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The use of the human body as the basis for performance art by such practitioners as Vito Acconci, Marina Abramovic, Chris Burden, and the Vienna Actionists. Characterized by transgression, violence, and endurance, the practice began in the 1960s and 1970s, with connections to Marcel Duchamp’s performative works, Jackson Pollock’s painting process, and Allan Kaprow’s 1960s Happenings.