WebAssembly Migration Guide

(P)NaCl Deprecation Announcements

Given the momentum of cross-browser WebAssembly support, we plan to focus our native code efforts on WebAssembly going forward and plan to remove support for PNaCl in Q2 2019 (except for Chrome Apps). We believe that the vibrant ecosystem around WebAssembly makes it a better fit for new and existing high-performance web apps and that usage of PNaCl is sufficiently low to warrant deprecation.

We also recently announced the deprecation Q1 2018 of Chrome Apps outside of ChromeOS.

Toolchain Migration

For the majority of (P)NaCl uses cases we recommend transitioning from the NaCl SDK to Emscripten. Migration is likely to be reasonably straightforward if your application is portable to Linux, uses SDL, or POSIX APIs. While direct support for NaCl / Pepper APIs in not available, we’ve attempted to list Web API equivalents. For more challenging porting cases, please reach out on native-client-discuss@googlegroups.com

API Migration

We’ve outlined here the status of Web Platform substitutes for each of the APIs exposed to (P)NaCl. Additionally, the table lists the library or option in Emscripten that offers the closest substitute.

We expect to add shared memory threads support to WebAssembly in 2017, as threads are crucial to matching (P)NaCl’s most interesting use cases. Migration items which assume forthcoming threads support are marked below. If your application’s flow control relies heavily on blocking APIs, you may also find threads support is required for convenient porting.

While we’ve tried to be accurate in this table, there are no doubt errors or omissions. If you encounter one, please reach out to us on native-client-discuss@googlegroups.com

PPAPI

PPB_Audio

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
Create	x	SDL (partial)	GAP (partial) - AudioWorkletNode ROUGHLY equivalent	Still being standardized.
GetCurrentConfig		SDL	AudioContext.* (gets back settings passed in)
StartPlayback		SDL	AudioBufferSourceNode.start
StopPlayback		SDL	AudioBufferSourceNode.stop

PPB_AudioBuffer

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
GetTimestamp		SDL	AudioBufferSourceNode.start (parameter)	Passed in each time instead of attached to the buffer.
SetTimestamp		SDL	AudioBufferSourceNode.start (parameter)
GetSampleRate		SDL	AudioBuffer.sampleRate
GetSampleSize		GAP	GAP - WebAudio only uses 32-bit float, PPAPI does 16-bit int.	PPAPI theoretically supports multiple sampling sizes. In practice, it only supports 16-bit samples. Unfortunately, developers have requested 16-bit sample sizes to save on memory use.
GetNumberOfChannels		SDL	AudioBuffer.numberOfChannels
GetDataBuffer		SDL	AudioBuffer.getChannelData
GetBufferSize		SDL	AudioBuffer.length

PPB_AudioConfig

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
CreateStereo16Bit		GAP	GAP - Only 32-bit float samples supported
GetSampleRate		SDL	AudioContext.sampleRate
GetSampleFrameCount		SDL	AudioBuffer.length
RecommendSampleRate		SDL	AudioContext.sampleRate (from default construct)	An AudioContext will have the preferred sampling rate by default.
RecommendSampleFrameCount		GAP	GAP - No mechanism to get a recommended buffer size.

PPB_Console

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
Log		utime	console.log/warn/error/...
LogWithSource		GAP	GAP	PPAPI provides a way to override the source filename and line number in a console message. (Though JS API provides way to style text).

PPB_Core

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
getTime		utime	new Date().getTime()
getTimeTicks		utime	new Date().getTime()
IsMainThread		GAP	window.document !== undefined
CallOnMainThread		GAP	Worker.postMessage + Atomics.wait	Equivalent synchronization can be built.

