Desperately Seeking Susan

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Desperately Seeking Susan
Theatrical release poster
Directed bySusan Seidelman
Written by
  • Leora Barish
Produced bySarah Pillsbury
Midge Sanford
Starring
CinematographyEdward Lachman
Edited byAndrew Mondshein
Music byThomas Newman
Production
company
Distributed byOrion Pictures
Release date
  • March 29, 1985 (1985-03-29)
Running time
104 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$5 million[1]
Box office$27.3 million (US)[2]

Desperately Seeking Susan is a 1985 American comedy-drama film directed by Susan Seidelman and starring Rosanna Arquette, Aidan Quinn and Madonna. Set in New York City, the plot involves the interaction between two women – a bored housewife and a bohemian drifter – linked by various messages in the personals section of a newspaper.

The film was Madonna's first major screen role and also provided early roles for a number of other well-known performers, such as John Turturro, Giancarlo Esposito, Laurie Metcalf and Steven Wright. The screenplay was written by Leora Barish, and is said to have been given an uncredited rewrite by Craig Bolotin.[3] Desperately Seeking Susan was a commercial success and ended as the 31st highest grossing film of the year grossing $27.3 million in the United States.[4] The film received predominantly positive reviews,[4] and both Arquette and Madonna's acting were critically acclaimed.[5]

Desperately Seeking Susan is noted for its impact on 1980s fashion, especially among the young female audience at that time. The movie's costumery was influenced in part by Madonna's own early style. The film was also noted as a representation of yuppie culture and feminism. Some critics labeled Desperately Seeking Susan as one of the best US films of the year, including Vincent Canby from The New York Times, and eventually, of the decade by publications such as NME and Rolling Stone. Many others have labeled it a cult classic of the 1980s.

Plot[edit]

Roberta Glass, an unfulfilled housewife from Fort Lee, New Jersey, is fascinated by the messages between lovers Susan Thomas and Jim Dandy in the personals section of a New York City tabloid. She's particularly drawn to a section from Jim with the headline "Desperately Seeking Susan," which seeks a rendezvous in Battery Park. Meanwhile, in an Atlantic City hotel, the itinerant Susan reads the section after a tryst with mobster Bruce Meeker. She steals a pair of ornate Egyptian earrings from his coat before departing. The sinister Wayne Nolan notices Susan's embellished tuxedo jacket as she leaves. Arriving in New York City, Susan dons one of the earrings and stashes the other in her suitcase in a Port Authority locker. She asks to stay with her friend Crystal, a magician's assistant at the Magic Club, and learns that Meeker was killed at the hotel.

Hoping to spot the lovers, Roberta goes to Battery Park and sees Jim reunite with Susan before leaving with his band for Buffalo. Later, Roberta follows Susan to a vintage store and watches her trade in her jacket before losing sight of her. Roberta buys the jacket and finds Susan's locker key in its pocket. She posts another "Desperately Seeking Susan" column to meet with Susan and return the key. Meanwhile, Jim becomes concerned about the column and Susan's connection to Meeker's death. He asks his best friend Dez to check on her.

Waiting for Susan at Battery Park and wearing her jacket, Roberta is accosted by Nolan, who mistakes her for Susan because she's blonde and wearing the distinctive jacket. Susan spots Roberta, but can't reach her as police chase her for not paying her taxicab fare. Dez arrives on a moped and rescues Roberta, who falls and hits her head, causing her to lose her memory and her bag. Dez believes she is Susan and finds the locker key, taking her to the Port Authority to collect Susan's suitcase. There, Roberta finds the other earring, and Dez offers her to stay at his apartment for one night.

Believing that she must be Susan, Roberta retraces Susan's steps with Nolan in pursuit. She eventually arrives at the Magic Club, narrowly missing Susan who has been released from jail and discovered that her suitcase is gone. Roberta is then hired as Crystal's replacement. After Roberta's disastrous first performance, Nolan attacks her, demanding the earrings. He manages to escape as the police arrive. Roberta hits her head again, but this time, she regains her memory. Unfortunately, she's mistaken for a prostitute and arrested.

