Showing posts with label Jupiter and its Moons. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Jupiter and its Moons. Show all posts

19.2.09

Let's go to Europa...

Image source
Credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona

When Cassini was celebrating its tenth birthday, the Planetary Society Blog's Emily Lakdawalla pointed out that, as great a celebration as this was for Cassini, it also drew attention to the fact that it had been ten years since the last major interplanetary mission. Well, the waiting is over, as NASA and ESA have announced that their next 'flagship' mission will be to Europa.

But let's not look too far ahead: it'll take some time for this thing to get off the ground (metaphorically or literally), and we'll probably see interesting things from missions like Dawn, New Horizons and the as-yet un-renamed Mars Science Laboratory long before this mission is even launched.

(It's interesting to note that, due to the nature of space flight, the most powerful camera to visit Jupiter is still Cassini's. So, even when I'm writing about Jupiter, I'm still posting a Cassini image. Call it favouritism if you will. Europa is visible in front of Jupiter's turbulent clouds.)

14.5.07

Alien Volcano

Hello. I am experiencing anxiety. I have been working on my story for Sunday Scribblings, but have yet to finish it. It will be worth the wait, though, as it features pirates! Yarr!

In the Universe at large, we find the first image from New Horizons with a real wow factor. It's not in colour, but it is animated: five consecutive frames of the eruption on Tvashtar. Watch it here.

Speaking of colour, that last image I liked so much is now available in an artistically colourised version here, next to an update on the mission from head honcho Alan Stern.

2.5.07

Moonrise



In this image, arguably the most beautiful yet from New Horizons, Europa rises over the cloudtops of Jupiter.

All the best images from New Horizons' Jupiter encounter so far seem to have been in black and white, which I think is a small shame, given how colourful the planet and its moons are. It's understandable, though, because Jupiter is a radically different environment from Pluto. As mentioned in the caption for this colour image of Io:

[The Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera] is designed for the very faint solar illumination at Pluto, and is too sensitive to image the brightly lit daysides of Jupiter's moons.

A quick bit of maths* suggests that the sunlight at Pluto is about 64 times dimmer than at Jupiter (and 1600 times dimmer than at Earth). Of course, any images of Pluto would be fantastic, compared to the meagre, pixellated offerings that are all we have at the moment, but I think that New Horizons' snapshots of Jupiter are only a hint of what it will have to offer us when it eventually reaches the tenth** planet/second dwarf planet/first Kuiper Belt Object/possibly second Kuiper Belt Object including Triton [delete as appropriate].

*Earth is 1 Astronomical Unit from the sun (by definition), Jupiter about 5 AU and Pluto 40 AU (with a lot of variation). Solar flux decreases proportional to the inverse square - ie. if you were twice as far from the sun, you would receive a quarter as much sunlight. There's a nice explanation of this here.
**Don't forget Ceres!

4.4.07

Jupitershine


The latest image from the New Horizons Jupiter encounter is this, of volcanic Io and icy Europa. Europa, the crescent in this image, is actually smaller than Io, but appears larger because it's closer. Also, because of their different positions, Europa's night side is completely dark, while much of Io's is lit by sunlight reflected from the turbulent clouds of Jupiter.

29.3.07

New Horizons Colour

New Horizons captured this unique view of Jupiter's moon Io with its color camera - the Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera (MVIC) - at 00:25 UT on March 1, 2007, from a range of 2.3 million kilometers (1.4 million miles). The image is centered at Io coordinates 4 degrees south, 162 degrees west, and was taken shortly before the complementary Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) photo of Io released on March 13, which had higher resolution but was not in color.

Like that LORRI picture, this processed image shows the nighttime glow of the Tvashtar volcano and its plume rising 330 kilometers (200 miles) into sunlight above Io's north pole. However, the MVIC picture reveals the intense red of the glowing lava at the plume source and the contrasting blue of the fine dust particles in the plume (similar to the bluish color of smoke), as well as more subtle colors on Io's sunlit crescent. The lower parts of the plume in Io's shadow, lit only by the much fainter light from Jupiter, are almost invisible in this rendition. Contrast has been reduced to show the large range of brightness between the plume and Io's disk.

A component of the Ralph imaging instrument, MVIC has three broadband color filters: blue (480 nanometers), red (620 nm) and infrared (850 nm); as well as a narrow methane filter (890 nm). Because the camera was designed for the dim illumination at Pluto, not the much brighter sunlight at Jupiter, the red and infrared filters are overexposed on Io's dayside. This image is therefore composed from the blue and methane filters only, and the colors shown are only approximations to those that the eye would see. Nevertheless, the human eye would easily see the red color of the volcano and the blue color of the plume.

Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute


Of course, while we were waiting for New Horizons to produce its first colour images of Jupiter, the show-offs at the Cassini Imaging Team beat them to it - from orbit around Saturn.

Update: Emily Lakdawalla has a more detailed composite of this image here.

15.3.07

Meagre Contribution


Saturn isn't the only planet in the solar system with rings. New Horizons captured this image of Jupiter's faint ring system - one of the clearest ever taken - while stealing momentum from the giant planet.

New Horizons has started sending back the main bulk of information it collected, so new pictures should start appearing on the homepage - hopefully including some dazzling colour photos of Jupiter and its moons.

2.3.07

Yay Jupiter!

So, New Horizons has successfully completed its Jupiter flyby, stealing a tiny weeny bit of the giant's momentum to speed itself to Pluto all the faster (learn more). New Horizons has snapped lots of pictures for us lay-people to gawp at, but it won’t start sending them back for a while:

That's it for the close-encounter downlink. Now we have to be a little patient and wait for the real data stream, which begins in about a week and will last through April. There will be lots more Tvashtar plume pictures, because it's near the north pole and so big that it rises above the pole itself, so every Io image we take will have that plume in it! We'll have color data and maybe even infrared pictures too, though detecting the plume in the infrared will be tough. The flyby is over, but the fun is just beginning.

John Spencer, New Horizon's science team member, writing here.

In the meantime, there are a few black-and-white images to look at on the New Horizon’s image page, here, including this one of three volcanic eruptions on Io (featuring the immense plume that Spencer was so excited about above):

2.10.06

Lakes, Armchairs, Gas Giants and Robots

After it's recent flyby of Titan, Cassini returns yet more radar images of lakes, including these two 'kissing lakes'.



The one on the right looks a bit like Homer Simpson to me. Not sure who he's kissing though. Is it that girl from the Snoopy cartoons?




Now, what is the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter? Well, it's yet another one of our robot friends who we've sent to Mars, and it's just arrived and hung up its coat and hat. Apparently it's also 'the highest-resolution camera ever to orbit Mars', as evidenced by its first proper (greyscale) image:



Rocks and surface features as small as armchairs are revealed in the first image from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter since the spacecraft maneuvered into its final, low-altitude orbital path. The imaging of the red planet at this resolution heralds a new era in Mars exploration.


Sadly a big ball of flaming gas is about to get in the way.

For most of October, Mars will be passing nearly behind the sun from Earth's perspective. Communication will be intermittent. Activities will be minimal for Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and other spacecraft at Mars during this time, and they will resume in early November.


"Since the beginning of time man has yearned to destroy the sun!" And now I finally understand why.




In other news, New Horizons, on its way to Pluto, sights Jupiter.

And the Planetary Society have another one of their impressively comprehensive updates on the Mars Exploration Rovers.

7.9.06

Moon Maps

One of my local bookshops finally had not one, but three copies of Steph Swainston's second book, one of which I am now a quarter of a way into. (Hopefully the other two will be identical.) Meanwhile, Rosaly Lopes is guest-blogging over at the Planetary Society Blog.

Rosaly Lopes is Lead Scientist for Geophysics and Planetary Geosciences at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and an investigation scientist on the Cassini Titan RADAR mapper team. Her main research interests concern volcanoes in the solar system, especially on Earth and Io. She recently published The Volcano Adventure Guide, an adventurous tourist's guidebook to the safe exploration of Earth's diverse volcanoes.

If you want to hear what she has to say about a certain Kuiper Belt Object that has been in the news a lot lately, you might want to read her first post. Some of us, however, are sick to death of the thing, and are more apt to find blissful relief in this post on planetary naming conventions, which includes the following rather lovely image of a volcanic eruption on Jupiter's moon Io:


(Image page at NASA,with more information and a larger version.)

Among other things, she includes a link to these people, the guys who get to name all the geological features in the solar system. And here's something any traveller may need: maps of the moons of Jupiter! For a start, you'd probably want to keep your distance from Loki on Io, which is the area going kablooey in the image above.

29.7.06

Sunday Scribblings: A Story About Two Cents

This week’s prompt for Sunday Scribblings is ‘My Two Cents’. My first thoughts were, ‘What are cents?’ and ‘What are you doing with them?’ In this story there are two cents. One was made up by me, the other by the characters. What are they doing with them? Well, flipping them, of course.

I wanted to write a story where two people were flipping a coin to make a life or death decision, but I didn't want to make it a bleak story - I wanted more of a mellow Houston we have a problem kind of vibe. Anyway, here are my two cents. Sounds overpriced to me...

My Two Cents

Smoke hangs in the air and the lights are dim, flickering slightly. I push off from the hatch and coast over to Mina by the window. She is curled around a clipboard, poring over a smeary, sweat-dampened piece of paper, a chewed ball-point pen between her teeth.