PPB_FileIO

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
Create		FS (partial)	FileReader / FileWrite (Entry.createReader / Entry.createWriter)	Create and open are used differently, but the pieces are of equal power.
Open		FS (partial)	FileReader / FileWrite (Entry.createReader / Entry.createWriter)
Query		FS (partial)	Entry.getMetadata
Touch		FS (partial)	GAP (partial) - No direct equivalent, but no access time either.	Modify time can be bumped by writing.
Read		FS (partial)	Entry.getFile + Blob.slice + FileReader.getBinaryData	Note, this API requires an extra copy to get a read into linear memory, and may be worse than that if Blob slices are not optimizes to use mmap.
Write		FS (partial)	FileWriter.seek + FileWriter.write 'write*' Events
SetLength		FS (partial)	FileWriter.truncate + 'write*' Events
Flush		GAP	GAP - No equivalent, no way to flush.
Close		FS (partial)	No equivalent, open files and directories are implicitly closed.
ReadToArray		GAP	GAP - No equivalent.	Allows multiple subrange reads in parallel.

PPB_FileRef

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
Create		FS (partial)	Entry.getFile(..., {create:true})
GetFileSystemType		FS (partial)	FileSystem.type
GetName		FS (partial)	Entry.name
GetPath		FS (partial)	Entry.fullPath
GetParent		FS (partial)	Entry.getParent
MakeDirectory		FS (partial)	Entry.getDirectory(..., {create:true})
Touch		FS (partial)	GAP (partial) - No direct equivalent, but no access time either.	Modify time can be bumped by writing.
Delete		FS (partial)	Entry.remove
Rename		FS (partial)	Entry.moveTo
Query		GAP	Entry.getMetadata	GAP - JS API has file size and last modified date, but doesn't have creation date and last accessed date.
ReadDirectoryEntries		FS (partial)	Directory.readEntries

PPB_FileSystem

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
Create		FS (partial)	window.requestFileSystem	JS API does both in one step
Open		GAP	window.requestFileSystem	GAP - Filesystems API is chrome only. IndexedDB has additional performance limitations around subrange writes.
GetType		GAP	FileSystem.type

PPB_Fullscreen

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
IsFullScreen		html5.h	Document.fullscreenEnabled
SetFullscreen		html5.h	Document.requestFullscreen
GetScreenSize		html5.h	Document.exitFullscreen

PPB_Gamepad

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
Sample		SDL	Gamepad.*	GAP - PPAPI exposes a timestamp value, but the JS API doesn't provide this (though it is spec'd).

PPB_Graphics2D

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
Create		SDL	Canvas.getContext('2d')
Describe		SDL	Canvas.clientWidth + Canvas.clientHeight
PaintImageData		SDL	CanvasRenderingContext2d.putImageData
Scroll		GAP	CanvasRenderingContext2d.scrollIntoView	GAP (partial) - Not an exact match (might have to resort to getImageData + putImageData which will be slow). Not a cross-browser standard.
ReplaceContents		SDL	CanvasRenderingContext2d.drawImage
Flush		GAP	GAP - Only returning to the event loop triggers the flush.
SetScale		SDL	CanvasRenderingContext2d.scale
GetScale		SDL	CanvasRenderingContext2d.currentTransform
SetLayerTransform		SDL	CanvasRenderingContext2d.setTransform CanvasRenderingContext2d.scale CanvasRenderingContext2d.translate

PPB_Graphics3D

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
GetAttribMaxValue		GAP	GAP - Canvas.getContext lets you set booleans requesting depth / stencil buffers of certain sizes, but does not have a way to query what's possible (or get anything other than on or off for each)
Create		SDL	Canvas.getContext
GetAttribs		SDL	WebGLRenderingContext.getContextAttributes
SetAttribs		SDL	Canvas.getContext(.., OPTIONS)
GetError		SDL	WebGLRenderingContext.getError
ResizeBuffers		SDL	Canvas.width = w; Canvas.height = h;
SwapBuffers		GAP	GAP - No way to explicitly flip a frame, must return to the event loop.