Meanwhile, Gary, Roberta's husband who is revealed to be in the midst of a casual affair, searches for her. He finds his way to the vintage store and is put in touch with Susan. She believes that Roberta and Dez are connected to Meeker's death and want to frame her. Susan arranges to meet Gary at a dance club and accompanies him home where they get high. Roberta calls from jail, but hangs up when Susan and Gary answer. After calling Dez to bail her out, they discover that his apartment has been ransacked by Nolan. Roberta and Dez end up sleeping together.

At Gary's house, Susan sees a television report about Meeker and Nolan stealing the earrings, which once belonged to Nefertiti. She realizes the truth from Roberta's diary and posts a column to meet her at the Magic Club. Dez attacks an intruder in his apartment who turns out to be Jim. He confesses to his relationship with "Susan" as Roberta slips away. She reads the column, as do Jim and Dez. They arrive at the Magic Club along with Gary, his sister Leslie, and Nolan. During her act, Roberta recognizes Nolan, who escapes backstage. Dez leaves as Roberta tries to explain the events of her disappearance to Gary, finally voicing her unhappiness and ending their marriage. Nolan threatens Susan at gunpoint, but is knocked out by Roberta. There, Roberta and Susan finally meet each other for the first time.

Later, Roberta finds Dez in a projection booth at the movie theater where he works. She introduces herself once again, and they kiss as Jim and Susan reunite in the theater below. In the closing frames, Roberta and Susan are celebrated as heroes in the newspaper and credited with returning the stolen earrings.

Cast[edit]

Seidelman employed a wide range of artists in small appearances, including comedian Rockets Redglare as a taxi driver; former member of the Shirts Annie Golden as a band singer; performance artist Ann Magnuson as a cigarette girl; musician and painter John Lurie as the neighbor saxophonist; La Mama and Living Theatre member Shirley Stoler as a jail matron; Ambitious Lovers member Arto Lindsay as the newspaper clerk who places the "seeking" ads; and future Seinfeld-writer Carol Leifer as a party guest. Other notable appearances include actors Richard Edson as a man with newspapers, Victor Argo as Sgt. Taskal, Kim Chan as a park bum, and Michael Badalucco as a guy from Brooklyn. Triplets Eddy, David and Robert make an uncredited cameo as themselves.

Production[edit]

Orion chairman Mike Medavoy initially campaigned for Barbara Streisand to play the title role.[6] The filmmakers initially wanted Diane Keaton and Goldie Hawn to play Roberta and Susan, but the director decided to cast newcomers Arquette and Madonna instead and the studio wanted the movie to have younger actors in order to appeal to younger filmgoers. Bruce Willis was up for the role of Dez and Melanie Griffith was up for the role of Susan.[7] Madonna obtained the role over Ellen Barkin and Jennifer Jason Leigh. Suzanne Vega also auditioned for the role.[8]

The Statue of Liberty can be seen in the movie when it was still covered in scaffolding during its two-year renovation. Costume designer Santo Loquasto designed Susan's distinctive jacket (supposedly first worn by Jimi Hendrix), basis of the plot of mistaken identity.

The movie was inspired in part by the movie Céline et Julie vont en bateau (Céline and Julie Go Boating) (1974).[9] It also has an alternate ending included on the DVD, in which Susan and Roberta are invited to Egypt after helping return the earrings. They are depicted next to the pyramids on camels. Seidelman cut this scene, saying that it was unnecessary and audiences at the test screenings thought the film should have already ended much earlier (as explained on the DVD). The science fiction film The Time Travelers (1964) is playing in scenes 6 and 23 (melts at the movie's ending). All the scenes featuring Dez working as a projectionist were filmed at Bleecker Street Cinema. The scene with Roberta and Gary in their kitchen shows Roberta watching Alfred Hitchcock's Rebecca (1940).

The interior and exterior shots of The Magic Club were filmed at the Audubon Ballroom in Washington Heights.[10] Some scenes were filmed at Danceteria, a club that Madonna frequented and which gave her a start in the music business.

