In my area, it's just the bigger driving schools that have that. The smaller driving schools don't, and not everyone goes to a driving school.

At 16, you can take a multiple choice test, that talks about the rules of the road. Passing that means that someone can drive, as long as a fully licensed adult person over 25 is sitting in the passenger seat, there's only one non-family passenger, and it's not between certain hours. Also, they need to keep a big L magnet on the back of their car.

One year later, they can take a road test, where they basically go around the block to look for the driver shoulder checking and signaling. Passing that means they can drive, as long as there's only one non-family passenger and they keep a big N magnet on the back of their car. Also, traffic tickets are extra bad here.

One year later, assuming they didn't get any traffic tickets, they can take another road test; this test has things like merging on and off the highway. Passing that gets their full license.

As far as teaching people to drive goes, it's wildly different between families. I had one friend who passed the first test and was told "Here's the keys, you're taking us home," and that included highways and everything. I had another friend who's parents refused to let them drive until they had taken a proper driving school course. I personally spent many hours in random parking lots before I drove on the road.