-
Inflammation - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology
What is inflammation? Inflammation is a complex response to harmful stimuli which could be from a pathogen, but also could be from trauma or toxins. The response involves blood vessels dilating and becoming more permeable, and attracting more immune cells and fluid into local tissue.
Find our complete video library only on Osmosis Prime: http://osms.it/more.
Hundreds of thousands of current & future clinicians learn by Osmosis. We have unparalleled tools and materials to prepare you to succeed in school, on board exams, and as a future clinician. Sign up for a free trial at http://osms.it/more.
Subscribe to our Youtube channel at http://osms.it/subscribe.
Get early access to our upcoming video releases, practice questions, giveaways, and more when you follow us on social media:
Facebo...
published: 14 Oct 2020
-
Part I - Inflammation
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published: 01 May 2013
-
Inflammatory Response, Animation
(USMLE topics) Process of Acute inflammation. Pro-inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Factors. This video is available for instant download licensing here https://www.alilamedicalmedia.com/-/galleries/all-animations/immune-and-lymphatic-system-videos/-/medias/0fedfbcd-b540-434c-9b57-b9cdaeaebfea-inflammation-narrated-animation
Voice by: Ashley Fleming
©Alila Medical Media. All rights reserved.
Support us on Patreon and get early access to videos and free image downloads: patreon.com/AlilaMedicalMedia
All images/videos by Alila Medical Media are for information purposes ONLY and are NOT intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Inflammation i...
published: 14 Oct 2019
-
Inflammation
Animation of skin wound inflammation.
Created by Drew Berry for E.O.Wilson’s Life on Earth interactive textbook of biology (2014) available free from iBook Store
published: 31 Mar 2017
-
Chronic Inflammation | Impact of Inflammation on Your Body
Science is now showing that chronic inflammation increases your risk for heart attack, diabetes and Alzheimer's.
published: 30 Aug 2012
-
Immunology | Inflammation: Vascular Events | Part 1
Ninja Nerds,
SUPPORT | https://www.gofundme.com/ninja-nerd-science
Join us in this four part video series where we talk about the physiology of inflammation. In part 1 of this video we discuss the vascular events that involve the local chemical mediators, as well as leukocytosis, margination, diapedesis, positive chemotaxis.
Inflammatory Response Video Series:
Part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LArxUakFsFs&t;=25s
Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIZpzoaIT0&t;=25s
Part 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80Q-OPDjoE8&t;=25s
Part 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKSWHMRPOoI&t;=25s
***PLEASE SUPPORT US***
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published: 30 Mar 2017
-
Inflammation - Vascular Events
Like this video? Sign up now on our website at https://www.DrNajeebLectures.com to access 800+ Exclusive videos on Basic Medical Sciences & Clinical Medicine. These are premium videos (NOT FROM YOUTUBE). All these videos come with English subtitles & download options. Sign up now! Get Lifetime Access for a one-time payment of $99 ONLY!
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Membership Features for premium website members.
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6. Fanatic customer support and that's 24/7.
7. Fast video playback option to learn faster.
8. Trusted by over 2M+ students in ...
published: 10 Sep 2018
-
Inflammation: Is the Gut the Driving Force of Systemic Inflammation?
Robert Martindale, MD, PhD, works in the ICU as a general and trauma surgeon. In this video Martindale discusses inflammatory-based diseases (heart disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, diabetes) as a global burden.
Learn more about inflammation: https://wholisticmatters.com/chronic-inflammation-and-resolving-factors/
published: 01 Feb 2019
-
Causes of inflammation
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published: 26 Nov 2015
-
THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
The inflammatory response is initiated within hours of infection or wounding and is characterized by edema, or swelling, heat, redness, and pain at the site of an infection or injury. These characteristics reflect four changes in local blood vessels.
1. The heat and redness during inflammation is the result of an increase in vascular diameter. The increase in vascular diameter also results in slower blood flow.
2. There is an increase in vascular permeability. During inflammation, endothelial cells have gaps between them - fluid from the blood exits and accumulates in local tissues, resulting in edema and pain. The fluid contains plasma proteins such as complement proteins and mannose binding lectin, which aid in defending against pathogens.
