Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952

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Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
Great Seal of the United States
Other short titles McCarran–Walter Act
Long title An Act to revise the laws relating to immigration, naturalization, and nationality; and for other purposes.
Enacted by the 82nd United States Congress
Effective June 27, 1952
Citations
Public law 82-414
Statutes at Large 66 Stat. 163
Codification
Titles amended 8 U.S.C.: Aliens and Nationality
U.S.C. sections created 8 U.S.C. ch. 12
Legislative history
  • Introduced in the House as H.R. 5678 by Francis E. Walter (D-PA) and Pat McCarran (D-NV) on October 9, 1951
  • Passed the House on April 25, 1952 (passed)
  • Passed the Senate on May 22, 1952 (passed)
  • Reported by the joint conference committee on May 23, 1952; agreed to by the House on June 10, 1952 (adopted) and by the Senate on June 11, 1952 (adopted)
  • Vetoed by President Harry S. Truman on June 25, 1952
  • Overridden by the House on June 26, 1952 (278–113)
  • Overridden by the Senate and became law on June 27, 1952 (57–26)
Major amendments
USA PATRIOT Act

The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (Pub.L. 82–414, 66 Stat. 163, enacted June 27, 1952), also known as the McCarran–Walter Act, codified under Title 8 of the United States Code (8 U.S.C. ch. 12), governs immigration to and citizenship in the United States. It has been in effect since June 27, 1952. Before this Act, a variety of statutes governed immigration law but were not organized within one body of text.

Veto[edit]

H.R. 5678 was named after its sponsors, Senator Pat McCarran (D-Nevada), and Congressman Francis Walter (D-Pennsylvania).

President Harry Truman, a Democrat, vetoed the Act because he regarded the bill as "un-American" and discriminatory. His veto message said:[1][2][3]

Today, we are "protecting" ourselves as we were in 1924, against being flooded by immigrants from Eastern Europe. This is fantastic. ... We do not need to be protected against immigrants from these countries–on the contrary we want to stretch out a helping hand, to save those who have managed to flee into Western Europe, to succor those who are brave enough to escape from barbarism, to welcome and restore them against the day when their countries will, as we hope, be free again. ... These are only a few examples of the absurdity, the cruelty of carrying over into this year of 1952 the isolationist limitations of our 1924 law.

In no other realm of our national life are we so hampered and stultified by the dead hand of the past, as we are in this field of immigration.

Override[edit]

Truman's veto was overridden by a vote of 278 to 113 in the House and 57 to 26 in the Senate.

Speaking in the Senate on March 2, 1953, McCarran said:[4]

I believe that this nation is the last hope of Western civilization and if this oasis of the world shall be overrun, perverted, contaminated or destroyed, then the last flickering light of humanity will be extinguished. I take no issue with those who would praise the contributions which have been made to our society by people of many races, of varied creeds and colors. ... However, we have in the United States today hard-core, indigestible blocs which have not become integrated into the American way of life, but which, on the contrary are its deadly enemies. Today, as never before, untold millions are storming our gates for admission and those gates are cracking under the strain. The solution of the problems of Europe and Asia will not come through a transplanting of those problems en masse to the United States. ... I do not intend to become prophetic, but if the enemies of this legislation succeed in riddling it to pieces, or in amending it beyond recognition, they will have contributed more to promote this nation's downfall than any other group since we achieved our independence as a nation.

Provisions[edit]

The Act abolished racial restrictions found in United States immigration and naturalization statutes going back to the Naturalization Act of 1790. The 1952 Act retained a quota system for nationalities and regions. Eventually, the Act established a preference system which determined which ethnic groups were desirable immigrants and placed great importance on labor qualifications. The Act defined three types of immigrants: immigrants with special skills or relatives of U.S. citizens who were exempt from quotas and who were to be admitted without restrictions; average immigrants whose numbers were not supposed to exceed 270,000 per year; and refugees.