PPB_ImageData

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
GetNativeImageDataFormat		SDL	ImageData mandates RGBA order
IsImageDataFormatSupported		SDL	ImageData mandates RGBA order
Create		SDL	CanvasRenderingContext2d.createImageData
Describe		SDL	ImageData never has a stride
Map		SDL	ImageData.data
Unmap		SDL	ImageData.data

PPB_InputEvent

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
RequestInputEvents		SDL	No direct equivalent	The lack of this feature is probably less relevant as JS / Wasm runs on the main thread and can more cheaply filter events without incurring a cross process round-trip.
RequestFilteringInputEvents		SDL	mouse* key* wheel* touch* composition* Events
		SDL	Element.addEventListener
ClearInputEventRequest		SDL	Element.removeEventListener
GetType		SDL	Event class descendants
GetTimeStamp		SDL	Event.timeStamp
GetModifiers		SDL	*Event.altKey/shiftKey/metaKey/ctrlKey

PPB_MouseInputEvent

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
Create		SDL	MouseEvent
GetButton		SDL	MouseEvent.button
GetPosition		SDL	MouseEvent.client/page/offset*
GetClickCount		SDL	dblclick' vs 'mousedown' Events
GetMovement		SDL	MouseEvent.movement*

PPB_WheelInputEvent

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
Create		SDL	WheelEvent
GetDelta		SDL	WheelEvent.delta*
GetTicks		GAP	GAP - deltaMode kinda of contains this info, but incompletely.
GetScrollByPage		GAP	GAP - deltaMode kinda of contains this info, but incompletely.

PPB_KeyboardInputEvent

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
Create		SDL	KeyboardEvent
GetKeyCode		SDL	KeyboardEvent.keyCode
GetCharacterText		SDL	KeyboardEvent.key
GetCode		SDL	KeyboardEvent.code

PPB_TouchInputEvent

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
Create		SDL	TouchEvent
AddTouchPoint		SDL	TouchEvent.touches.push
GetTouchCount		SDL	TouchEvent.touches.length
GetTouchByIndex		SDL	TouchEvent.touches[i]
GetTouchById		SDL	Touch.indentifer (to figure this out yourself)

PPB_IMEInputEvent

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
Create		GAP	CompositionEvent
GetText		GAP	CompositionEvent.data
GetSegmentNumber		GAP	GAP - No direct equivalent
GetSegmentOffset		GAP	GAP - No direct equivalent
GetTargetSegment		GAP	GAP - No direct equivalent
GetSelection		GAP	GAP - No direct equivalent

PPB_Instance

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
BindGraphics		SDL	Canvas.getContext (moot as binding is automatic).
IsFullFrame		GAP	GAP - No equivalent to mime type handlers.	NaCl apps can be registered to handle a particular mime type and own the whole document.

PPB_MediaStreamAudioTrack

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
Configure		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
GetAttrib		GAP	MediaStreamSettings.channelCount
		GAP	MediaStreamSettings.sampleSize
		GAP	MediaStreamSettings.sampleRate
		GAP	GAP - no equivalent to PP_MEDIASTREAMAUDIOTRACK_ATTRIB_BUFFERS
		GAP	GAP - no equivalent to PP_MEDIASTREAMAUDIOTRACK_ATTRIB_DURATION
GetId		GAP	MediaStream.id
HasEnded		GAP	MediaStream.ended
GetBuffer		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
RecycleBuffer		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
Close		GAP	GAP - No equivalent

PPB_MediaStreamVideoTrack

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
Create		GAP	GAP - No equivalent	Ability to create synthetic stream.
Configure		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
GetAttrib		GAP	MediaStreamSettings.width
		GAP	MediaStreamSettings.height
		GAP	GAP - no equivalent to PP_MEDIASTREAMVIDEOTRACK_ATTRIB_BUFFERED_FRAMES
		GAP	GAP - no equivalent to PP_MEDIASTREAMVIDEOTRACK_ATTRIB_FORMAT
GetId		GAP	MediaStream.id
HasEnded		GAP	MediaStream.ended
GetFrame		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
RecycleFrame		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
Close		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
GetEmptyFrame		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
PutFrame		GAP	GAP - No equivalent

PPB_MessageLoop

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
Create		N/A	Mostly moot, workers get an implicit event loop.
GetForMainThread		N/A	Mostly moot, workers get an implicit event loop.
GetCurrent		N/A	Mostly moot, workers get an implicit event loop.
AttachToCurrentThread		N/A	Mostly moot, workers get an implicit event loop.
Run		N/A	Mostly moot, workers get an implicit event loop.
PostWork		N/A	Mostly moot, workers get an implicit event loop.
PostQuit		N/A	Mostly moot, workers get an implicit event loop.