Separated-at-birth triplets Robert Shafran, Eddy Galland and David Kellman have a cameo role, reportedly at Madonna's personal invitation.[11]

Soundtrack[edit]

Madonna the performance of "Into the Groove" on 2008―2009's Sticky & Sweet Tour. It reached the number-one in various territories, including a number of European countries.[12]

The soundtrack, composed by Thomas Newman, was released on both vinyl and CD together with the soundtrack to another Seidelman film, Making Mr. Right.[13] The soundtrack does not feature any of the other songs in the film. The film captures the feel of the underground Bohemian/new wave scene of the early to mid-1980s New York City, a scene that helped Madonna get her big break in the music business.

Madonna recorded a song for the movie, titled "Desperately Seeking Susan". It ended up not being used in the film, and a demo she had just finished, "Into the Groove", was used instead. The demo version can only be heard in the movie. The song was a huge commercial success but was not included on the film's soundtrack due to licensing restrictions that prohibited Madonna's songs from being mixed in with those of other artists.[citation needed] In some territories, it was included on a 1985 reissue of Like a Virgin, but in the United States it was only released as a double A-side 12″ single with "Angel". The song's music video consists of clips from the film, edited by Doug Dowdle of Parallax Productions.

Desperately Seeking Susan soundtrack track listing
No.TitleLength
1."Leave Atlantic City!"2:33
2."Port Authority by Night"1:14
3."New York City by Day"1:06
4."Through the Viewscope"0:40
5."St. Mark's Place"1:30
6."A Key and a Picture Of"1:22
7."Battery Park / Amnesia"1:06
8."Jail / Port Authority by Day"2:22
9."Rain"0:51
10."Running with Birds in Cages"1:11
11."Trouble Almost"0:43

Reception[edit]

Box office[edit]

The film was released on March 29, 1985 in the United States, and grossed $1,526,098 in its first weekend. It was a commercial success of its time,[14] making $27,398,584 in the United States.[2] The film was released on September 6, 1985 in the United Kingdom, and grossed £1,175,133 in its first weekend. Its total gross in the United Kingdom was £2,331,907.[15] It also became the most successful Orion Pictures film in Europe at that point.[16]

Critical reception[edit]

Desperately Seeking Susan garnered mostly critical acclaim reviews from film critics.[17][18] On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 84% of 33 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's consensus reads: "Desperately Seeking Susan works with its fairy tale depiction of New York and the fun, frothy chemistry generated by its two leads." [19] On Metacritic it has a score of 71% based on reviews from 16 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[20]

Both Rosanna Arquette and Madonna received generally critical acclaim for their portrayal of Roberta and Susan respectively.[5][21] In Costume and Cinema (2001), professor of film studies, Sarah Street estimated it as arguably "Madonna's best film performance" further explaining that clothes had an important role.[22] In similar remarks, film critics such as James Monaco deemed it "Madonna's best role", playing a character "loosely based on herself".[23] In her review for The New Yorker, critic Pauline Kael referred to Madonna as "an indolent, trampy goddess."[24][25] Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 stars out of a possible 4, saying it was essentially a screwball comedy, which "bopped around New York, introducing us to unforgettable characters".[21]

Accolades[edit]

Arquette won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her portrayal of Roberta and achieved a nomination for Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical in the Golden Globes.[26][27] The movie won the Most Riveting Film at the Record Mirror Readers Poll in 1985.[28]

Some critics labeled Desperately Seeking Susan one of the best US films of the year, and eventually, the decade.[29] The New York Times film critic Vincent Canby from The New York Times include it among the 10 best films of 1985,[30] while the New York Post called "the most entertaining new movie of the year".[31] In 2022, Rolling Stone ranked the film among their 100 Greatest Movies of the 1980s, calling it "a classic of its particular era".[32] In 2011, NME also ranked the film as one of the 25 Greatest '80s Movies.[33] Time Out ranked it as one of the 100 Best Feminist Films of All Time in 2022.[34]

Home media[edit]

