X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3×1016 Hz to 3×1019 Hz) and energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV. X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays. In many languages, X-radiation is referred to with terms meaning Röntgen radiation, after Wilhelm Röntgen, who is usually credited as its discoverer, and who had named it X-radiation to signify an unknown type of radiation. Spelling of X-ray(s) in the English language includes the variants x-ray(s), xray(s), and X ray(s).
X-rays with photon energies above 5–10 keV (below 0.2–0.1 nm wavelength) are called hard X-rays, while those with lower energy are called soft X-rays. Due to their penetrating ability, hard X-rays are widely used to image the inside of objects, e.g., in medical radiography and airport security. As a result, the term X-ray is metonymically used to refer to a radiographic image produced using this method, in addition to the method itself. Since the wavelengths of hard X-rays are similar to the size of atoms they are also useful for determining crystal structures by X-ray crystallography. By contrast, soft X-rays are easily absorbed in air; the attenuation length of 600 eV (~2 nm) X-rays in water is less than 1 micrometer.
In chess, the term X-ray or X-ray attack is sometimes used (1) as a synonym for skewer. The term is also sometimes used to refer to a tactic where a piece either (2) indirectly attacks an enemy piece through another piece or pieces or (3) defends a friendly piece through an enemy piece.
The second usage is seen in the position at left, which arises from the Black Knights' Tango opening after 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 Nc6 3.Nf3 e6 4.a3 d6 5.Nc3 g6!? 6.e4 Bg7 7.Be2 0-0 8.0-0 Re8 9.Be3 e5 10.d5 Nd4! Authors Richard Palliser and Georgi Orlov, in their respective books on that opening, both note that Black's rook on e8 "X-rays" White's e-pawn through Black's own pawn on e5. If 11.Nxd4 exd4 12.Bxd4 Nxe4 13.Nxe4 Rxe4. The identical position is reached, except that White has not played a2-a3, in the King's Indian Defense after 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.Nf3 0-0 6. Be2 e5 7.0-0 Nc6 8.Be3 Re8 9.d5 Nd4!
Of the position at right, arising from the Sveshnikov Variation of the Sicilian Defense, Atanas Kolev and Trajko Nedev observe, "On f1 the king is X-rayed by the f8-rook". They analyze the possible continuation 22...f5 23.exf5 Bxf5 24.Nxf5 Rxf5 25.Qg4 Bg5 (exploiting the pin along the f-file) 26.Kg2? Bxf4 27.Nxf4 Rg5 28.Nxg6+ Kg7 and White resigned in Delchev-Kotanjian, Kusadasi 2006.
X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of electromagnetic radiation.
It may also refer to:
Actors: Alex Adams (actor), Vinny Bove (actor), Benedict Fielding (actor), Atoki Ileka (actor), Tim Kelly (actor), Sean King (actor), Fred Nicotra (actor), Bob Socci (actor), Alexander Sovronsky (actor), Ralph Suarez (actor), Chris Wyant (actor), Jonathan Zungre (actor), Angela Benedict (actress), Bree Olson (actress), April L. Simpson (actress),
Genres: Comedy, Drama,Actors: Steve Banner (actor), Jean-François Baril (actor), Alexander Bisping (actor), Jocelyn Blanchard (actor), Jean-Robert Bourdage (actor), Jean-Pierre Chartrand (actor), Patrice Coquereau (actor), Stéphane Crête (actor), Roger Drolet (actor), Ron Fournier (actor), Pierre Georges Girard (actor), Claude Laroche (actor), Pierre-François Legendre (actor), Normand Lévesque (actor), Laurent Allaire (actor),
Genres: Comedy,Actors: Robert W. Armour (actor), Ray Baker (actor), Tom Brainard (actor), Gary Bullock (actor), Ski Carr (actor), Alex Castillo (actor), Miguel Castro (actor), Michael Cavanaugh (actor), Greg Cipes (actor), Byron Cotton (actor), Alex Daniels (actor), Julian Reed Davis (actor), Nathan Davis (actor), Ken Davitian (actor), Ricardo Alaniz (actor),
Plot: "But if you forget to come back for Madame Zeroni, you and your family will be cursed for always and eternity." Those were the exact words spoken to young Elya Yelnats the day he forgot to repay the gypsy Madame Zeroni. From then on his family was cursed with bad luck. One hundred years later Stanley Yelnats IV is accused of stealing a pair of cleats from a major league baseball player and sent to Camp Green Lake (a dry lake bed in the middle of the desert). It never rains at Camp Green Lake, it hasn't for one hundred years. The secretive and mysterious Warden has each inmate spend every day digging one hole to "build character." But when an artifact from the famous "Kissin' Kate" Barlow is found in a hole, the Warden forces the boys to work double time leading Stanley to deduce they're digging because the Warden is looking for something. But what? And how is the mystery of Camp Green Lake connected to Stanley's family curse?
