Secretary of State or State Secretary is a commonly used title for a senior or mid-level post in governments around the world. The role varies between countries, and in some cases there are multiple Secretaries of State in the Government.
In many countries, a Secretary of State is a mid-level post. It is usually a politically appointed position, although in some countries, such as Germany and Sweden, it can be filled by a member of the executive bureaucracy (civil service) as a political appointment. In the Holy See, there is one Secretary of State, who coordinates all the departments of the Roman Curia (that is, equivalent to a Prime Minister). In the United Kingdom a Secretary of State is a member of the Cabinet appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister (that is, equivalent to a Minister). In the Federal Government of the United States of America, there is one Secretary of State, the most senior political appointee responsible for foreign policy (that is, equivalent to a Foreign Minister).
Secretary of state is an official in the state governments of 47 of the 50 states of the United States, as well as Puerto Rico and other U.S. possessions. In Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, this official is called the secretary of the commonwealth. In states that have one, the secretary of state is the chief clerk of the state, and is often the primary custodian of important state records. In the states of Alaska, Hawaii, and Utah, there is no Secretary of State; in those states many duties that a secretary of state might normally execute fall within the domain of the lieutenant governor. Like the lieutenant governor, in most states the secretary of state is in the line of succession to succeed the governor, in most cases immediately behind the lieutenant governor. In three states with no lieutenant governor (Arizona,Oregon and Wyoming) as well as the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico, the secretary of state is first in the line of succession in the event of a gubernatorial vacancy.
In the United Kingdom, a Secretary of State (SofS) is a Cabinet Minister in charge of a Government Department (though not all departments are headed by a Secretary of State, e.g. HM Treasury is headed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer).
There are a number of Secretaries of State, each formally titled "Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for ...". Legislation generally only refers to "The Secretary of State" without specifying which one; by virtue of the Interpretation Act 1978 this phrase means "one of Her Majesty’s Principal Secretaries of State". These positions can be created without primary legislation, nowadays at the behest of the Prime Minister.
In the Middle Ages the kings of England were attended by a cleric called their "king's clerk" and later "secretary", who dealt with their correspondence. Until Henry VIII, there was usually only one secretary, but under him a second appeared. In the time of Elizabeth I (1558–1603) these men gained the title "Secretary of State". With Cabinet government after 1688, the Secretaries of State took on higher duties. Their posts came to be known as the Secretary of State for the Northern Department and the Secretary of State for the Southern Department. Both dealt with Home Affairs, but they divided Foreign Affairs, so that one dealt with the Protestant states of northern Europe and the other with the Roman Catholic states of southern Europe.
Actors: Andy Hankins (actor), Michael Haskins (actor), Rich Beall (actor), Megan Heffernan (actress), Colin Floom (director), Colin Floom (producer), Kimberly Greenwell (producer), Adam Blackford (producer),
Genres: Action,Actors: Keith Brooks (actor), Keith Brooks (writer), Keith Brooks (director), Trevor Garner (writer), Trevor Garner (actor), John Prew (writer), John Prew (editor), Lacey Patten (actress), T.J. Garland (actor), Andrea Laing (actress), Secret Harris (actress), Jeff Burdett (actor), Lee Alcorn (actor), Lex Lewis (actor), Haviland Forrister (miscellaneous crew),
Genres: Comedy, Short,Actors: Mircea Albulescu (actor), Radu Roatis Chetan (actor), Severica Dagadita (actress),
Plot: It's winter, around Christmas Eve. People are getting ready to slaughter their pigs and gather around the boiled brandy pot, the straws, the big fire, the sausages and the bacon. As we travel around the country, through Maramures, Oltenia, Muntenia and Transylvania, we get to know the exact traditions that Romanian peasants still hold. Will they be able to preserve them in the European Union? Can a new law really change a hundred years tradition?
Keywords: european-union, order, pig, traditionActors: Razvan Vasilescu (actor), Andrei Boncea (producer), Gabriel Spahiu (actor), Armand Assante (actor), Andi Vasluianu (actor), Constantin Draganescu (actor), Marco Assante (actor), Marco Assante (miscellaneous crew), Laurence Granec (miscellaneous crew), Nicodim Ungureanu (actor), Catalin Cristutiu (editor), Mariana Lina (miscellaneous crew), Jamie Elman (actor), Dan Astileanu (actor), Ion Sapdaru (actor),
Plot: In 1999, during the Kosovo War,a train carrying NATO equipment, escorted by American Marines with Captain Doug Jones in command, is held back in Capalnita, a Romanian godforsaken village, by Doiaru, the station master, who blocks the train over a paperwork technicality. For five days the villagers try to take advantage of the Americans' unexpected presence. The mayor, for instance, organizes a celebration in their honor. On the other hand, sergeant David McLaren, Jones's second in command, falls in love with Monica, the crafty's station master's daughter, who dreams of a better world... And what about the Marines' initial mission?
Keywords: albanian, american-dream, anti-americanism, based-on-true-story, birocratism, father-daughter-relationship, flashback, kosovo, kosovo-war, nudityActors: Adrian Hough (actor), Wallace Shawn (actor), John Candy (actor), Kevin Pollak (actor), Bill Nunn (actor), Rip Torn (actor), G.D. Spradlin (actor), Alan Alda (actor), Dan Aykroyd (actor), Michael Copeman (actor), James Belushi (actor), Michael Moore (actor), Roger Dunn (actor), Rhea Perlman (actress), Steven Wright (actor),
Plot: The US economy is in a rut, and so is the president's approval rating. What we need is a good war, but the Russians aren't interested. Hey -- how about that big polite country to the north? Niagara Fall Sheriff Bud B. Boomer takes this all a bit too seriously, though.
