I)
That's the town I was born in.
Prefixes are syllables which we add before certain
That's the town where I was born. words to form new words. The meaning of the new
That's the town in which I was born. word depends on the prefix that has been used.
They let us stay, which was kind of them. anti- against (antisocial)
It was kind of them to let us stay. bi- two (biannual)
co- with (co-driver)
This is Mr Foster; his son is a famous pianist.
counter- in the opposite direction (counteract)
This is Mr Foster whose son is a famous pianist.
ex- previous, former (ex-wife)
Sunday is the day when she got married. inter- between (international)
Sunday is the day on which she got married. mis- done wrongly or badly (misjudge)
5 I'm not going to work today because I've got a cold. 7 Please don't________________________
me; I don't mean to be rude. UNDERSTAND
OWING I'm not going to work today
8 Jack is a________________________ and
______ I've got a cold.
owns his own private jet and island. MILLIONAIRE
6 His second film is very different to his first.
9 Access to the swimming pool is
LIKE His second film
prohibited to________________________ . MEMBERS
_________________________________ his first.
10 Jake always tries to
7 I'm writing concerning the advertised position.
________________________ everybody
REFERENCE I'm writing
else in the class. DO
the advertised position.
11 Make sure you don't__________________
8 This is Mr Jones; you will be helping him tomorrow.
as you will miss the train. SLEEP
WHO This is Mr Jones
12 The USA is a________________________
______ tomorrow.
country with people from different
nationalities living there. CULTURAL
130
English in Use 11
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1 If you don't refund my money, I'll be forced to take 7 Her sister took her coat without asking first. She was so
legal. angry that she could barely her voice.
A step C move A manage C check
B action D measure B rule D control
2 Adam could not on his work because of the noise 8 She has been day and night for the piano recital
coming from his next door neighbour's radio. next month.
A assemble C devote A practising C exercising
B collect D concentrate B applying D learning
3 Rosa and Miriam remained silent the journey so 9 The play was a huge success. Over three thousand
as to enjoy the spectacular scenery. people the opening night.
A in C all A observed C attended
B at D throughout B heard D listened
4 Their dream came true when they finally set off on their 10 What did I like the? The fashion show! It was
to Mount Everest. spectacular.
A expedition C travel A great C much
B sightseeing D cruise B more D most
5 John felt that his mother would disapprove of his 11 Mary was thrilled when she found out that she had
plans to work in the fashion industry. been a place at Harvard University.
A accurate C definite A told C proposed
B guaranteed D certain B offered D said
6 You should leave early in order to the heavy 12 Jenny was with both her teachers and classmates.
traffic. A popular C well-known
A pass C keep B famous D well-off
B avoid D prevent
r WORD FORMATION 1
Use the words in capitals to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
the SilkWoRA
When you wear a silk shirt, scarf or tie, you might not 0) immediately th'mk IMMEDIATE
of where the material came from. The silkworm which produces it is not
1)a worm at all, but a kind of butterfly or moth. From its REAL
body, it spins its own 2)cocoon using silk which can be up PROTECT
to one mile in length.
For more than 4,000 years, these silk threads have been 3) WEAVE
into luxurious fabrics to provide clothes for the wealthy. Today, in China,
more than 10 million farmers raise silkworms, supplying more than one half
of the world’s 4). REQUIRE
When the caterpillars hatch from the eggs, they spend about a month
eating mulberry leaves before being put into 5)in their own ISOLATE
separate boxes. Here, they spin a cocoon around 6). After THEY
about two weeks, the caterpillars change into moths, and the cocoons are
ready to receive a hot steam bath 7)to loosen the thread. TREAT
This is carefully unravelled and wound into skeins of silk. This simple
8)process gives us our pure silk thread. NATURE
131
Grammar
EMPHATIC STRUCTURES/INVERSION
Emphatic structures
Rewrite the sentences as in the example. Complete the sentences using the words in bold.
Use two to five words.
1 Ann decorated the pumpkin.
It was Ann who/that decorated the pumpkin. 1 You weren't paying attention when the accident
2 The children need somewhere to play. happened.
THAT It ___________________________________________
_______ paying attention
3 Did you give him that horrible pair of trousers? when the accident happened.
2 The doctor promised that I would be out of bed in a
couple of days.
4 What do you mean by talking to me like that? DID The_________________________________________
would be out of bed in a couple of days.
3 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin.
5 You should concentrate more while you're driving. WAS It ___________________________________________
discovered penicillin.
4 Did you meet Dwayne Johnson in Hollywood?
6 I telephoned our cousins.
MET Was _______________________________________
Dwayne Johnson in Hollywood?
5 The committee doesn't want to accept any new
7 Where are you going to be at Easter?
members into the club.
IS What the___________________________________
_______________________ to accept any new
8 You need a nice cup of tea.
members into the club.
6 He said he was coming with us.
SAY He _________________________________________
9 When did you get home?
___________________ with us.
7 Did you go to the Rivera Club last night?
IT Was ________________________________________
10 Why did you borrow money from Alan?
you went to last night?
132
^■9 12
EMPHATIC STRUCTURES/INVERSION
Inversion
We can invert the subject and the auxiliary verb in the • in conditionals when should, were, had (Past Perfect)
sentence to give emphasis. This happens: are placed at the beginning of the sentence. Note
• after certain expressions placed at the beginning of a that "if" is omitted.
sentence. Should you go out, leave the key under the mat. (Ifyou
Barely, Hardly (ever)... when, In no way, In/Underno should go out... - Type 1)
circumstances, Little, Never (before), Nor/Neither, No Were I you, I would apologise. (If I were you... - Type 2)
sooner... than, Noteven once, Not only... but also, Not Had he been invited, he would have come. (If he had
since, Not till/until, Nowhere, Only by, Only in this way, been invited... - Type 3)
On no account, On no occasion, Only then, Rarely, • after so, neither/nor, as to express agreement.
Scarcely (ever)... when, Seldom. "I enjoy romance films." "So do I." ("So" is used to agree
Little did he say about his accident. Rarely does he with an affirmative statement.)
visit us. "Tim didn't come." "Neither/Nor did Ann." ("Neither/
Note that when only after, only by, only if, only when, Nor"are used to agree with a negative statement.)
not since, not till/until are put at the beginning of a Her students loved her, as did her colleagues.
sentence, we use inversion in the main clause.
Only when you see him will you realise how much he In the following structures, we invert the subject and the
has suffered. main verb.
• after adverbs of place. There goes the bus!
• after so, such, to such a degree (in result
(BUT There it goes!)
clauses) placed at the beginning of a sentence.
Here is your pen! (BUT Here it is!)
So hard does he work that he will soon be promoted.
• in Direct Speech when the reporting verb comes
after the quote and the subject is a noun.
"What a nice dress!" said Susan.
(BUT "What a nice dress!"she said.)
Choose the correct option. Complete the sentences using the words in bold.
Use two to five words.
1 Only if you agree can we go/we can go on with the
plan. 1 I've never had such fun anywhere else.
2 Under no circumstances will Elaine leave/Elaine will ELSE Nowhere__________________________________
leave the house. such fun.
3 Were/Should the river rise any higher, the town will 2 Lynn didn't realise that her mother was so worried
be flooded. about her.
4 Did/Had you paid on time, you wouldn't have been REALISE Little that
cut off. her mother was so worried about her.
5 No sooner/Not only had he recovered from the flu 3 The army marched forward into battle.
than he caught a bad cold. MARCHED Forward __________________________________
6 So/Such a long holiday did he take that he forgot into battle.
how to do his job.
4 Her parents and her friends warned her not to go
7 Only if/by shouting and waving their arms did they
alone.
manage to get our attention.
AS Her parents warned her not to go
8 Only when he is really desperate he asks/does he ask
alone,friends.
for help.
5 She sang so well that she was offered a record deal.
9 I'll give him your message should/were I see him.
SING So _____________________________________
10 Neither/Never does Tom seem worried about his
that she was offered a record deal.
future.
6 Unemployment hasn't been at such a high level at any
11 Barely had she finished cooking than/when her first
time since the 1930s.
guests arrived.
BEEN Not since the 1930s
12 Only when I have nothing else to do I watch/do I
at such a high level.
watch TV.
133
Rewrite the sentences using so or such at the Complete the sentences using the words in bold.
beginning of the sentence. Use two to five words.
1 As the exams were difficult, many students complained. 1 The door to the basement is to be left open on no
So___________________________________________________________ account.
ACCOUNT On _________________________________________
2 His dream was so strange that his psychiatrist wrote to the basement to be left open.
about it in a medical journal. 2 We won't tell anybody the good news until we're
So___________________________________________________________ certain it's true.
WILL Not until we're certain it's true
3 The explorers took such a long time to find the tomb ____________ anybody the
that they had nearly run out of supplies. good news.
Such________________________________________________________ 3 He felt so unwell that he had to cancel their date.
DID So _________________________________________
4 Many people think she's English because she speaks that he had to cancel their date.
the language so fluently. 4 Bob forgot his mother's birthday and his sister's too.
So___________________________________________________________ DID Bob didn't remember his mother's
birthday,_____________
5 She is so ignorant that she has never heard of Shakespeare. his sister's.
Such________________________________________________________ 5 He was so anxious that he kept biting his nails.
HIS Such_______________________________________
6 He was so surprised that he nearly fell off his chair. he kept biting his nails.
Such____________________________________________________ 6 Brown bread is healthier and tastier than white bread.
ONLY Not_____________________________________
than white bread, but it's healthier too!
Fill in so, neither/nor and the appropriate pronoun
and verb. Choose the correct option.