3. Endothelial cells, which line the walls of bl...
published: 22 May 2019
8:28
Inflammation - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology
What is inflammation? Inflammation is a complex response to harmful stimuli which could be from a pathogen, but also could be from trauma or toxins. The respons...
What is inflammation? Inflammation is a complex response to harmful stimuli which could be from a pathogen, but also could be from trauma or toxins. The response involves blood vessels dilating and becoming more permeable, and attracting more immune cells and fluid into local tissue.
Find our complete video library only on Osmosis Prime: http://osms.it/more.
Hundreds of thousands of current & future clinicians learn by Osmosis. We have unparalleled tools and materials to prepare you to succeed in school, on board exams, and as a future clinician. Sign up for a free trial at http://osms.it/more.
Subscribe to our Youtube channel at http://osms.it/subscribe.
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Medical disclaimer: Knowledge Diffusion Inc (DBA Osmosis) does not provide medical advice. Osmosis and the content available on Osmosis's properties (Osmosis.org, YouTube, and other channels) do not provide a diagnosis or other recommendation for treatment and are not a substitute for the professional judgment of a healthcare professional in diagnosis and treatment of any person or animal. The determination of the need for medical services and the types of healthcare to be provided to a patient are decisions that should be made only by a physician or other licensed health care provider. Always seek the advice of a physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you have regarding a medical condition.
https://wn.com/Inflammation_Causes,_Symptoms,_Diagnosis,_Treatment,_Pathology
What is inflammation? Inflammation is a complex response to harmful stimuli which could be from a pathogen, but also could be from trauma or toxins. The response involves blood vessels dilating and becoming more permeable, and attracting more immune cells and fluid into local tissue.
Find our complete video library only on Osmosis Prime: http://osms.it/more.
Hundreds of thousands of current & future clinicians learn by Osmosis. We have unparalleled tools and materials to prepare you to succeed in school, on board exams, and as a future clinician. Sign up for a free trial at http://osms.it/more.
Subscribe to our Youtube channel at http://osms.it/subscribe.
Get early access to our upcoming video releases, practice questions, giveaways, and more when you follow us on social media:
Facebook: http://osms.it/facebook
Twitter: http://osms.it/twitter
Instagram: http://osms.it/instagram
Our Vision: Everyone who cares for someone will learn by Osmosis.
Our Mission: To empower the world’s clinicians and caregivers with the best learning experience possible. Learn more here: http://osms.it/mission
Medical disclaimer: Knowledge Diffusion Inc (DBA Osmosis) does not provide medical advice. Osmosis and the content available on Osmosis's properties (Osmosis.org, YouTube, and other channels) do not provide a diagnosis or other recommendation for treatment and are not a substitute for the professional judgment of a healthcare professional in diagnosis and treatment of any person or animal. The determination of the need for medical services and the types of healthcare to be provided to a patient are decisions that should be made only by a physician or other licensed health care provider. Always seek the advice of a physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you have regarding a medical condition.
- published: 14 Oct 2020
- views: 132854
8:27
Part I - Inflammation
http://armandoh.org/
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Support me:
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- published: 01 May 2013
- views: 901173
4:34
Inflammatory Response, Animation
(USMLE topics) Process of Acute inflammation. Pro-inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Factors. This video is available for instant download licensing here https:...
(USMLE topics) Process of Acute inflammation. Pro-inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Factors. This video is available for instant download licensing here https://www.alilamedicalmedia.com/-/galleries/all-animations/immune-and-lymphatic-system-videos/-/medias/0fedfbcd-b540-434c-9b57-b9cdaeaebfea-inflammation-narrated-animation
Voice by: Ashley Fleming
©Alila Medical Media. All rights reserved.
Support us on Patreon and get early access to videos and free image downloads: patreon.com/AlilaMedicalMedia
All images/videos by Alila Medical Media are for information purposes ONLY and are NOT intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Inflammation is the body’s protective response against infections or injuries. Inflammation mobilizes defensive cells to the site of injury, limits the spread of pathogens, eliminates them, and initiates tissue repair. Inflammation can occur in any organ, but is most common, and also most easily observable in the skin and underlying tissues. Typical signs include redness, heat, swelling and pain.
Inflammation is an important defense mechanism, but it can be a double-edged sword when things go wrong. An autoimmune disease may result when inflammation targets and destroys the body’s own cells. An acute inflammation that fails to stop after the original insult is cleared, can become chronic and damaging to healthy tissues.