It expanded the definition of the "United States" for nationality purposes, which already included Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, to add Guam. Persons born in these territories on or after December 24, 1952 acquire U.S. citizenship at birth on the same terms as persons born in other parts of the United States.[5]

Race[edit]

The McCarran-Walter Act abolished the "alien ineligible to citizenship" category from US immigration law, which de facto only applied to people of Asian descent. Small, token quotas of about 100 people per country were established for the countries of Asia. However, people of Asian descent but who were citizens of a non-Asian country counted towards the quota of their Asian ancestral country.[6] Overall annual immigration from the Asiatic Barred Zone was also capped at 2000.[7] Passage of the act was strongly lobbied for by the Chinese American Citizens Alliance, Japanese American Citizens League, Filipino Federation of America, and Korean National Association; though as an incremental measure, as those organizations wished to see national origins quotas abolished altogether.[8]

McCarran-Walter Act allowed for people of Asian descent to immigrate and to become citizens, which had been banned by laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and Asian Exclusion Act of 1924. Chinese immigration in particular had been allowed for a decade prior to McCarran-Walter by the Magnuson Act of 1943, which was passed because of America's World War II alliance with China.[9] Japanese Americans and Korean Americans were first allowed to naturalize by the McCarran-Walter Act.[10] Overall changes in the perceptions of Asians were made possible by Cold War politics; the Displaced Persons Act of 1948 allowed anticommunist Chinese American students who feared returning to the Chinese Civil War to stay in the United States; and these provisions would be expanded by the Refugee Relief Act of 1953.[7]

Politics and religion[edit]

The Act allowed the government to deport immigrants or naturalized citizens engaged in subversive activities and also allowed the barring of suspected subversives from entering the country. It was used to ban members and former members and "fellow travelers" of the Communist Party from entry into the United States, even those who had not been associated with the party for decades.

The act also allowed the government to prevent polygamists from entering the country. It specifically stated under Title II, chapter 2, "GENERAL CLASSES OF ALIENS INELIGIBLE TO RECEIVE VISAS AND EXCLUDED FROM ADMISSION", Section 212, sub (a), part (11): "Aliens who are polygamists or who practice polygamy or advocate the practice of polygamy". If one was a polygamist, advocate of polygamy or one's religious belief or ideology advocates the practice of polygamy, they would not be allowed in the United States under this law.

Naturalization[edit]

A 1962 guideline explained procedures under the Act:[11]

The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 requires an alien to apply for a petition for naturalization. This form may be obtained from any office of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, a division of the Department of Justice, or from any court authorized to naturalize aliens.

Before applying, an alien must be at least 18 years old and must have been lawfully admitted to live permanently in the United States. He must have lived in the United States for five years and for the last six months in the state where he seeks to be naturalized. In some cases, he need only have lived three years in the United States. He must be of good moral character and "attached to the principles of the Constitution". The law states that an alien is not of good moral character if he is a drunkard, has committed adultery, has more than one wife, makes his living by gambling, has lied to the Immigration and Naturalization Service, has been in jail more than 180 days for any reason during his five years in the United States, or is a convicted murderer.

Enforcement[edit]

The following list provides examples of those who were excluded from the Act prior to the 1990 amendment. While it has not been substantiated that all of these individuals formally petitioned to become United States Citizens, many were banned from traveling to the US because of anti-American political views and/or criminal records. Among those listed, there are noted communists, socialists, and anti-American sympathizers.[12]

Modifications[edit]

Parts of the Act remain in place today, but it has been amended many times and was modified substantially by the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965.

When regulations issued under the authority of the Passport Act of 1926 were challenged in Haig v. Agee, Congress enacted § 707(b) of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1979 (Pub.L. 95–426, 92 Stat. 993, enacted October 7, 1978), amending § 215 of the Immigration and Nationality Act making it unlawful to travel abroad without a passport. Until that legislation, under the Travel Control Act of 1918, the president had the authority to require passports for foreign travel only in time of war.

Some provisions that excluded certain classes of immigrants based on their political beliefs were revoked by the Immigration Act of 1990, however members of Communist Parties are still banned from becoming citizens of the United States.