1 "I don't feel like staying in today." 1 see Jack, please ask him to call me.
". Let's go to the beach instead." A You should B If should you
2 "I really like our new teacher." C Should you
". She's really patient, isn't she?" 2 On no should you touch that switch.
3 "I can't decide what to buy Chris for his birthday." A circumstances B account C way
". What can you give a man 3 difficult were the questions that no one could
who has everything?" answer them.
4 "I should really start doing some kind of exercise." A Too B Such C So
". I've put on a lot of weight." 4 John!
5 "I'd really love to go out tonight." A It comes B Here comes
". Let's go to the new Italian C Comes there
place round the corner." 5 you, I'd accept the invitation.
6 "I can't stand this heat any more." A Should I be B Were I C Had I been
". Let's get in the car and go for 6 Seldom his hometown.
a drive." A does he visit B he does visit C he visits
7 "I had the time of my life at the party last night." 7 come, tell her to wait for me.
". I'll never forget you dancing A Should she B Would she C Were she
the tango with old Mrs Marple." 8 Little she had moved to Paris.
8 "I've spent lots of money on clothes this month." A we did know B we knew
".There's hardly any space left C did we know
in my wardrobe." 9 No sooner had we left the village it started
9 "I won't be surprised if they don't turn up this evening." snowing.
". They've been known to let A that B than C when
people down in the past." 10 Only when I get a better job able to afford a
10 "We're thinking of going to Ibiza this summer." bigger flat.
". We've heard it's a great A I will be B be I will C will I be
holiday destination."
134
12
REVISION
11 ______ they talking about? 24 So quickly______ that the others couldn't keep up with
A Was that why C Whatever were him.
B Why did D What did A ran he C runs he
B did he ran D did he run
12 She loved the new film,______ her brother.
A and so C seldom did 25 "Stacey hasn't replied yet.""______ has Jennifer."
B as did D were her A Nor C Should
B Either D Seldom
13 Look! There______ !
A the train went C go the train
B goes the train D the train goes
135
12 WORK
f
JOBS & WORKPLACES Complete with long, low, work, high-powered, job,
Label the pictures with the words in the list. working to form collocations.
Then, complete the table with the jobs below.
1 The conditions at the factory
• plumber • accountant • engineer • electrician were very bad. That's why they closed it down.
• surveyor • musician 2 My dad works hours at the
hospital. Sometimes, his shifts last 14 hours!
3 I've got a lot of experience in
retail. I was a shop assistant for five years.
4 He wants a permanent job because he believes
security is more important
than money.
5 She's got a job. She's the
director of a company with 700 employees.
6 He doesn't mind the wages
because he gets 60 days holiday a year.
136
^ PHRASALVERBS
Choose the correct preposition. Check in your
dictionary.
set about: 1) begin to do, 2) attack
set aside: save for a special purpose 1 David has been out/over of work for over a year.
set back: 1) delay progress of sth, 2) delay an event till a 2 Laura works from/for a company that makes sports
later date, 3) cost (slang) equipment.
set out: 1) begin a journey, 2) start a course of action with 3 The workers decided to go on/for strike after their
a clear aim in mind
boss refused to increase their wages.
set in: start and seem likely to continue
4 WhatdoesChrisdowith/for a living?
set on: (cause to) attack
5 Paula is on/in unemployment benefit until she can
set up: 1) start a business, 2) build; erect, 3) establish
find a new job.
6 Henry hopes to start a career by/in journalism.
attention
PREPOSITIONS
someone a visit
Look at Appendix 1, then fill in the correct started
preposition.
a compliment
1 The boy was named his grandfather.
lost
2 Joan is frightened empty spaces.
3 The barrister was very happy the jury's a pension
verdict.
4 The sales tax is included the price written
on the item.
5 It's about time you stopped relying your
parentsand got a job.
6 If you persist calling me such horrible
names, I'm going to tell the manager.
7 Jimmy agreed his boss on where to hold
the event.
8 I was shocked the price they charged.
9 Don't forget to thank Sheila her present.
10 The hijackers surrendered the police.
137
12 a English in Use
1 Matthew enrolled in a
course after completing his first degree. GRADUATE
Complete the sentences using the words in bold.
2 By atte n d i n g a,
Use two to five words.
young children learn important social
1 He broke his leg during the summer holidays. skills by interacting with other children. SCHOOL
THAT It was during 3 I was asked to_________________________
__________________________ he broke his leg. my assignment as my professor thought
Read the sentences below and decide which answer (A, B or C) best fits each blank.
1 The manager had to write a(n) on every 6 Tim knew he'd had a escape when he wasn't
employee in his department. injured in the accident.
A examination B research C report A fortune B well-off C lucky
2 James was able to that he had not been in the 7 All passengers must the ship at least one hour
office when the fire started. before departure.
A indicate B prove C imply A get in B get up C board
3 You'll have to if you can't remember the answer. 8 Without technical skills, you may not find a good
A predict B calculate C guess job.
A advanced B progressed C increased
4 Sandy couldn't remember what her manager had told
her the week. 9 John continued the family by becoming a dentist.
A previous B early C former A culture B habit C tradition
5 The office is in a beautiful overlooking the small 10 I've only seen her on one other; it was when she
harbour. got promoted.
A position B angle C mark A incident B occasion C celebration
work
production line, 2)individuals are responsible
for the completion of one stage of a process.
3)of the work doesn’t require 4)and
is unskilled. Still, it often helps if you have some
knowledge. An unpleasant aspect of the job is that it
often 5)shift work, including nights. Overtime
is also common; normally, workers 6)paid
extra for it. Strike action - when people stop work for
a 7)of time - is not uncommon in factories,
and it is the workers’ 8)of demanding a pay
increase. Some factory workers enjoy their job
because it 9) a reliable income. Others,
because they feel they are underpaid, frequently scan
the jobs section of local newspapers 10)to
find something better.
139
13 DETERMINERS/PRONOUNS J
Determiners
Determiners are: indefinite article (a/an), definite article (the), demonstratives (this - these/that- those), possessive
adjectives (my, your, his, etc.), quantifiers (some, any, every, no, both, each, either, neither, enough, several, all, most,
etc.) and numbers (one, two, etc.).
Note: This/These - That/Those are not always followed by nouns. This is all I can do to help you.
140
• All refers to more than two people or things. It has a • None refers to more than two people or things. It has
positive meaning and takes a verb in the plural. It is a negative meaning and isn't followed by a noun.
the opposite of none. 'Are there any mistakes?" "No, none."
All the students failed. All of them failed. They all failed. None ofvs used before nouns or object pronouns
All five of them failed. followed by a verb either in the singular or plural. It is
All + that-clause (= the only thing) takes a singular the opposite of all.
verb. None of the three boys/them know(s) how to do it.
AH that he said was not to worry. Note: no + noun. There's no room for them.
• Both refers to two people or things. It has a positive • Every is used with singular countable nouns. It refers
meaning and takes a verb in the plural. It is the to a group of people or things and means "all",
opposite of neither/not either. "everyone", "everything", etc.
Pam and Ann are British. Both Pam and Ann are British. He goes to the library every day.
They are both British. Both of them are British. Both • Each is used with singular countable nouns. It means
girls are British. "one by one", considered individually.
• Whole (= complete) is used with countable nouns. Each member of the team was given a medal.
We always use a, the, this, my, etc. + whole + Note that everyone and each one have of
countable. constructions.
the whole week = all week Every one of/Each one of the players was given a
• Either (= any one of two}/Neither (= not one and not bonus.
the other) refer to two people or things and are used • One/Ones are used to avoid repetition of
before singular countable nouns. a countable noun.
Neither girl enjoys horror films. Neither of/Either of "Which camera do you like?" /j
"This one." /
take a verb either in the singular or plural.
Neither of them is/are French.
1 Both/Neither Mozart and Beethoven were great 16 You're going to have to look through each/both one of
composers. these files separately.
2 Neither/Either Sam or David will clean the garage. 17 There's a leak in both/each the hot water tank and the
3 I finished the all/whole exercise in five minutes. cold water tank.
4 I've kept in touch with all/every my old school friends. 18 Neither/Either of the books you bought sounds
5 Neither/Either of the girls passed the exam. They both interesting to me.
failed. 19 None/AII of the girls were ready for the dance on time.
6 Victor goes to the same cafe every/all day. They got there late.
7 None/Each of the people he contacted were interested. 20 "Do you like these boots?" "No, I prefer these one/ones."
8 We have to pay our telephone bill each/every three 21 Each/AII one of the candidates was given a
months. questionnaire before the interview.
9 You'll get fat if you eat all/none those biscuits. 22 Fiona and I went to the opera. We both/all enjoyed it
10 Either/Both Tom and Lynn had a good time. very much.
11 She spent the whole/all afternoon lying on the beach. 23 There's no/none space for a washing machine in my
12 Each/Every of the candidates will be interviewed kitchen.
individually. 24 All/Every that she wants is another baby. She simply
13 None of/Every the students believed that the exam adores big families.
results would be released so early. 25 I go swimming nearly either/every day.
14 I don't like either/neither of these coats. I'll look for one 26 My drama group put on a play, but none/all of us were
somewhere else. pleased with the performance.
15 You'd better read through the all/whole contract
before you sign it.
141
13 Grammar
A DETERMINERS/PRONOUNS
Fill in: all, both, whole, either, neither, none, every, each or one(s).
1 ______________ of them was paying any attention to the 6 In game, there is an element of risk.
lecturer so they all got in trouble. 7 John and Fiona had a lot of work yesterday,
2 He's studying______________ politics and modern of them went out.
languages at university. 8 "Do you like this skirt?" "I think that is
3 I think these are the____ __________ you like. more flattering."
4 They spent the__________ ____ afternoon packing for 9 The members of the club were given
their holiday. copies of the regulations.