Acute inflammation is initiated when tissue-resident immune cells, such as macrophages, encounter an inflammatory stimulus. This stimulus can be a pathogen, a toxin, or an injured host cell. Binding of the stimulus to its receptor on the immune cell triggers a signaling cascade that activates production of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators.
Inflammatory chemicals dilate blood vessels, increasing blood flow and enhancing vessel permeability, allowing plasma fluid and more immune cells to seep through and accumulate in the inflamed tissue. This vasodilation is responsible for clinical signs of inflammation such as redness, heat and swelling.
The infiltration of blood components into the injured tissue occurs in 3 phases. The first phase is the exudation of plasma fluid containing various antimicrobial mediators, platelets and blood clotting factors. These factors can destroy microbes and stop any bleeding that may have occurred.
The second phase is the infiltration of neutrophils – the major phagocytes involved in first-line defense. Once activated by inflammatory mediators, endothelial cells of blood vessels become adhesive, they attach to neutrophils in blood flow, slowing them down, before getting them to squeeze through the vessel wall. Chemical cues guide neutrophils to the battle field, where they engulf bacteria and destroy them with enzymes or toxic peroxides. Neutrophils may also release highly reactive oxygen species in a phenomenon known as oxidative burst, which kills pathogens faster and more efficiently. The pathogen-laden neutrophils then die via apoptosis.
In the third phase arrive monocytes. Monocytes differentiate into macrophages, which then remove pathogens, injured cells and dying neutrophils by phagocytosis. Macrophages that have completed their mission are cleared from the tissue by the lymphatic system. Accumulation of fluid increases pressure on lymphatic capillaries, forcing open their one-way valves, facilitating lymphatic drainage. Lymph containing debris-laden macrophages passes through a number of lymph nodes and is filtered clean before it returns to the bloodstream.
Once the site is cleared from the original insult, immune cells stop producing pro-inflammatory chemicals and, instead, start producing anti-inflammatory mediators, which actively drive the termination of inflammation. Many of these anti-inflammatory molecules are lipids, some of which are synthesized from dietary omega-3 fatty acids. This step is essential in ensuring the favorable outcome of inflammation. Failure to resolve inflammation leads to development of chronic inflammation which continuously deals damage to healthy tissues. Chronic inflammation is a known contributing factor to pathogenesis of a wide variety of conditions including cardiovascular diseases, asthma, diabetes, arthritis, and even cancer.
https://wn.com/Inflammatory_Response,_Animation
(USMLE topics) Process of Acute inflammation. Pro-inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Factors. This video is available for instant download licensing here https://www.alilamedicalmedia.com/-/galleries/all-animations/immune-and-lymphatic-system-videos/-/medias/0fedfbcd-b540-434c-9b57-b9cdaeaebfea-inflammation-narrated-animation
Voice by: Ashley Fleming
©Alila Medical Media. All rights reserved.
Support us on Patreon and get early access to videos and free image downloads: patreon.com/AlilaMedicalMedia
All images/videos by Alila Medical Media are for information purposes ONLY and are NOT intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Inflammation is the body’s protective response against infections or injuries. Inflammation mobilizes defensive cells to the site of injury, limits the spread of pathogens, eliminates them, and initiates tissue repair. Inflammation can occur in any organ, but is most common, and also most easily observable in the skin and underlying tissues. Typical signs include redness, heat, swelling and pain.
Inflammation is an important defense mechanism, but it can be a double-edged sword when things go wrong. An autoimmune disease may result when inflammation targets and destroys the body’s own cells. An acute inflammation that fails to stop after the original insult is cleared, can become chronic and damaging to healthy tissues.
Acute inflammation is initiated when tissue-resident immune cells, such as macrophages, encounter an inflammatory stimulus. This stimulus can be a pathogen, a toxin, or an injured host cell. Binding of the stimulus to its receptor on the immune cell triggers a signaling cascade that activates production of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators.
Inflammatory chemicals dilate blood vessels, increasing blood flow and enhancing vessel permeability, allowing plasma fluid and more immune cells to seep through and accumulate in the inflamed tissue. This vasodilation is responsible for clinical signs of inflammation such as redness, heat and swelling.