Less than five months after its theatrical release, on July 1985 media outlets started to announce the home video release by Thorn EMI/HBO Video to be scheduled in late August of that year.[35][36] It was released on VHS, HiFi, and Beta at a retail price for $79.95.[37]

Commercially, the film debuted at number 9 on Billboard's Top Videocassettes sales and peaked at number 5 on the issue dated November 2, 1985.[38][39] In the video rental charts, the film debuted at number 7 and climbed to the first-position on the issued dated September 28, 1985.[40][41] It also debuted and peaked at number 10 in the Billboard's videodisc charts on March 8, 1986.[42] The release ended at the 35-position in the Top Videocassettes Sales and the 29-position in the Top Videocassettes Rentals of 1985.[43]

In January 1986, the film was certified Gold by the International Tape/Disc Association, denoting 75,000 copies or sales totaling $3 million at retail.[44] It also earned a Platinum certification in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[39][45] As of 1992, Desperately Seeking Susan sold 150,000 home videos in the US according to The Hollywood Reporter.[46]

Legacy[edit]

Madonna's wax statue at National Wax Museum of Ireland. Her early style was an inspiration for movie's costumery.

Upon its release the film developed cult status in some audiences,[47][48] with Hadley Freeman from The Guardian referring to the movie as a "80s cult classic".[49] The movie also impacted the fashion of teenage girls,[48] and scholars in film studies, including Sarah Street had used it as an example of connections between fashion and cinema industries.[22] Tracey Lomrantz Lester from Glamour slightly referred to the movie as one of the best fashion films of the era,[50] while Derek Blasberg picked it as his favorite film that best embodied the 1980s fashion.[51] Movie's costume designer, Santo Loquasto reportedly sought inspiration for Susan's wardrobe in Madonna's own closet.[52] In 2019, Laird Borrelli-Persson from Vogue stated, "fashion's so corporate these days, Desperately Seeking Susan reminds us that clothing is a personal signifier of identity connected to place and time."[53] The style influenced other figures at some stage, like South African performer PJ Powers.[54] In 2014, the jacket worn by Madonna with a pyramid at its center, fetched $252,000 in an auction.[55]

Writing for Washington Post in 1985, Paul Attanasio considered the film as "the first big yuppie movie of the '80s", and further explains that yuppies are "the first generation to grow up exclusively on mass-marketed culture".[56] In 2017, Ben Reardon from Vice commented: "Desperately Seeking Susan defined the times and withstands performance after performance, and has been referenced, riffed on and re-rubbed by every designer and wannabe star till Doomsday."[57] Kirk Ellis, from The Hollywood Reporter, said the movie "could well usher in a whole new subgenre: New Wave screwball comedy".[58]

The movie also has been noted as a "cult feminist classic".[59] In 2022, Garin Pirnia from Mental Floss considered the film "still packs a powerful feminist punch".[7] He also said, at the time, and even somewhat by today's standards Desperately Seeking Susan "was revolutionary in that it featured two female leads and was written, produced, and directed by women".[7]

Madonna's popularity caused the film to be perceived as a "Madonna movie" by critics,[60][61] a label that even Rosanna Arquette followed.[62] Despite Madonna was not billed as a lead actress, her character also became "a pivotal plot point",[52] contributing "significantly to its film success".[29] Author Alicia Malone and The Guardian's Arwa Mahdawi, also said film director Susan Seidelman is probably best known for this film.[63][59] With Mahdawi saying "You couldn't have a film season about New York in the 70s and 80s without including Seidelman's work".[59] Associate professor Diane Pecknold in American Icons (2006) believes the film produced a new idiomatic phrase considering the newspapers headlines with the phrase Desperately Seeking [...].[64]

Stage musical[edit]