5 She spends______________ . her time studying for her 10 Both of these dictionaries are excellent -
exams. one of them will help you in your studies.
Both... and... + plural verb. Both Ann and Liz are vegetarians.
Neither... nor.../Either... or .../Not only... but also... + singular or plural verb depending on the subject which
follows nor, or, but also.
Neither Bill nor John is willing to help. Not only Sue, but also her family are going to the wedding.
Rewrite the sentences using both... and, neither... Complete the sentences using the words in bold.
nor, either... or, not only... but also. Use two to five words.
1 Ann is a doctor and so is Chris. 1 My aunt lives on a farm and so does my cousin.
AND Both my __________
____________ on a farm.
2 Kate will pick you up from the station or else Sam will.
2 Danny can speak Chinese and so can his brother.
BUT Not_________________________________________
brother can speak Chinese.
3 John hasn't been to Italy and his brother hasn't either.
3 Gordon is a journalist; his wife is too.
ARE Both___________
______________ journalists.
4 Jo and Jim speak Spanish. 4 The exhibition will be opened by the mayor or the
queen.
5 Pete doesn't like going to the cinema. Tom doesn't either. OR Either the _________________________________
open the exhibition.
5 Not only Ann, but also her husband want to emigrate.
AND Both___________
6 James likes going fishing; so does Mark.
________ to emigrate.
6 She doesn't enjoy sleeping in a tent and nor does her
sister.
7 This weekend Liz is going skiing; so are her friends. NOR Neither____________________________________
______ sleeping in a tent.
7 Bob is about to leave; Helen is about to leave too.
ALSO Not only___________
8 Tim will fix your bike or else Mike will. _____ about to leave.
8 My father didn't go to university and neither did my
142
a lot of- many - much
• A lot of/Lots of+ countable/uncountable nouns are • A few (= some, a small number) + countable noun
normally used in positive sentences. a little (= some, a small amount of) + uncountable
A lot of people attended the ceremony. She’s got lots of noun have a positive meaning.
furniture. A lot of can also be used in questions and I have a little money left, so I'll buy a few sweets.
negations in informal English. • Few (= not many, almost none) + countable noun /
Was there a lot of disagreement over the proposal? Little (= not much, almost none) + uncountable
• Many + countables/muc/i + uncountables are noun have a negative meaning and are rather forma
normally used in questions or negations. English. Very few/very little, only a few/only a little
Are there many cakes? There isn't much cola. Many and are more usual.
much are often used in positive sentences after too, Few English people speak a second language. I've had
so, how or in formal English. very little success in my exams. He had only a few
She didn't realise how much money she had spent. You problems in the test, though he had done only a little
should slow down;you're doing too much. work for it.
Note: most, all, some, any, many, a few, several, both, one, two, much, (a) little are followed by of when a noun follows,
preceded by possessives or words such as: this, that, these, those, the or a.
How much of the money I gave you did you spend? I liked two of her books. So many of my friends are away that / /
I've got no one to talk to. x
1 It takes patience to bring up children. 9 We don't get on very well as we haven't got
2 Have new people joined the club in common.
this year? 10 She doesn't have time to herself these
3 She's eaten too sweets, so she doesn't days.
feel well. 11 I hope we didn't make noise when
4 Will there be guests at the wedding? we came in late last night.
5 She must have money to afford such 12 He's very popular. He always has
expensive clothes. people at his house.
6 There are too mistakes in your 13 There's still food left over from the
composition. party last night.
7 There can't be people who haven't 14 You need courage to be a firefighter.
heard of Harry Potter. 15 Why haven't you washed the dishes? You didn't have
8 There's poverty in some African countries. ____________ else to do.
143
13 JM
DETERMINERS/PRONOUNS
1 Very______ people can guess what the future will be 9 There are________sandwiches left on the table.
like. A a little B much C a few
A few B much C little ^q John's schoolwork leaves______ room for improvement.
2 There are______ cars on the roads. A lots of B many C few
A l’^'6 $ too many C much ^ Did you spend______ money on this blouse?
5 Did you learn______ English on your summer course? A many B much C little
A many B much C afew 14 Sally ate too______ cake, and now she feels sick.
7 I'm afraid 1 haven't got______ information about that A little B a little C a few
matteL 16 I have only books, but I'd like to have more.
A much B many c a little A a|Me B a few C a lot of
Some is used before countable or uncountable nouns. Any and its compounds can be used after /fin a
I'll boy some apples. He gave me some money. positive sentence.
Some and its compounds (somebody, something, If anything is broken, I will hold you responsible.
etc.) are normally used in positive sentences. They are • No/Not any are used before countable and
also used in questions when we want to make an uncountable nouns. No/Not any and their
offer, a request or when we expect a positive answer. compounds (no one/notanyone, nothing/not
There's someone at the door. (= positive) Would you anything, etc.) are used in negations.
like something to eat? (= offer) Could I have I know no one at this party. I don't know anyone at this
something to drink? (= request) Is there someone party. Any and its compounds are used with
waiting forme? (= I expect there is) BUT Is there negative words (hardly, never, without, seldom, rarely
anyone waiting forme? (= I'm asking in general) etc.). I never go anywhere alone at night. (NOT: l-never-
144
8 Choose the correct option.
1 He didn't say anything/nothing to the police. 10 Are you going nowhere/anywhere for your holiday?
2 Sally isn't going anywhere/nowhere this weekend. 11 I can't find my sister anywhere/nowhere.
3 I need any/some more milk for this cake. 12 He needs any/some time to work out the answer.
4 Anybody/Everybody congratulated us. 13 I think there's anything/something wrong with my car.
5 There is nowhere/everywhere in the world I'd like to 14 Anybody/Nobody told me you were leaving.
visit more than Egypt. 15 She goes to school every/some day.
6 There was hardly no one/anyone at the party. 16 Will you give them nothing/some homework today?
7 Shall I go and buy some/anything cheese? 17 John goes to sleep at 11 pm any/every night.
8 I didn't buy some/any flour. 18 No one/Anyone was at home when I called.
9 He doesn't want anything/nothing in particular for his 19 Is there everything/anything good on at the cinema?
birthday. 20 Call round any/some time you like.
1 knows that the sky is blue, but few people 9 I've never been without finding
know why. _______________________ interesting to see.
2 If you have questions, please contact us. 10 If is going to the supermarket,
3 wanted to miss the important could they get me milk?
match, so arrived early. 11 Don't speak to me. There is you can
4 The teacher asked if knew the say to me that will make difference
answer to her question. to how I feel.
5 Would you like cheese or maybe 12 We never go for our holidays. Why
_______________________ sweet? don't we go this year?
6 Have you seen Jim? I've been 13 Jerry is very tidy; he hates being
looking for him. out of place.
7 If you have spare time, there's 14 "I'll get you coffee.""Have you got
I want to talk to you about. ________________________________ cold -________________________
8 is looking for Mike, but juice perhaps?"
has seen him since yesterday.
Ever can be added to certain question words to mean "any". These words are: whoever (anyone who), whatever
(anything that), whichever (any of), whenever (any time that), wherever (anyplace that), however (in any way that).
You canco" ■. whenever.: . ■ (= any time that you like)
1 I'm not sure how to advise you. I suggest you do 6 "Welcome! Come in and sit down you
you think best. can find an empty seat."
2 You know where to find me-come round 7 The interview is informal, so you can dress
you want, and we'll talk over your you want.
problem. 8 My pen is missing!has borrowed it,
3 There are two different routes from here to Manchester. kindly return it immediately.
Why not take is the shortest to save 9 Red and green both look good on you.
time? colour you choose, I'm sure it will suit you.
4 mum decides to put the washing out, it 10 wins the elections is sure to be the best
always starts raining. candidate.
5 You must get some advice about the career you wish
to follow so that one you choose, you
won't regret it.
145
13 i Grammar
DETERMINERS/PRONOUNS
• Else (= more; different) is followed by a singular verb It can also be used with who, what, where and how
and can be used with the indefinite pronouns and to refer to people, things, places, etc.
adverbs everyone, something, nobody, anywhere, What else can be done to prevent crime?
etc. Else forms its possessive case with's.
You'd better ask Joanne. Nobody else knows better Don't use my pen. Take someone else's.
than her.
Or else means "otherwise".
Get an umbrella or else you'll get wet.
1 You must study for the test 6 We always watch football; can't we watch
you won't do well. for a change?
2 Sandra and Cilla will be there, but I don't have a clue if 7 You have to speak to Mary;
_______________________________ is coming. can make such an important decision.
3 I only bought two tickets for the concert, as I wasn't 8 The waiter asked if we wanted to order
sure if would want to go.
4 She wasn't in the bank when it got robbed; you'd 9 We always go to this restaurant. Can't we go
better ask. ?
5 cancookaswellasmy 10 When he was moving, he brought the big things in
mother. a van and in his car.
"Other" structures
• the other(s) = the rest. • the other day = a few days ago.
These books are Tom's; the others are mine. I bumped into George the other day; he looked well.
• others = several more apart from those already • the other one(s) = not this/these, but something else.
mentioned. No, not that shirt. I want the other one; the black one,
People have different opinions when it comes to please. These shoes are too small - can I try the other
vegetarianism; some believe it's unhealthy and ones, please?
unnatural not to eat meat, while others believe it is • another = one more apart from those already
much better for our health. mentioned.
• each other = one another. Could you do me another favour?