Keywords: 1850s, 1890s, 1900s, 1960s, 19th-century, american-west, ancestor, arrest, arson, athleteActors: Harry Anichkin (actor), Velizar Binev (actor), Clement Blake (actor), Michael Reilly Burke (actor), Scott Coulter (actor), Nikola Dodov (actor), Shane Edelman (actor), Duncan Fraser (actor), Georgi Gatzov (actor), Alexander Kalinov (actor), Bogomil Kalinov (actor), Kalin Kalinov (actor), Peter Kostov (actor), Dimiter Kuzov (actor), Stoyan Angelov (actor),
Plot: Dead bodies are being found in the New York harbor. The police have no clues nor suspects until Nick and his colleague realize the killer is a giant octopus. Everybody, especially the police captain, refuses to believe Nick's story, and soon the harbor will be filled with boats for the 4th of July celebrations...
Keywords: captain, creature-feature, giant-octopus, monster, octopus, reverse-footage, sea-creature, sea-monster, second-part, sequelActors: Harry Anichkin (actor), Velizar Binev (actor), Clement Blake (actor), Michael Reilly Burke (actor), Scott Coulter (actor), Nikola Dodov (actor), Shane Edelman (actor), Duncan Fraser (actor), Georgi Gatzov (actor), Alexander Kalinov (actor), Bogomil Kalinov (actor), Kalin Kalinov (actor), Peter Kostov (actor), Dimiter Kuzov (actor), Stoyan Angelov (actor),
Plot: Dead bodies are being found in the New York harbor. The police have no clues nor suspects until Nick and his colleague realize the killer is a giant octopus. Everybody, especially the police captain, refuses to believe Nick's story, and soon the harbor will be filled with boats for the 4th of July celebrations...
Keywords: captain, creature-feature, giant-octopus, monster, octopus, reverse-footage, sea-creature, sea-monster, second-part, sequelActors: Phil Arnold (actor), Edward Ashley (actor), Walter Bacon (actor), Lex Barker (actor), Tony Barrett (actor), Eddie Borden (actor), Robert Bray (actor), Ralph Byrd (actor), Robert Clarke (actor), George Cooper (actor), Joseph Crehan (actor), William Gould (actor), Ben Hall (actor), Harry Harvey (actor), Ernie Adams (actor),
Plot: A gang of criminals, which includes a piano player and an imposing former convict known as 'Gruesome', has found out about a scientist's secret formula for a gas that temporarily paralyzes anyone who breathes it. When Gruesome accidentally inhales some of the gas and passes out, the police think he is dead and take him to the morgue, where he later revives and escapes. This puzzling incident attracts the interest of Dick Tracy, and when the criminals later use the gas to rob a bank, Tracy realizes that he must devote his entire attention to stopping them.
Keywords: 1940s, ambulance, ambulance-driver, b-movie, bank-heist, bank-robber, bank-robbery, bartender, based-on-comic-strip, cafeThe Guardian | 28 Jul 2021
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