The film was developed into a stage musical that premiered at London's Novello Theatre on November 15, 2007, following previews from October 16, 2007. It features music and lyrics by Blondie and Deborah Harry, including a new song written especially for the show. The production was directed by Angus Jackson, with book and concept by Peter Michael Marino and sets and costumes by Tim Hatley. Produced by Susan Gallin, Ron Kastner, Mark Rubinstein and Old Vic productions, the musical starred Emma Williams as Susan, Kelly Price as Roberta, and Steven Houghton as Alex.[65] Marino presented his solo comedy Desperately Seeking the Exit, which is based on his experiences, at the 2012 Edinburgh Festival Fringe.[66][6]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Quart 1989, p. 65
  2. ^ a b "Desperately Seeking Susan". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  3. ^ "March 1985: Madonna Goes Hollywood with 'Desperately Seeking Susan'". Totally 80's. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  4. ^ a b Rettenmund 1995, p. 48
  5. ^ a b King 1991, p. 99
  6. ^ a b "Desperately Seeking Susan' Turns 30: An Oral History of the Downtown Classic". Yahoo!. March 27, 2015.
  7. ^ a b c Pirnia, Garin (October 14, 2022). "12 Facts About 'Desperately Seeking Susan'". Mental Floss. Retrieved October 2, 2023.
  8. ^ "Madonna Launches Second Career In"Desperately Seeking Susan" (PDF). Cash Box. April 20, 1985. pp. 21, 39. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  9. ^ Austin 1996, p. 64
  10. ^ Peyser, Michael (September 24, 2010). Desperately Seeking Susan 25: Sarah Pillsbury & Michael Peyser on the Magic Club. YouTube. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016.
  11. ^ Stewart, Sara (January 23, 2018). "These Triplets Were Separated at Birth for a Sick Scientific Experiment". New York Post.
  12. ^ "Madonna Mania" (PDF). Music & Media. September 23, 1985. pp. 7–9. Retrieved October 2, 2023.
  13. ^ "Thomas Newman / Chaz Jankel* – Desperately Seeking Susan / Making Mr. Right (The Films of Susan Seidelman: Original Motion Picture Soundtracks)". Discogs.
  14. ^ Trimboli, Isabella (April 28, 2020). "Desperately Seeking Susan and She-Devil: absurd 80s comedies ripe for redemption". The Guardian. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  15. ^ "Desperately Seeking Susan". Saltypopcorn.co.uk. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021.
  16. ^ "Videlips Help WEA Push: 'Madonna Month' in Europe" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 97, no. 41. October 12, 1985. p. 9. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
  17. ^ Morton 2008, p. 80
  18. ^ "Power Players: Madonna" (PDF). Billboard. October 13, 2007. p. 38. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  19. ^ "Desperately Seeking Susan". Rotten Tomatoes. San Francisco, California: Fandango Media. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
  20. ^ "Desperately Seeking Susan". Metacritic.
  21. ^ a b Ebert, Roger (March 29, 1985). "Desperately Seeking Susan". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved December 18, 2021 – via RogerEbert.com.
  22. ^ a b Street 2001, p. 56
  23. ^ Monaco 1991, p. 346
  24. ^ Amis 2011, p. online
  25. ^ Taraborrelli 2001, p. 86
  26. ^ "Actress in a Supporting Role in 1986". British Academy of Film and Television Arts.
  27. ^ "Rosanna Arquette". Golden Globe.
  28. ^ Culp, Nancy (December 21, 1985). "Record Mirror Readers Poll 1985" (PDF). Record Mirror. pp. 66–69. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
  29. ^ a b Smith 2019, p. 110
  30. ^ Ebert, Roger (August 16, 2007). "Movie Answer Man". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007 – via RogerEbert.com.
  31. ^ "Desperately Seeking Susan". Publishers Weekly. 1985. p. 9. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  32. ^ Fear, David; Greene, Andy; Grow, Kory; Rife, Katie; Grierson, Tim; Daniels, Robert; Tobias, Scott; Murray, Noel; Lodge, Guy; Garret, Stephen; Bailey, Jason (March 2, 2022). "The 100 Greatest Movies of the 1980s". Rolling Stone. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  33. ^ Anderson, Sarah (April 8, 2011). "The 25 Greatest '80s Movies". NME. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  34. ^ Rothkopf, Joshua; Bender, Abbey (March 8, 2022). "The 100 best feminist films of all time". Time Out. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  35. ^ Hunt, Dennis (July 19, 1985). "Prince's Tour Video Expected To Be A Hot Ticket Thorn Emi/Home Box Office". Los Angeles Times. p. 22. ProQuest 292188154. Retrieved September 17, 2023 – via ProQuest.