Good friends always help each other out. Another can also be used with expressions of
• every other = alternate. distance, money and time.
It'll cost another £5 to get it. //
I go jogging every other day.
1 We went skiing day. It was fun. 7 Kate is very keen on playing the piano. She has lessons
2 No, we're not close to our destination yet - we have day and, in between, she practises at
_______________ six miles to go. home.
3 Those magazines belong to Jim, 8 Some commuters believe it's economical to cycle to
belong to me. work, while prefer to carpool.
4 Even though they see every day, they 9 In four years, Tom will have qualified
still want to spend more time together. as a doctor.
5 This shirt doesn't fit me - can I try one 10 There were only enough seats for 20 passengers on the
on, please? bus -had to stand.
6 Only four people turned up at the party. All
invited guests had to go somewhere else.
146
Pronouns
Note: We use the instead of a possessive adjective with parts of the body after prepositions. Verbs used in this pattern
include: bite, hit, kiss, pat, punch, slap, sting, touch, etc.
She slapped the boy in the face. (NOT: in-his face)
Own + possessive adjective is used to emphasise the fact that something belongs to one person and no one else.
She's got her own car./She's got a car of her own.
SEND A © i 0 E c-d VY 1
147
Grammar
J PRONOUNS
Reflexive pronouns (myself,yourself, himself, herself, Emphatic pronouns have the same form as reflexive
itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves) are used after pronouns, but a different meaning. They give
certain verbs (behave, burn, cut, enjoy, hurt, kill, look emphasis to the noun, or the fact that a certain
at, etc.) when the subject and the object of the verb person performs an action. She herself organised the
are the same. Did you cut yourselfTVney can also be feast. They can also mean "without help".
used after be, feel, look, seem to describe emotions or He painted the house himself, (without help)
states. She hasn't been herself recently. Reflexive Note these idioms: Enjoy yourselves! (= Have a good
pronouns can be used after prepositions, but not after time!) Behave yourself! (= Be good!) He likes being by
prepositions of place. She is very pleased with herself himself. (= He likes being alone.) He lives by himself.
BUT She looked behind her. (NOT: behind herself) (= He lives on his own.) By myself, by yourself, by
Certain verbs (wash, shave, dress, undress, meet, rest, himself, etc. (= on my own, on your own, on his own,
relax, stand up, get up, sit down, wake up, etc.) do etc.) Help yourself to tea. (= You're welcome to take
not normally take a reflexive pronoun. some tea if you want some.) Do it yourself. (= Do it
She woke up and dressed. (NOT: She woke up herself without being helped.) Make yourself at home! (=
and dressed herself.) Wash or dress can be used with a Feel comfortable.) Make yourself heard. (= Speak
reflexive pronoun to talk about young children or loudly enough to be heard by others.) Make yourself
animals. The little girl can dress herself. understood. (= Make your meaning clear.)
Note: Each other means "one another". Compare: Tom and Bill are brothers who have been brought up to look after
each other. They are capable of looking after themselves despite their age.
Fill in the correct pronouns, then identify them: Choose the correct option.
reflexive, emphatic or neither.
1 He left family to go and live abroad.
1 The girl decorated the pumpkin. A his own B of his own C own
3 She brought up her children by. 3 She couldn't lift the table, so she asked her
husband to help her.
4 The couple texted when they had to A on her own B on herself C her own
spend time apart. 4 Let them handle this matter, will you?
5 The children enjoyed when they A on themselves B on them own
visited Disneyland. C on their own
6 Ann was afraid of spiders, so she didn't go into the
5 They had house designed by a top architect.
room by.
A them own B their own C theirs
7 Instead of hiring a catering company for the party,
she decided to do all the cooking. 6 He's about to set up business and has asked me
to help organise it.
8 The boy was asked to behave at the A himself B of his own C his own
wedding.__________________
7 She enjoys spending time.
9 He shouted loudly above the noise to make
A others B by her
________________heard.___________________ C on her own
10 Cats are very clean animals; they are always washing
8 I'd really like a car so I don't have to rely on my
11 Doctors advise us that we have to exercise regularly in friends all the time.
Possessive case
Rewrite the following using the correct Complete the following sentences using the
possessive form. words in bold. Use two to five words.
1 the butterflies-the wings 1 In England, Queen Victoria was the queen from 1837
to 1901.
2 my physics professor - the report OF Queen Victoria
England from 1837 to 1901.
3 thebaby-thepram______________________________________ 2 The gallery has just bought a painting by Monet.
4 Lucy and Emily - the mother ONE The gallery has just bought
______________________ paintings.
5 drive - three hours________________________________________ 3 In France, the president is elected every five years.
6 the park - the playground OF The_________________
________________ every five years.
7 the department store - the staff
4 It takes half an hour to walk into town.
IS It _______________
8 my mother-in-law - the garden
______________________ into town.
5 This necklace belonged to my mother-in-law.
9 the president-the decision
WAS This ___________________________________________
10 the Smiths - the car______________________________________
_________ necklace.
11 some friends - my brother
6 I saw a play by Shakespeare at The Globe.
PLAYS I saw___________________________________________
12 bread - the price _________________________________________
_________ at The Globe.
13 the men-thechanging rooms
149
Grammar
PRONOUNS
• There + be: used for something mentioned for the first time or to say It is also used for distance, temperature,
that someone or something exists. time expressions, weather and in the
There are some letters for you on your desk. following expressions: It seems that, It
• Personal pronoun + be/other verb: used to give more details about appears that, It looks like, It is said that, It
something or someone already mentioned. doesn't matter, etc.
There's someone at the door. He wants to see you. It's freezing today, isn't it? It appears that
he's been promoted; he's just bought a new
• lt + be: used for identification.
car. It seems that there is a problem with
There's someone outside. It's your landlord.
the machine. (BUT we also say: There
• lt + be... to-infinitive/thot-clause is used to begin a sentence.
seems to be a problem with the machine.
It's nice to be here. It's a pity that he didn't come.
It looks like it's going to rain.)
Fill in: thereof it. 20 Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to
five words.
1 's very cold today;
has been snowing all night. 1 Everyone thanked me except Paul.
2 's a policeman at the door; PERSON The only________________________________________________
seems that the neighbour ______ me was Paul.
has complained about the noise. 2 She said, "I dislike French films and so does Jim."
3 's a holiday tomorrow, so NEITHER She said that_______________________________________
no one has to go to work. _ French films.
4 Let's go by taxi to the cinema; 3 If you decorate the house on your own, it will be cheaper.
's much too far to walk. YOURSELF Ifyou ,
5__ 's a letter on the doorstep; _ it will be cheaper.
_________ 's for you. 4 It takes me twenty minutes to drive to work every morning.
6 This report you've shown me is DRIVE It's ______________________________________________________
confusing -appears to be a to my work every morning.
mistake in it.
5 Try to watch your behaviour at the wedding reception.
7 are many changes to be
YOURSELF Try______________________________________________________
made to this report, but
at the wedding reception.
shouldn't take us too long.
6 I don't like being alone in the house at night.
8 is my privilege to
BY I don't like______________________________________________
introduce our distinguished guest
____________________________ in the house at night.
speaker.
7 There are only a few people who can speak Welsh.
9 's nothing much on TV
NOT There___________________________________________________
tonight -'s a pity we don't
____________________________ can speak Welsh.
have a streaming service.
10 is a shame you weren't 8 She left the shop with another person's bag by mistake.
150
Choose the most appropriate option.
1 ______ is someone waiting for you in your office, Ms 14 ______ that he said was true.
Smith. A Any C Every
A That C It B No D All
B There D This
15 ______ Nancy but also Helen refused to participate in
2 Jane bought a tablet______ last Saturday. the event.
A it hers C of hers A Both C Not any
B of herself D of her own B Either D Not only
3 ______ of the students failed the test. 16 ______ of the cake is left.
A Every C Either A Whole C Each
B None D Ones B None D Every
4 Neither Jane______ Kate will attend the meeting. 17 ______ easy to drive an electric car.
A nor C but A It's much C It's
B or D and B There's no D There's
5 She passed her driving test.______ great, isn't it? 18 Sam,______ is my nephew, Bob. Bob, say hi to Sam.
A This's C It's a A himself C this
B There's D That's B that D there
6 Very______ people write letters nowadays. 19 Were there______ people on the beach?
A few C little A a lot of C some
B much D many B much D a little
7 The band's performance was praised by______ last 20 Where he goes on holiday depends on how______
night. money he can save up.
A much C a little A few C lots of
B anyone D everyone B many D much
8 Could I have______ to eat, please? I'm hungry. 21 ______ Dennis and Laura can play the flute well.
A everything C anything A Both C Neither
B something D nothing B All D Either
9 The mosquito bit her on______ arm. 22 If______ calls me, tell them I'll be back in an hour.
A the C own A a few C each
B its D herself B himself D anyone
11 What______ can we do to help you? 24 I've got______ suggestions on where we can spend
A else C other the weekend.
B little D another A a few C a little
B lots D all
12 You can visit us______ you like.
A wherever C whoever 25 We spent the______ afternoon in the garden.
B whenever D whatever A each C whole
B all the D every
13 She never goes______ by herself.
A anywhere C somewhere
B nowhere D everywhere
151
13 Vocabulary
SHOPS & SERVICES
SERVICES
Match the places (A-H) with the services they
_ offer- ^r^
CHARnv^^SHOP ®DelicatesseN
®M¥ ®WEE®GiffSH0P
11 I I You can have your suit cleaned without water.
121 | We raise money for sick people by selling old clothes 11 I I Sweet Savings - Valentine's Chocolates Only £2.50
_______ and books. 121 | Huge Reductions - 40% off all bracelets - From as
13 | | We can give you a new hairstyle. little as £60
141 | You can find presents for any occasion here. 13 | | Save Your Pennies! Carrots 80p per kilo!