After the September 11, 2001 attacks, President George W. Bush implemented the National Security Entry-Exit Registration System and other border and immigration controls.

In January 2017, President Donald Trump's Executive Order 13769 made reference to the "Immigration and Nationality Act".[17]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Jacobson, David (September 5, 1997). Rights Across Borders: Immigration and the Decline of Citizenship. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-0801857706.
  2. ^ Tichenor, Daniel J. (May 6, 2002). Dividing Lines: The Politics of Immigration Control in America. Princeton Studies in American Politics. Princeton University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0691088051. quotes part of this passage
  3. ^ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Harry S. Truman: "Veto of Bill To Revise the Laws Relating to Immigration, Naturalization, and Nationality.," June 25, 1952". The American Presidency Project. University of California – Santa Barbara. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
  4. ^ Senator Pat McCarran, Cong. Rec., March 2, 1953, p. 1518
  5. ^ A later amendment, effective November 3, 1986, added the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands."8 FAM 302.1 Historical Background to Acquisition by Birth in U.S. Territories and Possessions". U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 8. U.S. Department of State. 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2018-07-18.
  6. ^ Leonard, David; Lugo-Lugo, Carmen, eds. (2015). Latino History and Culture: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 850.
  7. ^ a b Yoo, David; Azuma, Eiichiro, eds. (2016). "Cold War". The Oxford Handbook of Asian American History. Oxford University Press. p. 173.
  8. ^ Cheng, Cindy (2014). Citizens of Asian America: Democracy and Race During the Cold War. NYU Press. p. 177.
  9. ^ Szmanko, Klara, ed. (2015). Visions of Whiteness in Selected Works of Asian American Literature. McFarland. p. 20.
  10. ^ Okihiro, Gary, ed. (2013). "McCarran-Walter Act". Encyclopedia of Japanese American Internment. ABC-CLIO. p. 113.
  11. ^ 1962 World Book Encyclopedia, Page 52, Book-13. Petition for Naturalization
  12. ^ "Larry McMurtry testimony". Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property, and Administrative Justice of the House Judiciary Committee, January 3, 2005. PEN/USA. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
  13. ^ Mitchell, Tony (1999), Dario Fo: People's Court Jester (Updated and Expanded), London: Methuen, pp. 162–163, ISBN 0-413-73320-3
  14. ^ a b Reginald Whitaker (1987). "Double standard: the secret history of Canadian immigration". Lester & Orpen Dennys. ISBN 9780886191740. A few years ago it became known that Pierre Elliott Trudeau, before he became prime minister of Canada, had been barred from travelling to the United States.
  15. ^ a b Reginald Whitaker; Gregory S. Kealey; Andrew Parnaby (2012). "Secret Service: Political Policing in Canada: From the Fenians to Fortress America". University of Toronto Press. p. 208. ISBN 9780802007520. Retrieved January 25, 2013. By the late years of the Cold War, the prominence of Canadians barred at one time or another from entering the United States became a highly visible public scandal: those so treated included Pierre Elliot Trudeau (on whom the FBI maintained a file, even while he served as prime minister) and the popular writer Farley Mowat, who characteristically parlayed his experience into an entertaining book, My Discovery of America.
  16. ^ Hyder, Thomas. "The "Activist" Lives of Gust Alonen and Carl Paivio". IndyMedia. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  17. ^ See Wikisource:Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States

Further reading[edit]

  • Bennett, Marion T. "The immigration and nationality (McCarran-Walter) Act of 1952, as Amended to 1965." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 367.1 (1966): 127–136.
  • Chin, Gabriel J. "The civil rights revolution comes to immigration law: A new look at the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965." North Carolina Law Review 75 (1996): 273+.
  • Daniels. Roger, ed. Immigration and the Legacy of Harry S. Truman (2010)
  • Rosenfield, Harry N. "Necessary administrative reforms in the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952." Fordham Law Review 27 (1958): 145+.

External links[edit]

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