“We’re dead, aren’t we?” I say, trying to read her expression.

She takes the pen out of her mouth and tucks it into the breast pocket of her company-issue jumpsuit, zipping it closed. “Sort of. And sort of not, as well.” She looks at the sheet of paper in my hand. “They got back to us finally? What does it say?”

“Um…” I hold the paper up to the light. “‘Callisto Flight Control have been notified of your predicament. A rescue mission has been dispatched, further information enclosed.’ I’ve looked at it. They won’t reach us for about two or three months. ‘At this time we advise that you take no action that is not necessary to your immediate safety. Conserve oxygen. Recall that in the high carbon dioxide, low oxygen environment you are experiencing, your judgement is likely to be impaired. Think carefully before performing any action. Further instructions will be forthcoming as we evaluate potential solutions. Be assured that many men and women are working hard to ensure that you will…’ Blah, blah, blah.”

Mina says, “Oh.”

I look at the smudged, meandering numbers on her piece of paper. “Give me the good news then.”

She makes a little smile. It is a smile of determination, I think. It is certainly not a smile that reaches her eyes. “If we go on as we are now, assuming that the back-up environmental systems can clear out all the smoke and debris without wearing out, then there is simply not enough oxygen for us to survive for more than about thirty days.”

“Nice.”

Mina wipes the sheen of sweat from her forehead with a sleeve. “Would you kill me?” she asks.

“You what?”

“Without me, you might live long enough to greet the rescue team.”

“Unless any of the ship’s systems fail, in which case I’d be screwed. If we’re going to be ‘without’ anyone, it should be me.”

She pushes the clipboard away. It tumbles slowly. “I don’t know the first thing about flying this thing.”

“You don’t have to. It flies itself. I’m just a back-up system, for if the computer fails. Just like you’re a back-up system for if the mechanics fail. Which they have, you might remember.” I manage to splutter the last words out, before erupting into a coughing fit. The air is acrid and hot. Forcing it into my lungs is a constant, conscious effort - a tiring distraction. This is hardly the ideal environment for a life-or-death debate.

Mina waits for me to catch my breath, plunging her fingers into short hair that ripples as if underwater. “Look, telling you was just a courtesy,” she says quietly. “I could very well just have thrown myself out the airlock or eaten all the painkillers or-”

I cut her off. “Mina, you fucking dare.”

But she keeps talking. “I was kind of hoping that you could help me. I don’t want to be in pain, or only half do the job.”

“If you’re turning it into maths, then it should be me. The ship can make it without me, and you might be able to fix anything else that goes wrong. But without you, if the back-ups wear out before the air is cleared, if the electrics fail, then I’m screwed.”

“Let’s draw straws then,” she says, seemingly on a whim.

“Or flip a coin.”

“Do you have a coin?”

I unzip my pocket and retrieve a small golden disc. “One Lunar Cent.”

Mina laughs. “Bull. It’s a joke.”

I send it coasting slowly over to her. She snatches at it and examines it closely. “One Lunar Cent,” she reads, carefully.

“Still legal tender, I think. But it’s worth much more than one cent to a collector.”

“Which one’s heads and which one’s tails? I mean, the astronaut has a head, somewhere in his ancient space suit, but the other side is Earth’s moon.”

“The moon is tails by default.”

She sends the coin back with a gentle nudge. As it spins, it glitters in the light. “Who the hell is Neil Armstrong?”

“Some guy in a space suit, on Earth’s moon. How should I know?” I catch the coin between thumb and forefinger.

“Heads or tails?” Mina asks, as if we were flipping to see who gets which side of a tennis court, and not for our lives.

“Um…” I think about it carefully. Stupid really, since it’s up to chance anyway. “I’ll take Neil.”

“Okay, moon for me then. Flip away.” She grabs a rail by the window and pulls herself back against the wall. Her face is twisted by a smirking smile that, even after all these months alone with her, I find very difficult to read.

I place the coin on the junction between my thumb and forefinger, and flick it into the air.

It goes straight up, hits an angular panel above me, and rebounds at the same speed but in a different direction, flying off, out the hatch and down the corridor. It disappears from view, striking something with a metallic clink.

Mina covers her mouth and laughs. “What was that you were saying about impaired judgement?”

I feel myself blushing with embarrassment. “Yeah, okay, flipping a coin without gravity, not the best idea I ever had.”

“Shall we start the habitat ring spinning, risking the whole electrical system, so you can flip your little coin properly?” Mina teases.