15 | | Come here to have your car cleaned. 141 | Wonderful Wooden Desks and Cabinets - At
161 | We sell materials you can make your own furniture _______ Wonderful Prices!
_______ with. 15 | | Spring Specials - Buy 6 Bagels Get 3 Free
171 | We can find you a new house in the city. 161 | Save on writing materials - All items £4 or less
181 | We've got a range of high quality cheeses, salads | 71 | Great Offers! Digital cameras from £50 - PCs
and meats you can choose from. starting at £399
152
1 PHRASALVERBS PREPOSITIONS
stand by: 1) remain loyal esp in a difficult situation, Look at Appendix 1 and 2, then fill in the correct
2) watch passively, 3) be ready for action preposition.
stand for: 1) represent, 2) (usu in questions and
negations) tolerate; put up with 1 These T-shirts are demand, so we'll sell them
stand in for: replace sb temporarily all within a week.
stand out: be very noticeable, prominent 2 Could I try this on a size large, please?
stand up for: support; defend 3 My laptop is guaranteed two years.
stand up to: resist; stay in good condition 4 During the sales, I'll be able to buy these sunglasses
be taken aback: be strongly surprised half price.
take after: look like 5 I can't believe I found such a nice coat the
take sth back: admit that one was wrong in what one said sales.
take down: 1) lengthen a garment (let down), 2) separate 6 I'd buy the camera if I had enough money
into pieces in order to repair or remove, 3) write down me.
take in: 1) give accommodation, 2) deceive 7 They don't have the blue coat stock anymore.
take for: identify sb or sth wrongly 8 I don't want my friends to spend too much money
take off: 1) remove clothes, 2) to suddenly become
me for birthday presents.
successful (of a product, business, career, etc.)
9 Our new line of laptops will be the market
take on: 1) undertake responsibility, 2) employ
from Monday.
take sb out: take sb to the theatre, etc.
10 Do plumbers usually charge the hour?
take over: take control or responsibility
take to: like 11 You can buy two bottles of shampoo the
take up: begin to do sth as a hobby price of one.
12 You can place an ad the newspaper if you
want to sell something.
Fill in the correct particle(s). 13 Our restaurant menu caters the tastes of
young children.
1 More and more people are beginning to stand 14 We've got huge discounts all our winter
their rights. clothing.
2 She's so tall, she stands in any crowd.
3 The initials EU stand European Union.
WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED
4 Although he's in prison, his wife is standing
him.
Fill in: match, suit, fit. Check in your dictionary.
5 The star of the show was ill, so someone had to stand
_______ her. 1 This green dress your green eyes.
6 We're not going to stand this injustice any 2 This jacket me well; it's the right size.
longer. 3 This shirt doesn't with the skirt you are
7 I was taken by his offensive manner. wearing.
8 He wanted an energetic hobby, so he took 4 I can't into these trousers. I think I need a
waterskiing. bigger size.
9 I'm sorry, I take what I said. You're not lazy 5 This colour you well; you should wear it
and selfish. more often.
10 My mother takes foreign students to make 6 These jeans me like a glove.
extra money. 7 I think red you.
11 The vice president took the company when 8 You'd better choose a hat that your coat.
the president retired.
12 I took you your brother from a distance. You
look so alike.
13 She takes her mother; they have the same
eyes.
14 He was talking too fast and we didn't manage to take
the whole lecture.
15 They're taking extra staff at the car factory.
153
13 J English in Use
r KEY-WORD TRANSFORMATIONS
Choose the correct option.
There is nothing in the garden. 3 Before Sarah Boone's of the ironing board,
dressmakers used a wooden plank they stretched
• No one will make me stay.
across two chairs to iron clothes.
There isn't anyone that/who will make me stay.
A inventive B invention C inventor
Lynn doesn't like milk. Andy doesn't like milk, either.
4 Coco Chanel is one of the most designers of all
Neither of them like(s) milk.
time.
Neither Lynn nor Andy like(s) milk. A famously B famous C fame
1 No one knows the answer to my question. 6 We're still in with the management about the
ANYONE There __________________________________ new changes within the boutique.
the answer to my question. A disagree B disagreement
2 There isn't anything I can do to help. C disagreeing
IS There ______________________________________ 7 The successful will work with the stylist.
_______________________________ do to help. A applicant B application C applied
3 Bob lives in Rome. John lives in Rome, too.
8 She launched her spring/summer during the
LIVE Both_______________________________________
winter season.
_________________ in Rome.
A collective B collector C collection
4 Pete, Robert and Bill cook delicious meals.
THEM All _________________________________________ 9 All in the clothes factory are very satisfied with
154
English in Use
F OPEN CLOZE 4
MULTIPLE CHOICE
5 Mr Smith,wife works with Dad, has a gift shop 10 During 2020, online sales in the UK from 20% in
on Bryant Street. February to almost 34% in May.
A whose B who C whom A rose B raised C arisen
To form Yes/No questions (questions ^-questions begin with a question word (who, what, where, why,
which ask for Yes or A/o in the answer) we when, whose, which, how, etc.). They are asked with a falling intonation.
put the auxiliary or modal verb {be, have, How old is hefWhen there is a preposition, it usually goes at the end of
can, etc.) before the subject. the question. In formal English it can be put before the question word.
He is watching TV. -> Is he watching TV? Who was he accused by? (more usual)
With all other verbs we form Yes/No By whom was he accused? (formal English)
questions with Do/Does (Present simple) Questions are used to ask for information or permission. They are also
or Did (Past simple) used to make suggestions, requests, offers or invitations.
He likes pizza. -► Does he like pizza? Did you How far is the station? (information)
go to the library? May I go out? (permission)
Yes/No questions are asked with a rising Shall we play tennis? (suggestion)
intonation. Could you help me with the dishes? (request)
Do you enjoy cartoons?^ Would you like some more coffee? (offer)
Would you like to come to the beach with us? (invitation)
1 you look after/the baby tonight? 6 What time/the next bus leave?
• Which is used when there is a limited choice. a description of physical appearance), What... for?,
Which is your favourite film star - Jennifer Lawrence or What colour?, What size?, Whatkind/sort?, What
Scarlett Johansson? time?, What is he like? (asking for a description of
It can also be used with the comparative and character), What is it used for?, etc.
superlative. What colour are his eyes? What is your new teacher
Which is more comfortable, a bicycle or a motorcycle? like? He's friendly and patient. What does Ann look
Which is the quickest route to York? like? She's slim with a fair complexion.
• What is used when there is an unlimited choice. • What and which are sometimes both possible.
What kind of music do you like? It can also be used in Which/What fruit does he like eating? /
the following patterns: What... look like? (asking for
156
Choose the correct option. 3 Ask questions where the word/phrase in bold is
the answer.
1 "_____starred in the film The Godfather?" "Al Pacino."
A Who B Which C What 1 Pete works for National Rail.
6 "_____are we going to the restaurant?" "At 6 o'clock." 7 There are six students in my class.
A When B How long C How often
7 "_____did it take you to write your essay?" "About five 8 She's very shy and quiet.
hours."
A How much B How often C How long 9 I wasn't at work today because I was ill.
Subject/Object questions
If who, which or what are the subject of the question, the word order is the same as in statements (subject questions),
if they are the object of the question, the verb is in question form (object questions).
Who hit David? (NOT: Who did hit David?) Who did Greg hit?
Write questions for the sentences below. The words in bold should be the answer.
1 Tom broke the window. 9 Jane lost the keys to her car.
2 Phil borrowed you r ca r.___________________________________
3 Hugh was rude to Jill.____________________________________ 10 Kate gave the letter to Julie.
4 Jenny forgot to do her homework.
11 Anthony arrived late. ____________________________________
5 Tracy loves ice cream.____________________________________ 12 He likes basketball. ______________________________________
6 Jo lost her purse. _________________________________________ 13 Lions live in Africa._______________________________________
7 Professor Evans gave the lecture. 14 Peter opened the door.
15 Jill invited Paul to the party.
8 Sue dropped her glasses.
157
14 Grammar
QUESTIONS/ANSWERS
Negative questions
• Negative questions are formed with not, but there is • Negative questions are used to express: surprise
a difference in word order for the short and full form, (Didn'tyou know she was my Mum?), annoyance or
auxiliary + n't + subject + verb (short form) Hasn't sarcasm (Can'tyou be more patient?), a wish to
she called you yet? (everyday speech) persuade someone (Won't you tell me who you
auxiliary + subject + not + verb (full form) Has she went out with?) and expectation of a Yes-answer
not called you yet? (used for emphasis) (Don'tyou know she got promoted?) A
In the following dialogues, make negative questions using the words given and fill in Yes or No, as in the
example.
1 A: You're still in your pyjamas. Aren't you supposed to be 5 A: She had her tenants evicted. _____________________
getting ready? (supposed to/get ready) _________________________________ ? (a mean thing to do)
B: No, I've still got plenty of time. B: ________ . She's got a reputation for being heartless.
