Rachael M. Youngs, 1 Melissa S. Chu, 1 Edward G. Meloni, 2 , 3 Alipi Naydenov, 1 William A. Carlezon, Jr, 2 , 3 and Christine Konradi 1 , 3Author information Article notes Copyright and License information DisclaimerThis article has been cited by other articles in PMC.Go to:

Lithium (Li) is frequently used in the treatment of bipolar disorder (BPD), a debilitating condition that is increasingly diagnosed in children and adolescents. Because the symptoms of BPD in children are different from the typical symptoms in adulthood and have significant overlap with other childhood psychiatric disorders, this disorder is notoriously difficult to diagnose. This raises the possibility that some children not affected by BPD are treated with Li during key periods of brain development. The objective of this investigation was to examine the long-term effects of Li on the developing brain via a series of behavioral and molecular studies in rats. Rat pups were reared on Li chow for 3 weeks. Parallel groups were tested while on Li chow or 2 and 6 weeks after discontinuation of treatment. We found increased measures of anxiety-like behavior at all times tested. Gene microarray studies of the amygdala revealed that Li affected the expression of gene transcripts of the synapse and the cytoskeleton, suggesting that the treatment induced synaptic adjustments. Our study indicates that Li can alter the trajectory of brain development. Although the effects of Li on the normal brain seems unfavorable, effects on the abnormal brain cannot be determined from these studies alone and may well be therapeutic. Our results indicate that Li administration to the normal brain has the potential for lasting adverse effects.

Full study: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4205587/