Keywords: anti-propaganda, atomic-weapons, box-office-flop, canada, canada-at-war, canadian-stereotype, cia, cn-tower, conspiracy, defense-workerActors: Joanna Cassidy (actress), Pam Grier (actress), Harry Lennix (actor), Robert Minkoff (actor), Chelcie Ross (actor), Gregory Alan Williams (actor), John Heard (actor), Tommy Lee Jones (actor), Ron Dean (actor), Dennis Franz (actor), Mike Bacarella (actor), Gene Hackman (actor), Jack Gold (actor), James Newton Howard (composer), Marco St. John (actor),
Plot: Johnny Gallagher, a sergeant, is sent from Germany with a prisoner. The prisoner escapes from the men's room at National Airport and Hackman begins his search for his man. Enlisting the help of his ex-wife and various old friends, he finds that the prisoner is part of a plot by senior military personnel on both sides to kill a very high-ranking world figure in order to sabotage arms control talks.
Keywords: airplane, airport, ambush, army-buddy, army-general, assassin, assassination-attempt, assassination-plot, backpack, barActors: BJ Davis (director), Stuart Wentzel (miscellaneous crew), William Katt (actor), Brian O'Shaughnessy (actor), Wayne Crawford (actor), Joe Stewardson (actor), Richard Cox (actor), Rosalind Chao (actress), Reb Brown (actor), Raymond Ma (actor), William Fay (actor), William Fay (producer), Antoinette van Speyk (miscellaneous crew), Frank Notaro (actor), Gary Scott Thompson (writer),
Genres: Action, Adventure,Actors: Leslie Carlson (actor), Tom Skerritt (actor), Anthony Zerbe (actor), Jackie Burroughs (actress), Herbert Lom (actor), Ken Pogue (actor), Christopher Walken (actor), Roger Dunn (actor), Martin Sheen (actor), Brooke Adams (actress), Barry Flatman (actor), Nicholas Campbell (actor), William B. Davis (actor), Helene Udy (actress), Colleen Dewhurst (actress),
Plot: Christopher Walken wakes from a coma due to a car accident, only to find he has lost five years of his life, and yet gained psychic powers. Foreseeing the future appears to be a 'gift' at first, but ends up causing problems...
Keywords: ambition, apocalypse, arrogance, assassination, baby, based-on-novel, based-on-the-works-of-stephen-king, blood, blood-spatter, blouse-rippingActors: Friedrich von Ledebur (actor), Adriana Asti (actress), Henning Schlüter (actor), Umberto Orsini (actor), Helmut Berger (actor), Gert Fröbe (actor), Alessandro Perrella (actor), Helmut Griem (actor), Kurt Großkurth (actor), Karl-Heinz Peters (actor), Trevor Howard (actor), Alexander Allerson (actor), Heinz Moog (actor), Carla Mancini (actress), John Moulder-Brown (actor),
Plot: Historical evocation of Ludwig, king of Bavaria, from his crowning in 1864 until his death in 1886, as a romantic hero. Fan of Richard Wagner, betrayed by him, in love with his cousin Elisabeth of Austria, abandonned by her, tormented by his homosexuality, he will little by little slip towards madness.
Keywords: 1860s, 1870s, 1880s, actor, bavaria, boat, castle, character-name-in-title, corpse-in-water, cousin-cousin-relationshipActors: Eddie Dunn (actor), Irving Bacon (actor), Eddie Baker (actor), Ernie Adams (actor), Bruce Bennett (actor), Hobart Bosworth (actor), Al Bridge (actor), Tyler Brooke (actor), Andy Clyde (actor), George Barbier (actor), Heinie Conklin (actor), Edgar Dearing (actor), Vernon Dent (actor), Bobby Dunn (actor), Eddie Dunn (actor),
Plot: A small country on the verge of bankruptcy is persuaded to enter the 1932 Los Angeles Olympics as a means of raising money. Either a masterpiece of absurdity or a triumph of satire, depending on your mood, but it's quite possibly the funniest movie ever made, and becomes even funnier with subsequent viewings.
Keywords: american-abroad, arm-wrestling, athlete, cabinet-meeting, competition, conspiracy, debt, discus, father-daughter-relationship, goatSecretary of State or State Secretary is a commonly used title for a senior or mid-level post in governments around the world. The role varies between countries, and in some cases there are multiple Secretaries of State in the Government.
In many countries, a Secretary of State is a mid-level post. It is usually a politically appointed position, although in some countries, such as Germany and Sweden, it can be filled by a member of the executive bureaucracy (civil service) as a political appointment. In the Holy See, there is one Secretary of State, who coordinates all the departments of the Roman Curia (that is, equivalent to a Prime Minister). In the United Kingdom a Secretary of State is a member of the Cabinet appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister (that is, equivalent to a Minister). In the Federal Government of the United States of America, there is one Secretary of State, the most senior political appointee responsible for foreign policy (that is, equivalent to a Foreign Minister).