2 A: Your mother is shouting for you._____________________ 6 A: That was a rather tactless thing to say.___________
_____________________ ? (hear her) ____________________________________________ ? (realise she
B: ________ , but I want to play basketball a little longer. was Anne's sister)
3 A: You've been learning German for years._____________ B: ________ .You could have mentioned it earlier.
____________________________ ? (speak yet) 7 A: There was a terrible car crash._____________________
B: ________ , but I'm too shy to try in front of strangers. _____________________________ ? (see it on the news)
4 A: Why aren't you coming to the party?______________ B: ________ , I didn't get home until late last night.
_________________________________ ? (feel like going out) 8 A: It's past your bedtime._______________________________
B: ________ , but I've got to babysit tonight. _____________________________ ? (be in bed by now)
B: ________ . I'm allowed to stay up late at the weekend.
Question tags
Question tags are short questions added to the end of a statement to ask for confirmation of, or agreement with,
the statement. They are formed with an auxiliary verb and the appropriate personal pronoun. They take the same
auxiliary verb as in the statement if there is one, otherwise they take do/does (Present simple) or did (Past simple).
She speaks French, doesn't she? He isn't rich, is he?
A positive statement is followed by a negative question tag, and a negative statement is followed by a positive
question tag. He plays well, doesn't he? He can't do it, can he? Note that everyone/someone/anyone/no one form their
question tags with an auxiliary verb + they. Everyone offered to help, didn't they?
Study the following question tags.
1 "I am" "aren't I?" / am older than you, aren't 1?
2 "I used to" "didn't I?" He used to go to school with you, didn't he?
3 Imperative "will you/won't you?" Phone me later, willyou?/won't you?/
"can you/could you?" can you?/could you?
4 "Let's" "shall we?" Let's go home now, shall we?
5 "Let me/him", etc. "will you/won't you?" Let her decide for herself, willyou/won't you?
6 "Don't" (negative imperative) "will you?" Don't come round so late again, will you?
7 "I have got" (= possess) "haven't I?" She has got her own office, hasn't she?
8 "I have"(idiomatic use) "don't I?" We had a great time, didn't we?
9 "There is/are" "isn't/aren't there?" There is some mail for me, isn't there?
10 "This/That is" "isn't it?" That's your car over there, isn't it?
Questions tags can be said with a rising intonation when we are not sure and expect an answer, or a falling
intonation when we are sure and don't really expect an answer.
They're moving house, aren't they?^ (not sure) He caused the accident, didn't he?^ (sure)
158
■V 14
QUESTIONS/ANSWERS
• Question tags can also be affirmative-affirmative. If • Echo tags are a response to an affirmative or negative
said with a rising intonation, we ask for more sentence. They are used in everyday speech to ask for
information. more information or to show anger, concern,
She is seeing John, is she? confirmation, interest, surprise, etc.
If said with a falling intonation, we express negative Affirmative: He quit his job. - He did, didn't he?
feelings such as disappointment or disapproval. We (confirmation) He quit his job. - He did? (surprise)
don't expectan answer. Negative: He hasn't called. - He hasn't, has he?
The team lost, did they? (confirmation) He hasn't called. - He hasn't?
(surprise)
Short answers
Short answers are used to avoid repetition of the question Negative short answers are formed with No + personal
asked before. Positive short answers are formed with Yes + pronoun + negative auxiliary verb.
personal pronoun + auxiliary verb (do, can, have, will, etc.). "Did he mention anything?"" No, he didn't."
"Can she do it?" "Yes, she can."
Fill in question tags and short answers in the statements below, as in the example.
1 "There's room for me in your car, isn't there?" "Yes, there 6 "This is the way to Brian's house,_______________
is'.' "Yes___________________ ."
2 "He's got a friendly face,__________________________ ?" "Yes, 7 "They had a holiday in Florida last year,
?" "Yes,
3 "Leave me more space,__________________________ ?" "No, 8 "You won't ask for my opinion,_________________ _r
II
"No___________________ ."
4 "You will help me with my suitcases, 9 "He used to have a moustache,________________ _r
_________________ ?" "Yes,__________________ ." "Yes___________________ ."
5 "They are still in France,_____________________ ?" "No, 10 "You went to Crete last month,________________ _J"
II
"No,
159
14 J Grammar
QUESTIONS/ANSWERS
so - neither/nor - but
9 Fill in so, but or neither/nor, as in the 1 0 Rephrase the sentences using so, neither/nor or but, as
example. example.
1 "He's extremely angry." "So he is!" 1 Both George and Mary sing really well.
2 "We can't explain his behaviour." George sings really well. So does Mary.
"can I."
2 John has passed his test. Emily hasn't passed her test.
3 "She's gone on a three-month cruise."
"has he!"
4 Betty doesn't like working in an office, 3 Tom and Paul don't need any help.
____________ I do.
5 "He's been voted Employee of the 4 I have never been to Australia. David has been to Australia
Month.""he has!"
6 She wants to go to Spain,
5 Both Sarah and Marion went to Leeds University.
her sister doesn't.
1 A: Shall we spend the afternoon by the lake? 5 A: Can you close the door before you go out, please?
B: Yes, all right./Yes, you can. The kids would love to B: Yes, of course./No, thanks. Shall I lock it, too?
feed the ducks. 6 A: Shall I water your plants for you while you're on
2 A: Dad, can we go to the amusement park? holiday?
B: No, thanks./Yes, of course. I'll give you a ride. B: I'm afraid not./Yes, please. That would be very kind
3 A: Would you like to have dinner tonight? of you!
B: Yes, you may./l'm sorry, I can't. I'm working late tonight. 7 A: Would you like meto give you a lift to work
4 A: Can I turn the volume down on the radio? tomorrow?
B: I'd love to./l'd rather you didn't. I won't be able to B: No, thanks./l'm sorry, I can't. I prefer to cycle.
hear it then!
160
Grammar 14
J REVISION
3 ____ is your favourite actor - Ryan Reynolds or Chris 15 "Paul is wearing a nice jacket.""____ ."
Evans? A Is he not C But he isn't
A Whose C Which B So he is D Nor he is
B What D Who
16 That's their car,_____?
4 Let's have a snack,_____? A isn't there C isn't this
A will they C shall they B is that D isn't it
B won't we D shall we
17 _____you like meto iron the clothes?
5 They play tennis well._____ A Do C Shall
A So do we. C So we play. B Would D Will
B So can we. D So we can.
18 They had a great time in Venice,_____they?
6 _____I open the window? It's a bit stuffy in here. A hadn't C didn't
A Will C Would B did D had
B Could D Do
19 "Might I borrow your pen?" "Yes,_____."
7 Sam has got a small flat downtown,____ he? A you may C can you
A hasn't C has B you would D may you
B doesn't D does
20 _____does your brother look like?
8 I'd love to come to the cinema with you, but I'm afraid A What C How
B Who D Whose
A will come C can't
21 lam shorter than her,_____?
B not come D don't
A am I C is she
9 _____we meet after school to go to the mall? B aren't I D isn't she
A Shall C Have
22 Bob's left,_____Mark is still here.
B Did D Are
A neither C but
10 Paul can't drive a car.____ can his brother. B so D nor
A Not C But
23 _____far is it to the airport?
B So D Neither
A How often C What
11 There are some people outside our house, aren't_____? B Is it D How
A they C them
24 Don't be late,_____?
B those D there
A do you C will you
12 "Has he sold his old car?" "I think_____." B don't you D won't you
A that C so
25 ____ they know Max was promoted? I thought they
B course D has
knew.
A Haven't C Did
B Didn't D Doesn't
161
14 Vocabulary
TECHNOLOGY
Match the devices (A-F) to the functions (1-6). a) Label the computer parts with the words:
Make sentences. keyboard, printer, screen, modem, scanner, speakers,
tower.
162
PHRASALVERBS * J PREPOSITIONS*
turn away: 1) refuse to let in, 2) refuse to help Look at Appendices 1 & 2, then fill in the correct
turn down: 1) reduce volume, power, etc. (opp: turn up), preposition.
2)reject
turn in: go to bed 1 It never occurred me that you were right.
turn into: convert into 2 She is a computer programmer profession.
turn off: switch off (opp: turn on) 3 He was asked to leave short notice.
turn on: switch on 4 You're colour. Aren't you feeling well?
turn out: 1) prove to be in the end, 2) force sb to leave, 5 My brother is brilliant mathematics.
3) produce 6 Can I pay you cheque?
turn to: go to sb for help, advice, etc.
7 My name's Elizabeth; they call me Liz short.
turn over: go to the next page
8 He failed his attempt to break the code.
turn up: increase the volume, pressure, etc. (opp: turn down)
9 Could you give me some advice this matter?
work on: be busy with 10 I can't cope this situation any longer.
work out: 1) find by reasoning, 2) turn out successfully 11 They arrived good time for the lecture.
work up: develop
12 We entered a contract with the other party.
13 She took no notice the warning.
14 He invested all his money shares.
Fill in the correct particle.
15 They let me have this antique mobile phone
1 I'm so tired afrer working on my computer all day, I nothing.
think I'll turn early tonight.
2 I always turn my mother for help and advice. WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED *
3 Turn the radio a little bit - it's too loud.
4 The Internet cafe was turning people because 8 Choose the correct option. Check in your
it was full. dictionary.
5 Turn the TV. It's time for the news.
6 They turned the old warehouse a new office 1 browse/look the 4 save up/back up files
block. website 5 fill in/clickon an icon
7 Don't forget to turn the TV before you leave 2 wave/surfthe 6 pass/go online
the house. Internet 7 divide/share a video
8 I turned the job because the money wasn't 3 go into/entera web 8 join/connecttothe
good enough. page Internet
9 We trusted him, but he turned to be a liar.
10 If you turn the page, you'll find the answer. Fill in with: click, connect, copied, disconnect, search,
11 After a day working on my computer, I had really turn, upload.
worked an appetite.
12 We can't work________ this mathematical equation.
13 I wanted to become a graphics designer, but it didn't
work.