The infiltration of blood components into the injured tissue occurs in 3 phases. The first phase is the exudation of plasma fluid containing various antimicrobial mediators, platelets and blood clotting factors. These factors can destroy microbes and stop any bleeding that may have occurred.
The second phase is the infiltration of neutrophils – the major phagocytes involved in first-line defense. Once activated by inflammatory mediators, endothelial cells of blood vessels become adhesive, they attach to neutrophils in blood flow, slowing them down, before getting them to squeeze through the vessel wall. Chemical cues guide neutrophils to the battle field, where they engulf bacteria and destroy them with enzymes or toxic peroxides. Neutrophils may also release highly reactive oxygen species in a phenomenon known as oxidative burst, which kills pathogens faster and more efficiently. The pathogen-laden neutrophils then die via apoptosis.
In the third phase arrive monocytes. Monocytes differentiate into macrophages, which then remove pathogens, injured cells and dying neutrophils by phagocytosis. Macrophages that have completed their mission are cleared from the tissue by the lymphatic system. Accumulation of fluid increases pressure on lymphatic capillaries, forcing open their one-way valves, facilitating lymphatic drainage. Lymph containing debris-laden macrophages passes through a number of lymph nodes and is filtered clean before it returns to the bloodstream.
Once the site is cleared from the original insult, immune cells stop producing pro-inflammatory chemicals and, instead, start producing anti-inflammatory mediators, which actively drive the termination of inflammation. Many of these anti-inflammatory molecules are lipids, some of which are synthesized from dietary omega-3 fatty acids. This step is essential in ensuring the favorable outcome of inflammation. Failure to resolve inflammation leads to development of chronic inflammation which continuously deals damage to healthy tissues. Chronic inflammation is a known contributing factor to pathogenesis of a wide variety of conditions including cardiovascular diseases, asthma, diabetes, arthritis, and even cancer.
- published: 14 Oct 2019
- views: 128958
1:36
Inflammation
Animation of skin wound inflammation.
Created by Drew Berry for E.O.Wilson’s Life on Earth interactive textbook of biology (2014) available free from iBook Sto...
Animation of skin wound inflammation.
Created by Drew Berry for E.O.Wilson’s Life on Earth interactive textbook of biology (2014) available free from iBook Store
https://wn.com/Inflammation
Animation of skin wound inflammation.
Created by Drew Berry for E.O.Wilson’s Life on Earth interactive textbook of biology (2014) available free from iBook Store
- published: 31 Mar 2017
- views: 739472
4:03
Chronic Inflammation | Impact of Inflammation on Your Body
Science is now showing that chronic inflammation increases your risk for heart attack, diabetes and Alzheimer's.
Science is now showing that chronic inflammation increases your risk for heart attack, diabetes and Alzheimer's.
https://wn.com/Chronic_Inflammation_|_Impact_Of_Inflammation_On_Your_Body
Science is now showing that chronic inflammation increases your risk for heart attack, diabetes and Alzheimer's.
- published: 30 Aug 2012
- views: 259288
33:59
Immunology | Inflammation: Vascular Events | Part 1
Ninja Nerds,
SUPPORT | https://www.gofundme.com/ninja-nerd-science
Join us in this four part video series where we talk about the physiology of inflammation. ...
Ninja Nerds,
SUPPORT | https://www.gofundme.com/ninja-nerd-science
Join us in this four part video series where we talk about the physiology of inflammation. In part 1 of this video we discuss the vascular events that involve the local chemical mediators, as well as leukocytosis, margination, diapedesis, positive chemotaxis.
Inflammatory Response Video Series:
Part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LArxUakFsFs&t;=25s
Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIZpzoaIT0&t;=25s
Part 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80Q-OPDjoE8&t;=25s
Part 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKSWHMRPOoI&t;=25s
***PLEASE SUPPORT US***
PATREON | https://www.patreon.com/NinjaNerdScience
***EVERY DOLLAR HELPS US GROW & IMPROVE OUR QUALITY***
FACEBOOK | https://www.facebook.com/NinjaNerdScience
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✎ For general inquiries email us at:
NinjaNerdScience@gmail.com
https://wn.com/Immunology_|_Inflammation_Vascular_Events_|_Part_1
Ninja Nerds,
SUPPORT | https://www.gofundme.com/ninja-nerd-science
Join us in this four part video series where we talk about the physiology of inflammation. In part 1 of this video we discuss the vascular events that involve the local chemical mediators, as well as leukocytosis, margination, diapedesis, positive chemotaxis.