“Yes, let’s do that,” I retort sarcastically. There has been no other person in my life, man or woman, who I have felt as strongly towards - both loved and hated - as incandescently as Mina. After well over half a year alone with her, we have become as intimate as anyone could do, trapped together between these cramped metal walls. Even in the moments when the worst sides of both of our personalities have been rubbing together painfully, we have been forced to get through it. Where could you go? Out the airlock? As pretentious as it sounds, there really is no escape from one another but death.

We both sold a year of our lives to the company, in return for a life on an icy moon with an incredible view. But I don’t think either of us reckoned on the price we’d end up paying to one another. When we get there (if we do) I’m not sure which emotion is stronger - the desire to escape her or the fear of losing the most significant relationship of my life.

Silence has fallen, save for the gurgling sound of the air vents straining to suck up the smoke. Mina grabs my sleeve and pulls me over to the window. It’s only a little porthole, thick and surrounded by huge bolts. A token gesture for the sanity of the crew. You can’t see much with the lights on, but Jupiter is just about visible, shrouded in ghostly reflections, still tiny and far away.

“Let’s not do this,” she says. “Let’s not either of us… You know.”

I nod.

“We’ll let nature flip a coin,” she says. “And we’ll let the people on Callisto try and catch it before it lands. We might both make it, or both die. Or maybe just one of us, if it works out that way, naturally. In the meantime, let’s try and get some sleep. We’ll use less oxygen.”

She pushes off the wall towards the hatch, spinning around to smile at me. I’m never sure if I like the way that she can be positively positive about just about anything, however horrible. “What do you think nature’s coin is like?” she asks. “Do you think it has a nice Lunar Cent like yours?”

I follow after her. “I don’t have a nice Lunar Cent right now. I have to find it before it gets sucked up with the rest of the debris. Anyway, I expect nature’s coin, even if it’s worth more than a cent, is nowhere near as nice as mine. It’s some dirt encrusted, irradiated piece of space junk. Very organic looking, but a hazard for fast moving spacecraft. We‘re probably going to hit it ourselves.”

Mina grabs my hand and squeezes it, laughing.

“I really hate you sometimes,” I tell her, grinning.

“I love you too,” she replies.

27.7.06

Long Lasting Machine Moons

  • As Phil Plait reports, the Spirit Mars rover has now exceeded its expected lifetime by a factor of ten. Who said they don't build things to last anymore?

  • The Planetary Society Blog has a pretty picture, designed to contrast the colour and size of Saturn's moons.
One of my favourite lines in the Spongebob Squarepants Movie is "and some other third thing." Posting just two links seems unwholesome somehow, so, to compare to the Saturnian moons above, an image of Jupiter's four Galilean moons, my personal favourites of all moons, and dream holiday destination:


(Source, with higher resolution version.)

9.7.06

Changed Around, the Robot Party

The floor may move under your feet...

I'm rearranging things in my sidebar at the moment, and trying to figure out what goes best where. I'll edit this post when I'm done to try and explain what the hell I'm doing.

*****

I just have to sit down and write this. I’m currently experiencing that mood where I want to crawl into bed and hide from the nasty mean world and all its difficulties.

Well, I’ve switched everything around, and added a new section. Demoting the political blogs was a hard decision, since this is how I got into the whole game, but I’m usually way too scared to comment on any of them and since this isn’t shaping up to be a political blog, it seemed odd to give them precedence. Harder still is going to be expanding the People Who Write In Blogs section. Now that I have an established blog, I’m all of a sudden very shy about adding to my blogroll. It was simple when I first made it - I just added all the blogs I read. But now I look at all the new blogs that I’m reading and think, “What if they see my blogroll? What will they think?” So I will be expanding this section very surreptitiously. If you should happen to see your blog appear there, please pay no attention.

The new section is providing links to my favourite robots. After some consideration, I decided to include links to all the current Martian ones. As you can see, the world’s space agencies are holding something of a robot party on Mars. Everyone is taking photos and someone’s wheel has got stuck. One usually calls a cab at that point, but the fare is considerable when the nearest taxis are millions of miles away and I can’t really blame NASA for thinking twice. It was tempting to just link to the JPL Mars Exploration pages, so there’d just be the one link, but the rovers deserve their own link, I feel, and Mars Express is an ESA mission, and in the end I just decided to throw everything in there.

These aren’t just one click links, by the way. When you go to each of the NASA sites, you’ll first want to click on the ‘multimedia’ or ’images’ button. And, ladies and gentlemen, welcome to the twenty first century, where images from distant planets are no longer reserved for exclusive press conferences - they’re regularly posted onto the internet. If this is something of an information overload for you, over time I hope to find some good sites that distil all that information into a more accessible form. The Planetary Society is a great stop for news, and the NASA photojournal for pretty pictures, like so:


Source, with explanation.

6.5.06

La La La, I Should Be Working...