How to 1)___________________ pictures from your
14 Let's work________ the best way to solve the problem.
digital camera to your computer
15 He is working________ on a new video game at the
moment. • First, 2)on your digital
camera and 3)it to the
computer.
• Then, 4)for your
camera's files in 'My Computer'.
5)_____________________ on the pictures you
want to upload.
• Click on 'Upload Selected Pictures'. The
pictures will automatically be
6)_____________________ onto your computer.
• Finally, 7)the camera
from your computer.
14 2 English in Use
KEY-WORD TRANSFORMATIONS * WORD FORMATION
Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Choose the correct option.
Use two to five words.
1 It is a basic that you have a good knowledge of
1 He regrets notapplying for the job. computer skills.
WISHES He____________________________________ A required B require C requirement
________ the job. 2 James is a member of his local club where he
2 She wants to pursue a singing career and no one can specialises in the long jump.
stop her. A athletic B athlete C athletics
PURSUING Noone _________________________________
3 Although we didn't believe him, he claimed that he
_ a singing career.
was telling us nothing but the.
3 The moment she left, they started talking.
A truth B truly C truthful
SOONER No___________________________________
they started talking. 4 I'm working on a project to save local wildlife.
A conservator B conservation C conservative
4 If he hadn't helped us, we wouldn't have finished on time.
HIS But , 5 Danny lives in Astoria, New York, but is from
we wouldn't have finished on time. Sicily in Italy.
5 This tea is so strong that I can't drink it. A origin B original C originally
ME Thisteais 6 The of America was a turning point in European
drink. history.
6 They gave him a gold watch as a present. A discovery B discoverer C discovered
WAS He___________________________________
7 This mysterious masterpiece was painted by a(n)
a gold watch as a present.
artist of the 19th century.
7 I think that this law should be abolished.
A knowledge B unknown C know
DO I think they
this law. 8 Your life changes when you have children.
8 They bought very little furniture for their new flat. A drama B dramatic C dramatically
1 Heavy prevented all planes from taking off. 9 The cost of living has risen in recent years, causing
A fog B steam C fume hardship to families.
A little B lots C many
2 These days, factory can be controlled by the use
of filters. 10 The teacher was extremely suspicious when the
A admissions B omissions C emissions class gave the same answers in the exam.
A whole B all C every
3 She was furious that it so long for the truth to be
revealed. 11 When bank went up again, many customers
A had taken B will have taken C takes closed their accounts.
A charges B prices C amounts
4 The patient's condition began to very quickly.
A fall B deteriorate C drop 12 The police could find no between the crime and
the suspect they were holding.
5 The children were in a state of after their ball
A together B connection C bond
broke the window.
A shock B anxious C afraid 13 I don't believe a word he said. He's probably the
whole story.
6 Scientists have to find a cure for the common
A discovered B made C invented
cold.
A not B fairly C yet 14 When Carol was made captain of the school basketball
, she was thrilled.
7 There was a gasp of surprise from the audience when
A team B group C company
the winner.
A was announced B announced 15 Inspector Marbles came to the that the bank had
C had announced been robbed by one of its clerks.
A end B conclusion C result
8 The dog began to pant after the cat around the
park.
A chase B to chase C chasing
165
GRAMMAR
Choose the correct option.
2 There are two fascinating parks in my neighbourhood. 15 You don't need to give me a lift. I have a car
However,_of them are close to my house. A my own C mine
A either C all B of my own D of myself
B neither D none 16 ____ to my mum, I wouldn't have bought that pricey van.
3 ____ fast a horse runs, it will never be able to compete A Should I listen C If had I listened
with a car. B Had I listened D Were I to listen
11 Alex wrote down Clare's phone number____ forget it. 24 There is____ mustard in the fridge.
A so that not to C so as not to A none C few
B in order to not D not to B many D no
166
VOCABULARY
Choose the correct option.
1 Some people believe that the unemployment____ 13 Do you have to____ a uniform at school?
should be cut. A wear C try on
A bonuses C pensions B dress D put on
B benefits D wages 14 He looks so weird. I don't think that shirt____ the suit
2 Unfortunately, there is no____ in the office, but you can he's wearing.
take a picture of the document instead. A suits C wears
A scanner C tower B fits D matches
B modem D printer 15 I'm looking for a____ job; I don't need a temporary one.
3 He presented Kate with a very nice jewellery set - a pair A part-time C full-time
of earringsand____ . B permanent D high-powered
A a hairband C a bracelet 16 Sarah can't help crying when she sees people____ at the
B a bow tie D a watch airport.
4 I've read these examples three times, but I still can't work A through C over
____ the rule of the third conditional. B out D off
A on B up C for D out 17 She looked gorgeous at the party and certainly stood
5 What are you going to do____ a living after graduating ____ from the crowd.
from university? A out B by C for D up
A with B by C to D for 18 A: Have you bought a new suit?
6 I don't like shopping online because I can't____ clothes B: No, it's my old one. I've just collected it from the____ .
before buying them. A gift shop C dry cleaner's
A wear C try on B charity shop D car wash
B dress D put on 19 I would definitely buy this dress if it were on____ .
7 Students aren't allowed to____ photos to social media at A discount C boutique
B sale D match
school.
A download C surf 20 He's inclined to believe that getting a____ salary can be
B upload D search demotivating for employees.
8 When I was younger, I didn't mind working____ hours in A short B long C high D low
bad at (adj) (BUT He was very bad to things are alike and how they are
abide by (v)
absent from (adj) me.) different)
abstain from (v) ban sb from sth (v) compare to (v) (show the likeness
advantage of (n) (BUT there's an (put the) blame on sb (n) concentrate on (v)
169
VERBS, ADJECTIVES, NOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS
0
J Q
obedient to (adj)
jealous of (adj) quarrel about sth/with sb (v/n)
object to (v)
join in (v) qualify as/in (v)
objection to (n)
joke about (v) qualified for (adj)
obliged to sb for sth (adj)
quick at (adj)
obvious to (adj)
K quotation from (n)
occur to (v)
knock at/on (v)
offence against (n)
know about/of (v) R
operate on (v)
keen on sth (adj) opinion of/on (n) rave about (v)
keen to do sth (adj) opposite of/to (n) react to (v)
kind to (adj) reaction to (n)
key to (n) P ready for (adj)
knowledge of (n) reason for (n)
part with (v)
reason with (v)
patient with (adj)
L rebel against (v)
pay by (cheque) (v)
lack in (v) receive from (v)
pay for (v) (BUT pay a bill)
lack of (n) (keep) a record of (n)
pay in (cash) (v)
late for (adj) recover from (v)
peculiar to (adj)
laugh at (v) reduction in (n)
persist in (v) (BUT insist on)
lead to (v) refer to (v)
(take a) photograph of (n)
lean on/against (v) (in/with) reference to (n)
picture of(n)
learn about/by (v) refrain from (v)
pity for (n)
leave for (v) (= head for) regard as (v)
take pity on sb (phr)
lend sth to sb (v) regardless of (prep)
pleasant to (adj)
listen to (v) related to (adj)
pleased with (adj)
live on (v) relationship between (n) (BUT a
(take) pleasure in (n)
long for (v) relationship with sb)
(have the) pleasure of (n)
look at (v) relevant to (adj)
point at/to (v)
look for (v) (= search for) rely on (v)
(im)polite to (adj)
170
remind sb of/about (v) silly to do sth (adj) (BUT it was silly of terrified of (adj)
remove from (v) him) thank sb for (v)
replace sth with sth else (v) similar to (adj) thankful for (adj)
reply to (n/v) skilful/skilled at (adj) think about/of (v)
report on (n/v) slow in/about doing sth/to sth (adj) threat to sb/sth/of sth (n)
reputation for/of (n) smell of (n/v) threaten sb with sth (v)
research on/into (n) smile at (v) throw at (v) (in order to hit)
respect for (n) solution to (n) throw to (v) (in order to catch)
respected for (adj) sorry about (adj) (= feel sorry for sb) tire of (v)
respond to (v) (BUT I'm sorry for doing sth) tired of (adj) (= fed up with)
responsibility for (n) speak to/with sb about (v) translate from... into (v)