Inflammatory Response Video Series:
Part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LArxUakFsFs&t;=25s
Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIZpzoaIT0&t;=25s
Part 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80Q-OPDjoE8&t;=25s
Part 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKSWHMRPOoI&t;=25s
***PLEASE SUPPORT US***
PATREON | https://www.patreon.com/NinjaNerdScience
***EVERY DOLLAR HELPS US GROW & IMPROVE OUR QUALITY***
FACEBOOK | https://www.facebook.com/NinjaNerdScience
INSTAGRAM | https://www.instagram.com/ninjanerdscience/
✎ For general inquiries email us at:
NinjaNerdScience@gmail.com
- published: 30 Mar 2017
- views: 520020
50:12
Inflammation - Vascular Events
Like this video? Sign up now on our website at https://www.DrNajeebLectures.com to access 800+ Exclusive videos on Basic Medical Sciences & Clinical Medicine. T...
Like this video? Sign up now on our website at https://www.DrNajeebLectures.com to access 800+ Exclusive videos on Basic Medical Sciences & Clinical Medicine. These are premium videos (NOT FROM YOUTUBE). All these videos come with English subtitles & download options. Sign up now! Get Lifetime Access for a one-time payment of $99 ONLY!
Why sign up for premium membership? Here's why!
Membership Features for premium website members.
1. More than 800+ Medical Lectures.
2. Basic Medical Sciences & Clinical Medicine.
3. Mobile-friendly interface with android and iOS apps.
4. English subtitles and new videos every week.
5. Download option for offline video playback.
6. Fanatic customer support and that's 24/7.
7. Fast video playback option to learn faster.
8. Trusted by over 2M+ students in 190 countries.
https://wn.com/Inflammation_Vascular_Events
Like this video? Sign up now on our website at https://www.DrNajeebLectures.com to access 800+ Exclusive videos on Basic Medical Sciences & Clinical Medicine. These are premium videos (NOT FROM YOUTUBE). All these videos come with English subtitles & download options. Sign up now! Get Lifetime Access for a one-time payment of $99 ONLY!
Why sign up for premium membership? Here's why!
Membership Features for premium website members.
1. More than 800+ Medical Lectures.
2. Basic Medical Sciences & Clinical Medicine.
3. Mobile-friendly interface with android and iOS apps.
4. English subtitles and new videos every week.
5. Download option for offline video playback.
6. Fanatic customer support and that's 24/7.
7. Fast video playback option to learn faster.
8. Trusted by over 2M+ students in 190 countries.
- published: 10 Sep 2018
- views: 371076
59:24
Inflammation: Is the Gut the Driving Force of Systemic Inflammation?
Robert Martindale, MD, PhD, works in the ICU as a general and trauma surgeon. In this video Martindale discusses inflammatory-based diseases (heart disease, can...
Robert Martindale, MD, PhD, works in the ICU as a general and trauma surgeon. In this video Martindale discusses inflammatory-based diseases (heart disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, diabetes) as a global burden.
Learn more about inflammation: https://wholisticmatters.com/chronic-inflammation-and-resolving-factors/
https://wn.com/Inflammation_Is_The_Gut_The_Driving_Force_Of_Systemic_Inflammation
Robert Martindale, MD, PhD, works in the ICU as a general and trauma surgeon. In this video Martindale discusses inflammatory-based diseases (heart disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, diabetes) as a global burden.
Learn more about inflammation: https://wholisticmatters.com/chronic-inflammation-and-resolving-factors/
- published: 01 Feb 2019
- views: 3396982
7:08
Causes of inflammation
You can support the work of campbellteaching, at no cost whatsoever to yourself, if you use the link below as your bookmark to access Amazon. Thank you.
If in t...
You can support the work of campbellteaching, at no cost whatsoever to yourself, if you use the link below as your bookmark to access Amazon. Thank you.
