An aircraft is a machine that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines.
The human activity that surrounds aircraft is called aviation. Crewed aircraft are flown by an onboard pilot, but unmanned aerial vehicles may be remotely controlled or self-controlled by onboard computers. Aircraft may be classified by different criteria, such as lift type, aircraft propulsion, usage and others.
Flying model craft and stories of manned flight go back many centuries, however the first manned ascent – and safe descent – in modern times took place by hot-air balloon in the 18th century. Each of the two World Wars led to great technical advances. Consequently, the history of aircraft can be divided into five eras:
The Lavochkin La-200 (a.k.a. Aircraft 200) was a two-seater, swept winged, Night and Bad Weather Jet Interceptor Fighter designed and manufactured by the Lavochkin Design Bureau from 1948.
In response to a requirement for a high performance night and bad weather interceptor, Lavochkin (OKB-310), Sukhoi (OKB-134) and Mikoyan-Gurevich (OKB-155) design bureau developed the La-200, Su-15, and I-320 (Istrebitel - 320) respectively. The major driver for the three competing aircraft, was the development of the "Toriy" - Thorium centimetre waveband NII-17 radar at NIIP - Naoochno-Issledovatel'skiy Institut Priborostroyeniya (Research Institute of Instrument Engineering), which was capable of detecting a B-29 Superfortress bomber at a range of 12 miles.
The La-200 was an all-metal, two seater, twin-engined jet aircraft, with a tri-cycle undercarriage and mid set wings with 40° sweep at 1/4 chord. The two Klimov RD-45F centrifugal flow turbojet engines were to be fitted in tandem inside the front and rear fuselage with the air intake at the extreme nose. The forward engine exhausted under the centre fuselage and the rear engine exhausted at the end of the rear fuselage. Access to the engines for maintenance and removal was gained by removing the forward fuselage forward of the nose undercarriage and the rear fuselage forward of the fin.
The OKB-1 '140', (sometimes known as '001') was a jet bomber produced in the USSR from 1947.
The '140' was a reconnaissance/bomber aircraft, derived from the OKB-1 EF 131 with Soviet turbojet engines. The initial version, a tactical jet bomber with a secondary reconnaissance role, was initiated as the EF-140 by Dr. Brunolf Baade, at OKB-1, in 1947. The six Jumo 004 engines of the EF-131 were replaced by two Mikulin AM-TKRD-01 axial flow turbojets, rated at 32.372 kN (7,280 lb) thrust, in large nacelles attached to the underside of the wing at the same position. Using the airframe of the second EF-131 prototype, the '140' was very similar in appearance, with the classic Junkers-style crew compartment in the nose, wings swept forward 19deg50min with marked dihedral, and the underslung engine nacelles extending forward of the leading-edge. Construction was of aluminium alloy stressed skin, with a semi-monocoque fuselage, wings with multiple spars covered with stressed skin panels, and high strength steel for highly stressed parts. Defensive armament consisted of VDB-6 dorsal and NDB-1M ventral remotely controlled turrets controlled by the gunner, in the rear of the crew compartment, using upper and lower periscopes. The prototype was completed quickly and ready for flight tests by late September 1948 after being disassembled and transported to Tyoply Stan airfield on the outskirts of Moscow. The first flight took place on 30 September 1948, but early test flights were disrupted by severe problems with the fuel control units of the AM-TKRD-01 engines. A replacement set was fitted and testing continued until the manufacturer's tests were completed on 24 May 1949.
There's a cell for us all
Always I had this need to control
Never will it leave me alone
Looking into my master's dead eye
I know there's a cell for us all
This is the great summer of our kind
Brought upon us in conspiracy
Between a burning lord
And the ruminant monster called Earth
There are ghosts in this fist
Malfunction in my heart
My blood runs in the wrong direction
If I could I would rape the whole world
Machine of conceited fornication
I cut down the skies
And move through the layers of logic
I slice up reality
And here comes the light
Executing our history
Always I had this need to control
Never will it leave me alone
Look deep into this reptile eye
God shows there's hell for us all
This is the great summer of our kind
Brought upon us in conspiracy
Between a burning lord
And the ruminant monster called Earth
There are ghosts in this fist
Malfunction in my heart
My blood runs in the wrong direction
If I could I would rape the whole world
Machine of conceited fornication
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