responsible for (adj) specialise in (v) tread on (v)
result from/in (v) (= be the specialist in (n) trip over (v)
consequence of) spend money on sth (v) trouble with (n)
result in (v) (= cause) spend time in/doing sth (v) try sth on (v)
result of (n) split into/in (v) typical of (adj)
resulting from (adj) spy on (v)
rhyme with (v) stare at (v) U
rich in (adj) strain on (n) unaware of (adj)
(get) rid of (phr) study for (v) understanding of (n)
rise in (n) subject to (adj/v) uneasy about (adj)
(make) room for (n) submit to (v) (BUT submit sth for upset about/over sth (adj)
rude to (adj) publication) (make) use of (n)
subscribe to (v) used to (adj)
S succeed in (v) useful for/to (adj)
safe from (adj) suffer from (v)
171
Appendix
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
into over
Pronunciation of ~(e)s ending (noun plurals and the 3rd Pronunciation of-ed ending
person singular of verbs in the Present Simple)
/id/ after /t/, /d/
/s/after/f/,/t/,/p/,/k/ lifted, branded
laughs, spots, drips, racks
/t/ after /k/,/tj/,/f/,/s/,/f/,/p/
/iz/ after /z/, /ds/, /tj/, /s/, l\l baked, matched, laughed, anced, dashed, trapped
houses, dodges, ditches, passes, lashes
/d/ after /b/, /ds/, /m/, /v/, /g/, /I/, /n/, /z/ vowel + /r/
/z/ after /b/, /g/, /m/, /d/, /!/, /n/, /v/ or any vowel sound snubbed, nudged, dimmed, craved, drugged, spilled, opened,
dabs, rigs, beams, leads, thrills, pains, leaves, toys cruised, cared
175
Published by Express Publishing
Irregular verbs
Liberty House, Greenham Business Park, Newbury,
Infinitive Past Past Participle Infinitive Past Past Participle
Berkshire RG19 6HW, United Kingdom
Tel.: (0044) 1635 959 759 be \bi…\ was \wÅz\ been \bi…n\ learn \l‰…n\ learnt (learned) learnt (learned)
bear \be´\ bore \bO…\ born(e) \bO…n\ \l‰…nt “l‰…nd‘\ \l‰…nt “l‰…nd‘\
email: inquiries@expresspublishing.co.uk beat \bi…t\ beat \bi…t\ beaten \"bi…t´n\ leave \li…v\ left \left\ left \left\
www.expresspublishing.co.uk become \bI"køm\ became \bI"keIm\ become \bI"køm\ lend \lend\ lent \lent\ lent \lent\
begin \bI"gIn\ began \bI"gœn\ begun \bI"gøn\ let \let\ let \let\ let \let\
© Jenny Dooley, 2022 bite \baIt\ bit \bIt\ bitten \"bIt´n\ lie (= to be in a flat lay \leI\ lain \leIn\
blow \bl´U\ blew \blu…\ blown \bl´Un\ position) \laI\
break \breIk\ broke \br´Uk\ broken \"br´Uk´n\ light \laIt\ lit \lIt\ lit \lIt\
Design and Illustration © Express Publishing, 2022
bring \brIN\ brought \brO…t\ brought \brO…t\ lose \lu…z\ lost \lÅst\ lost \lÅst\
build \bIld\ built \bIlt\ built \bIlt\
First published 2022 make \meIk\ made \meId\ made \meId\
burn \b‰…n\ burnt (burned) burnt (burned)
mean \mi…n\ meant \ment\ meant \ment\
\b‰…nt “b‰…nd‘\ \b‰…nt “b‰…nd‘\
meet \mi…t\ met \met\ met \met\
Made in EU burst \b‰…st\ burst \b‰…st\ burst \b‰…st\
buy \baI\ bought \bO…t\ bought \bO…t\ pay \peI\ paid \peId\ paid \peId\
put \pUt\ put \pUt\ put \pUt\
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in can \kœn\ could \kUd\ (been able to
any form, or by any means, electronic, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the \bIn "eIb´l t´\) read \ri…d\ read \red\ read \red\
publishers. catch \kœtS\ caught \kO…t\ caught \kO…t\ ride \raId\ rode \r´Ud\ ridden \"rId´n\
choose \tSu…z\ chose \tS´Uz\ chosen \"tS´Uz´n\ ring \rIN\ rang \rœN\ rung \røN\
come \køm\ came \keIm\ come \køm\ rise \raIz\ rose \r´Uz\ risen \"rIz´n\
This book is not meant to be changed in any way. cost \kÅst\ cost \kÅst\ cost \kÅst\ run \røn\ ran \rœn\ run \røn\
cut \køt\ cut \køt\ cut \køt\
say \seI\ said \sed\ said \sed\
ISBN 978-1-3992-0745-4 Student’s book deal \di…l\ dealt \delt\ dealt \delt\ see \si…\ saw \sO…\ seen \si…n\
ISBN 978-1-3992-0747-8 Digibooks app dig \dIg\ dug \døg\ dug \døg\ sell \sel\ sold \s´Uld\ sold \s´Uld\
ISBN 978-1-3992-0748-5 Student’s book with Digibooks app (set) do \du…\ did \dId\ done \døn\ send \send\ sent \sent\ sent \sent\
draw \drO…\ drew \dru…\ drawn \drO…n\ set \set\ set \set\ set \set\
dream \dri…m\ dreamt (dreamed) dreamt (dreamed) sew \s´U\ sewed \s´Ud\ sewn \s´Un\
\dremt “dri…md‘\ \dremt “dri…md‘\ shake \SeIk\ shook \SUk\ shaken \"SeIk´n\
Acknowledgements drink \drINk\
drive \draIv\
drank \drœNk\
drove \dr´Uv\
drunk \drøNk\
driven \"drIv´n\
shine \SaIn\
shoot \Su…t\
shone \SÅn\
shot \SÅt\
shone \SÅn\
shot \SÅt\
show \S´U\ showed \S´Ud\ shown \S´Un\
eat \i…t\ ate \eIt\ eaten \"i…t´n\
Author’s Acknowledgements shut \Søt\ shut \Søt\ shut \Søt\
fall \fO…l\ fell \fel\ fallen \"fO…l´n\ sing \sIN\ sang \sœN\ sung \søN\
I would like to thank all the staff at Express Publishing who have contributed their skills to producing this book.
feed \fi…d\ fed \fed\ fed \fed\ sit \sIt\ sat \sœt\ sat \sœt\
Thanks for their support and patience are due in particular to: Megan Lawton (Editor in Chief ); Mary Swan and feel \fi…l\ felt \felt\ felt \felt\ sleep \sli…p\ slept \slept\ slept \slept\
Chris Baker (senior editors); Steve Hall (editorial assistant ); Sue Foster (senior production controller); the Express fight \faIt\ fought \fO…t\ fought \fO…t\ smell \smel\ smelt (smelled) smelt (smelled)
design team; and Neill Robinson, Jane Adams and Alan Lewis as well as those institutions and teachers who pilot- find \faInd\ found \faUnd\ found \faUnd\ \smelt “smeld‘\ \smelt “smeld‘\
ed the manuscript, and whose comments and feedback were invaluable in the production of the book. fly \flaI\ flew \flu…\ flown \fl´Un\ speak \spi…k\ spoke \sp´Uk\ spoken \"sp´Uk´n\
forbid \f´"bId\ forbade \f´"beId\ forbidden \f´"bId´n\ spell \spel\ spelt (spelled) spelt (spelled)
forget \f´"get\ forgot \f´"gÅt\ forgotten \f´"gÅt´n\ \spelt “speld‘\ \spelt “speld‘\
Photograph Acknowledgements forgive \f´"gIv\ forgave \f´"geIv\ forgiven \f´"gIv´n\ spend \spend\ spent \spent\ spent \spent\
Special thanks to Alamy, iStock and Shutterstock for images used in this book. freeze \fri…z\ froze \fr´Uz\ frozen \"fr´Uz´n\ stand \stœnd\ stood \stUd\ stood \stUd\
steal \sti…l\ stole \st´Ul\ stolen \"st´Ul´n\
get \get\ got \gÅt\ got \gÅt\
Every effort has been made to trace all the copyright holders. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the stick \stIk\ stuck \støk\ stuck \støk\
give \gIv\ gave \geIv\ given \"gIv´n\
sting \stIN\ stung \støN\ stung \støN\
publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. go \g´U\ went \went\ gone \gÅn\
swear \swe´\ swore \swO…\ sworn \swO…n\
grow \gr´U\ grew \gru…\ grown \gr´Un\
sweep \swi…p\ swept \swept\ swept \swept\
Express Publishing is not responsible or liable for any websites that may be accessed from links contained in this hang (= to hung \høN\ hung \høN\ swim \swIm\ swam \swœm\ swum \swøm\
publication, which are being provided as a convenience and for informational purposes only; as such, Express suspend)
take \teIk\ took \tUk\ taken \"teIk´n\
Publishing makes no representation or warranty as to their availability, or the suitability or accuracy of their \hœN\
teach \ti…tS\ taught \tO…t\ taught \tO…t\
content, or for that of subsequent links. If you choose to link to these websites, you do so at your own risk. You are have \hœv\ had \hœd\ had \hœd\
tear \te´\ tore \tO…\ torn \tO…n\
hear \hI´\ heard \h‰…d\ heard \h‰…d\
advised to contact the external site administrators for answers to questions regarding their content. hide \haId\ hid \hId\ hidden \"hId´n\
tell \tel\ told \t´Uld\ told \t´Uld\
think \TINk\ thought \TO…t\ thought \TO…t\
hit \hIt\ hit \hIt\ hit \hIt\
throw \Tr´U\ threw \Tru…\ thrown \Tr´Un\
hold \h´Uld\ held \held\ held \held\
hurt \h‰…t\ hurt \h‰…t\ hurt \h‰…t\ understand understood understood
\Æønd´"stœnd\ \Æønd´"stUd\ \Æønd´"stUd\
keep \ki…p\ kept \kept\ kept \kept\
know \n´U\ knew \nju…\ known \n´Un\ wake \weIk\ woke \w´Uk\ woken \"w´Uk´n\
wear \we´\ wore \wO…\ worn \wO…n\
lay \leI\ laid \leId\ laid \leId\
win \wIn\ won \wøn\ won \wøn\
lead \li…d\ led \led\ led \led\
write \raIt\ wrote \r´Ut\ written \"rIt´n\
Key features
• Condensed presentation of grammar structures followed by a variety of exercises and a
revision section at the end of each unit
• B2 vocabulary presentation and practice by topic as well as practice on phrasal verbs,
prepositions and words often confused
• English in Use sections consisting of key word transformations, word formation, open cloze
texts and multiple choice cloze texts and sentences
• Regular review sections that revise the grammar and vocabulary of the preceding units
• Appendices on prepositions and prepositional phrases in alphabetical order
Components
Student’s Book
Teacher’s Book (overprinted)
Tests & Quizzes (downloadable)
Jenny Dooley