If in the US use this link http://goo.gl/mDMfj5
If in the UK use this link http://goo.gl/j0htQ5
https://wn.com/Causes_Of_Inflammation
You can support the work of campbellteaching, at no cost whatsoever to yourself, if you use the link below as your bookmark to access Amazon. Thank you.
If in the US use this link http://goo.gl/mDMfj5
If in the UK use this link http://goo.gl/j0htQ5
- published: 26 Nov 2015
- views: 19403
6:18
THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
The inflammatory response is initiated within hours of infection or wounding and is characterized by edema, or swelling, heat, redness, and pain at the site of ...
The inflammatory response is initiated within hours of infection or wounding and is characterized by edema, or swelling, heat, redness, and pain at the site of an infection or injury. These characteristics reflect four changes in local blood vessels.
1. The heat and redness during inflammation is the result of an increase in vascular diameter. The increase in vascular diameter also results in slower blood flow.
2. There is an increase in vascular permeability. During inflammation, endothelial cells have gaps between them - fluid from the blood exits and accumulates in local tissues, resulting in edema and pain. The fluid contains plasma proteins such as complement proteins and mannose binding lectin, which aid in defending against pathogens.
3. Endothelial cells, which line the walls of blood vessels, are “activated” during inflammation. That is, endothelial cells express cell-adhesion molecules that promote the binding of circulating leukocytes, otherwise known as white blood cells.
4. There is clotting in the microvessels at the site of infection, which prevents pathogens from spreading via the blood.
The purpose of the inflammatory response is threefold:
1. Allows the body to defend itself from invading microorganisms. The increase in vascular diameter, along with the activated endothelial cells, results in leukocytes being able to attach to the endothelium, and then migrate into the tissues where they can attack pathogens. This process of leukocytes leaving the bloodstream and entering tissues is called extravasation.
2. Induces local blood clotting, and this creates a physical barrier preventing the infection from spreading into the bloodstream.
3. Promotes the repair of injured tissue.
The state of inflammation is set up when tissues are physically damaged, or when pathogens are recognized by macrophages and later by other white blood cells. These circumstances induces the release of a variety of inflammatory mediators which cause the inflammatory response. Macrophages and neutrophils secrete prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and platelet-activating factor (PAF), which are lipid mediators of inflammation.
Then, macrophages secrete cytokines, which are substances released by cells of the immune system that affect other cells. One kind of cytokine are chemokines, which act as chemoattractants. Chemokines cause directed chemotaxis. Chemokines direct phagocytes to move towards the source of the chemokines, which are the sites where they are needed.
Two cytokines important to the inflammatory response are C5a and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α , or TNF-α. C5a stimulates respiratory burst, which is the rapid release of reactive oxygen species. It attracts neutrophils and monocytes. It also increases vascular permeability, increases expression of adhesion molecules on the endothelium, and causes local mast cells to release granules containing the inflammatory molecule histamine, and TNF-α. TNF-α is a potent activator of endothelial cells.
Activation of endothelial cells is central to the inflammatory response. Cytokines produced by macrophages, especially TNF-α, cause endothelial cells to externalize granules called Weibel-Palade bodies containing P-selectin within minutes of pathogen detection by macrophages. P-selectin appears on the surfaces of local endothelial cells. Selectins are one of three structural families of adhesion molecules important for leukocyte recruitment, with the other two being intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) and leukocyte integrins. Later, within 2 hours of pathogen detection, the endothelial cells express mainly E-selectin. Shortly after P-selectin gets to the cell surface, mRNA encoding E-selectin is synthesized. Both selectins interact with the sulfated sialyl-LewisX that is present on the surface of neutrophils.
Once inflammation has begun, neutrophils make up the first wave of cells that cross the blood vessel wall to enter an inflamed tissue. After this, monocytes cross the blood vessel wall and differentiate into tissue macrophages. In later stages of inflammation, other leukocytes such as eosinophils and lymphocytes also enter the infected site. Usually, leukocytes travel in the center of small blood vessels, where blood flow is fastest. However, in inflamed tissues, the slower blood flow allows leukocytes to interact in large numbers with the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels.