PPB_Messaging

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
PostMessage		N/A	Window.postMessage
RegisterMessageHandler		N/A	Window.addEventListener
UnregisterMessageHandler		N/A	Window.removeEventListener

PPB_MouseCursor

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
SetCursor		SDL	Element.style.cursor	Same set of stock cursors are supported. Custom cursors can be done with url(..). Dynamic custom cursors can be done with data URIs. CSS3 supports specifying the hotspot.

PPB_MouseLock

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
LockMouse		SDL	Element.requestPointerLock
UnlockMouse		SDL	Element.exitPointerLock

PPB_OpenGLES2

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
Several Methods		OpenGLES	Close to WebGL 1.0 in functionality.
	x		GAP - Without offscreen canvas, rendering must be done on the main thread.

PPB_TextInputController

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
SetTextInputType		GAP	GAP - No equivalent hints to browser about canvas containing input.	Some developers would like to either be able to hint in this fashion, or preferably the ability to intercept and display IME events / output inline inside a canvas.
UpdateCaretPosition		GAP	GAP - No equivalent hints to browser about canvas containing input.
CancelCompositionText		GAP	GAP - No equivalent hints to browser about canvas containing input.
UpdateSurroundingText		GAP	GAP - No equivalent hints to browser about canvas containing input.

PPB_URLLoader

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
Create		embind	new XMLHttpRequest();
Open		embind	XMLHttpRequest.open
FollowRedirect		embind	Request.redirect
		GAP	GAP - No XMLHTTPRequest equivalent
GetUploadProgress		embind	XMLHttpRequest 'progress' Event
		GAP	GAP - No Fetch API equivalent
GetDownloadProgress		embind	XMLHttpRequest 'progress' Event
		GAP	GAP - No Fetch API equivalent
GetResponseInfo		embind	XMLHttpRequest.getAllResponseHeaders
		embind	Fetch Response.*
ReadResponseBody		embind	XMLHttpRequest.response
		embind	Body.* (Response is a Body)
FinishStreamingToFile		embind	GAP - No direct equivalent	XMLHttpRequest and Fetch both assume streaming to memory, rather than directly to a storage.
Close		embind	XMLHttpRequest.abort
		GAP	GAP - No Fetch API equivalent

PPB_URLRequestInfo

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
Create		embind	XMLHttpRequest
		embind	Fetch Request	No way to stream to a file.
SetProperty		GAP	GAP - No direct equivalent for XMLHttpRequest	XMLHttpRequest doesn't provide direct ways to per-request limit following redirects, stream to a file, set referrer or credentials policy.
		embind	Request.*
AppendDataToBody		embind	XMLHttpRequest.send	GAP - Both must have the whole body, rather than a chunk.
		embind	fetch(.., options:body)
AppendFileToBody		GAP	GAP - No direct equivalent
		N/A	<form>	You can also read with FileReader and upload, but that's more like AppendDataToBody

PPB_URLResponseInfo

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
GetProperty		embind	XMLHttpRequest.getAllResponseHeaders + others
		embind	Fetch Response.*
GetBodyAsFileRef		embind	Fetch Response (Body) .blob()	Assumes storage layer optimizes transfer.

PPB_Var

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
VarFromUtf8		embind	TextDecoder.decode
VarToUtf8		embind	TextEncoder.encode
VarFromResource		N/A	N/A
VarToResource		N/A	N/A

PPB_VarArray

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
Get		embind	Array[i]
Set		embind	Array[i] = x
GetLength		embind	Array.length
SetLength		embind	Array.length = n

PPB_VarArrayBuffer

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
Create		embind	new ArrayBuffer(n)
ByteLength		embind	ArrayBuffer.byteLength
Map		GAP	GAP - No direct equivalent	Asm.js / Wasm modules are unable to map regions of an ArrayBuffer other than their single linear memory heap. Future multiple memories or memory mapping might improve this.
Unmap		GAP	GAP - No direct equivalent

PPB_VarDictionary

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
Create		embind	{}
Get		embind	<Object>[i]
Set		embind	<Object>[i] = x
Delete		embind	delete <Object>[i]
HasKey		embind	x in <Object>
GetKeys		embind	for (k in <Object>) {}	No literal equivalent, but it can be built.