  36. ^ "... newsline ... Thorn Emi/Home Box Office". Billboard. July 20, 1985. p. 32. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  37. ^ "The Release Beat" (PDF). Cash Box. August 10, 1985. p. 24. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  38. ^ "Billboard Top Videocassettes Sales: For week ending September 14, 1985" (PDF). Billboard. September 14, 1985. p. 67. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  39. ^ a b "Billboard Top Videocassettes Sales: For week ending November 2, 1985" (PDF). Billboard. November 2, 1985. p. 34. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  40. ^ "Billboard Top Videocassettes Rentals: For week ending September 14, 1985" (PDF). Billboard. September 14, 1985. p. 41. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  41. ^ "Billboard Top Videocassettes Rentals: For week ending September 28, 1985" (PDF). Billboard. September 28, 1985. p. 28. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  42. ^ "Top Videodisks: For week ending March 8, 1986" (PDF). Billboard. March 8, 1986. p. 30. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  43. ^ "Billboard Year-End Charts of 1985". Billboard. Vol. 97, no. 52. December 28, 1985. p. T-32. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  44. ^ "1986 ITA Gold Certs" (PDF). Billboard. November 1, 1986. p. 48. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  45. ^ "Home Video: September Figures: RIAA Theatrical Certifications Drop". Billboard. Vol. 97, no. 42. October 19, 1985. p. 50. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  46. ^ "Material mogul Madonna a Maverick at Time Warner: Video". The Hollywood Reporter. 1992. Retrieved July 11, 2023 – via Google Books.
  47. ^ Deutsch 2000, p. 2
  48. ^ a b Greenberg, Watts & Greenwald 2008, p. 232
  49. ^ Freeman, Hadley (November 23, 2022). "Like a cinema virgin: how Madonna went stratospheric making Desperately Seeking Susan". The Guardian. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  50. ^ Lester, Tracey Lomrantz (April 10, 2009). "Essential Viewing: The Best Fashion Films For Your Netflix Queue". Glamour. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  51. ^ Blasberg 2011, p. online
  52. ^ a b Schwiegershausen, Erica (April 21, 2015). "In Praise of Madonna's DGAF Style in Desperately Seeking Susan". The Cut. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  53. ^ Borrelli-Persson, Laird (August 20, 2019). "What Desperately Seeking Susan Got Right About Fashion". Vogue. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  54. ^ Thamm 2014, p. online
  55. ^ "Madonna's clothes sell for millions at celebrity auction". BBC. November 9, 2014. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  56. ^ Attanasio, Paul (April 28, 1985). "Seeking the Secret of Susan". Washington Post. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  57. ^ Reardon, Ben (September 29, 2017). ""i knew madonna was special" – the director of desperately seeking susan spills all". Vice. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  58. ^ Ellis, Kirk (March 29, 2019). "'Desperately Seeking Susan': THR's 1985 Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  59. ^ a b c Mahdawi, Arwa (September 19, 2017). "Desperately seeking New York's grime and glamour". The Guardian. Retrieved October 2, 2023.
  60. ^ "Desperately Seeking Madonna". Film Journal International. Vol. 10. 1984. p. 20. ISSN 1536-3155.
  61. ^ Gnojewski 2017, p. 46
  62. ^ "¿Quién es Rosanna Arquette?". La Opinión (in Spanish). November 4, 1986. p. 11. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
  63. ^ Malone 2017, p. online
  64. ^ Hall & Hall 2006, pp. 445–449
  65. ^ Blincoe, Nicholas (November 15, 2007). "Desperately Seeking Susan + Blondie = a painful performance". The Guardian. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  66. ^ Stephen, Phyllis (August 8, 2013). "Fringe performers react against the critics – with tomatoes!". The Edinburgh Reporter.

Book sources[edit]

External links[edit]

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