In addition, injury to blood vessels triggers two enzyme cascades – the kinin cascade and the coagulation cascade. The kinin system consists of plasma proteases. The eventual result of this cascade is the production of several inflammatory mediators, including bradykinin, a vasoactive peptide that increases vascular permeability and causes pain. Pain makes you aware of the problem and causes you to immobilize that part of your body, helping prevent the spread of infection. The coagulation system is another protease cascade whose activation leads to formation of a fibrin clot.
https://wn.com/The_Inflammatory_Response
The inflammatory response is initiated within hours of infection or wounding and is characterized by edema, or swelling, heat, redness, and pain at the site of an infection or injury. These characteristics reflect four changes in local blood vessels.
1. The heat and redness during inflammation is the result of an increase in vascular diameter. The increase in vascular diameter also results in slower blood flow.
2. There is an increase in vascular permeability. During inflammation, endothelial cells have gaps between them - fluid from the blood exits and accumulates in local tissues, resulting in edema and pain. The fluid contains plasma proteins such as complement proteins and mannose binding lectin, which aid in defending against pathogens.
3. Endothelial cells, which line the walls of blood vessels, are “activated” during inflammation. That is, endothelial cells express cell-adhesion molecules that promote the binding of circulating leukocytes, otherwise known as white blood cells.
4. There is clotting in the microvessels at the site of infection, which prevents pathogens from spreading via the blood.
The purpose of the inflammatory response is threefold:
1. Allows the body to defend itself from invading microorganisms. The increase in vascular diameter, along with the activated endothelial cells, results in leukocytes being able to attach to the endothelium, and then migrate into the tissues where they can attack pathogens. This process of leukocytes leaving the bloodstream and entering tissues is called extravasation.
2. Induces local blood clotting, and this creates a physical barrier preventing the infection from spreading into the bloodstream.
3. Promotes the repair of injured tissue.
The state of inflammation is set up when tissues are physically damaged, or when pathogens are recognized by macrophages and later by other white blood cells. These circumstances induces the release of a variety of inflammatory mediators which cause the inflammatory response. Macrophages and neutrophils secrete prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and platelet-activating factor (PAF), which are lipid mediators of inflammation.
Then, macrophages secrete cytokines, which are substances released by cells of the immune system that affect other cells. One kind of cytokine are chemokines, which act as chemoattractants. Chemokines cause directed chemotaxis. Chemokines direct phagocytes to move towards the source of the chemokines, which are the sites where they are needed.
Two cytokines important to the inflammatory response are C5a and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α , or TNF-α. C5a stimulates respiratory burst, which is the rapid release of reactive oxygen species. It attracts neutrophils and monocytes. It also increases vascular permeability, increases expression of adhesion molecules on the endothelium, and causes local mast cells to release granules containing the inflammatory molecule histamine, and TNF-α. TNF-α is a potent activator of endothelial cells.
Activation of endothelial cells is central to the inflammatory response. Cytokines produced by macrophages, especially TNF-α, cause endothelial cells to externalize granules called Weibel-Palade bodies containing P-selectin within minutes of pathogen detection by macrophages. P-selectin appears on the surfaces of local endothelial cells. Selectins are one of three structural families of adhesion molecules important for leukocyte recruitment, with the other two being intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) and leukocyte integrins. Later, within 2 hours of pathogen detection, the endothelial cells express mainly E-selectin. Shortly after P-selectin gets to the cell surface, mRNA encoding E-selectin is synthesized. Both selectins interact with the sulfated sialyl-LewisX that is present on the surface of neutrophils.
Once inflammation has begun, neutrophils make up the first wave of cells that cross the blood vessel wall to enter an inflamed tissue. After this, monocytes cross the blood vessel wall and differentiate into tissue macrophages. In later stages of inflammation, other leukocytes such as eosinophils and lymphocytes also enter the infected site. Usually, leukocytes travel in the center of small blood vessels, where blood flow is fastest. However, in inflamed tissues, the slower blood flow allows leukocytes to interact in large numbers with the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels.
In addition, injury to blood vessels triggers two enzyme cascades – the kinin cascade and the coagulation cascade. The kinin system consists of plasma proteases. The eventual result of this cascade is the production of several inflammatory mediators, including bradykinin, a vasoactive peptide that increases vascular permeability and causes pain. Pain makes you aware of the problem and causes you to immobilize that part of your body, helping prevent the spread of infection. The coagulation system is another protease cascade whose activation leads to formation of a fibrin clot.
- published: 22 May 2019
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