PPB_VideoDecoder

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
Create		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
Initialize		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
Decode		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
GetPicture		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
RecyclePicture		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
Flush		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
Reset		GAP	GAP - No equivalent

PPB_VideoEncoder

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
Create		GAP	GAP - No equivalent	Overlap with MediaRecorder API, but not exact.
GetSupportedProfiles		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
Initialize		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
GetFramesRequired		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
GetFrameCodedSize		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
GetVideoFrame		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
Encode		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
GetBitstreamBuffer		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
RecycleBitstreamBuffer		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
RequestEncodingParametersChange		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
Close		GAP	GAP - No equivalent

PPB_VideoFrame

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
GetTimestamp		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
SetTimestamp		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
GetFormat		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
GetSize		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
GetDataBuffer		GAP	GAP - No equivalent
GetDataBufferSize		GAP	GAP - No equivalent

PPB_View

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
GetRect		embind	Element.getBoundingClientRect
IsFullscreen		embind	Document.fullScreenEnabled	Pertains to document instead of just single element.
IsVisible		embind	IntersectionObserver
IsPageVisible		embind	document.visibilityState
GetClipRect		embind	IntersectionObserver
GetDeviceScale		embind	window.devicePixelRatio
GetCSSScale		embind	<Element>.getBoundingClientRect().width / <Element>.offsetWidth
GetScrollOffset		embind	<Element>.scrollTop / <Element>.scrollLeft

PPB_WebSocket

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
Create		GAP	WebSocket.WebSocket
Connect		GAP	WebSocket.WebSocket(url, ...) WebSocket 'open' Event
Close		GAP	WebSocket.close
ReceiveMessage		GAP	WebSocket 'message' Event WebSocket 'error' Event WebSocket 'close' Event
SendMessage		GAP	WebSocket.send
GetBufferedAmount		GAP	WebSocket.bufferedAmount
GetCloseCode		GAP	CloseEvent.code
GetCloseReason		GAP	CloseEvent.reason
GetCloseWasClean		GAP	CloseEvent.wasClean
GetExtensions		GAP	WebSocket.extensions
GetProtocol		GAP	WebSocket.protocol
GetReadyState		GAP	WebSocket.readyState
GetURL		GAP	WebSocket.url

PPP_Graphics3D

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
Graphics3DContextLost		SDL	Canvas 'webglcontextlost' Event

PPP_InputEvent

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
HandleInputEvent		SDL	Element.addEventListener

PPP_Instance

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
DidCreate		N/A	<Element>[key]	General DOM access lets you fish out tag attributes
DidDestroy		N/A	N/A	Not triggered for NaCl
DidChangeView		N/A	Element 'resize' Event
DidChangeFocus		N/A	Element 'focus', 'focusin', 'focusout' Events
HandleDocumentLoad		N/A	GAP - No way to register as a mime type handler	NaCl modules via apps + a manifest entry can be set up to handle particular mime types.

PPP_MessageHandler

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
HandleMessage		embind	MessagePort 'message' Event Window 'message' Event
HandleBlockingMessage		N/A	GAP - No direct equivalent	Similar synchronization can be done off main thread with Atomics.wait. This was added to support emulation of synchronous plugin APIs.

PPP_Messaging

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
HandleMessage		embind	MessagePort 'message' Event Window 'message' Event

PPP_MouseLock

PPAPI Method	Assumes Threads	Emscripten	Web API	Limitations
MouseLockLost		SDL	Element 'pointerlockchange', 'pointerlockerror' Events

IRT