US History
Ten years after Lehman: New financial crises in the making
By Nick Beams, 17 September 2018
Commentaries on the anniversary of the Lehman Brothers collapse voice fears of another meltdown.
Bisbee ’17: The deportation of Arizona copper miners is a “still-polarizing event”
By Joanne Laurier, 10 September 2018
In July 1917, 1,200 striking copper miners in Bisbee, Arizona were illegally kidnapped, loaded in cattle cars and dumped in the southwest New Mexico desert. This episode is the subject of Bisbee ’17.
Hostiles: A US soldier accompanies a Native American chief home in 1892 …
… and homelessness in Seattle in The Road to Nickelsville
By Joanne Laurier, 30 August 2018
Scott Cooper’s Hostiles opens in 1892 in Fort Berringer, New Mexico, as the mass destruction of the Native Americans population is winding down.
An “Exemplary Comrade”: The Socialist Workers Party’s 40-year-long cover-up of Stalinist spy Sylvia Callen: Part four
By Eric London, 17 August 2018
This is the final part in a four-part series examining the cover-up by the Socialist Workers Party, beginning in 1947, of information exposing the role of Sylvia Callen, the personal secretary of long-time party leader James P. Cannon, as a Stalinist agent.
An “Exemplary Comrade”: The Socialist Workers Party’s 40-year-long cover-up of Stalinist spy Sylvia Callen: Part three
By Eric London, 16 August 2018
This is the third part in a four-part series examining the cover-up by the Socialist Workers Party beginning in 1947 of information exposing the role of Sylvia Callen, the personal secretary of long-time party leader James P. Cannon, as a Stalinist agent.
An “Exemplary Comrade”: The Socialist Workers Party’s 40-year-long cover-up of Stalinist spy Sylvia Callen: Part two
By Eric London, 15 August 2018
This is the second part in a four-part series examining the cover-up by the Socialist Workers Party, beginning in 1947, of information exposing the role of Sylvia Callen, the personal secretary of long-time party leader James P. Cannon, as a Stalinist agent.
America on the Fourth of July: From Thomas Jefferson to Donald Trump
By Patrick Martin, 4 July 2018
The most fundamental right asserted by the Declaration of Independence is the right of the people to revolt against tyranny and despotism, a right that this generation will be called on to exercise.
Fifty years since the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
By Fred Mazelis, 4 April 2018
The life of Martin Luther King Jr., as well as his premature death, raise questions that have lost none of their urgency in the past five decades.
Fifty years since the Kerner Commission report
The urban riots of the 1960s and the remaking of American racial ideology
By Tom Mackaman, 5 March 2018
While documenting devastating conditions in America’s cities, the report drew the false conclusion that race, not class, is the basic division in American society.
American Socialist: The Life and Times of Eugene Victor Debs—A fatally flawed documentary
By Fred Mazelis, 5 March 2018
The movie, directed by Yale Strom, seeks to turn Debs’ revolutionary message into its opposite.
Daniel Golden’s Spy Schools: How the CIA, FBI, and foreign intelligence secretly exploit America’s universities
By Clara Weiss, 28 February 2018
The new book by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Daniel Golden is an important contribution toward understanding the military-intelligence-university complex in the United States.
PBS’s The Gilded Age: Removing the working class from the stage of history
By Tom Mackaman, 15 February 2018
PBS aired the documentary as part of its American Experience series on February 6.
A conversation with film historian Max Alvarez: How the #MeToo campaign echoes the McCarthyite witch hunt of the 1940s and 1950s
“The climate is chillingly similar in terms of the massive capitulation and conformity”
By David Walsh, 8 February 2018
It is “Scoundrel Time” again in Hollywood, complete with denunciations, anonymous informants, humiliating “confessions,” trial by media and the banning of prominent performers.
Marshall and #MeToo: A 77-year-old civil rights fight exposes the reactionary character of the sexual misconduct witch-hunt
By Fred Mazelis, 1 February 2018
The 1941 case, in which a black man was acquitted of rape charges, poses awkward questions for those who dismiss due process in their campaign against sexual harassment, both real and alleged.
Fifty years since the Tet Offensive
By Patrick Martin, 31 January 2018
The military assault marked a turning point in the Vietnam War, demonstrating the enduring power of the popular revolutionary struggle and crippling the Johnson administration.
Ron Chernow’s Grant: An able and compelling new biography
By Andre Damon, 15 December 2017
Chernow capably weaves together an account of the life of the Civil War general, president and memoirist.
White House chief of staff blames Civil War on failure to “compromise”
By Tom Mackaman, 2 November 2017
Retired Marine General John Kelly’s comments resuscitate a reactionary interpretation that denies the Civil War’s historical necessity.
“I have no choice”: Trump bows to CIA pressure to withhold documents related to Kennedy assassination
By Eric London, 27 October 2017
The last-minute decision follows an intense campaign within the intelligence agencies to block release of information on “national security” grounds.
Thomas Mackaman’s New Immigrants and the Radicalization of American Labor, 1914-1924
Immigration and socialist strategy in America, past and present
By Eric London, 24 October 2017
Thomas Mackaman’s New Immigrants and the Radicalization of American Labor, 1914-1924 is an essential contribution not only to labor history, but also toward the development of a strategy of social revolution today.
Exhibition at American Jewish Historical Society in New York
“1917—How One Year Changed the World”
By Fred Mazelis, 20 October 2017
The displays consider the Russian Revolution, US entry into World War I and the Balfour Declaration’s support for a Zionist homeland in Palestine.
Thirty years since Wall Street’s “Black Monday”
By Nick Beams, 19 October 2017
Thirty years ago today, on October 19, 1987, the New York Stock Exchange experienced what remains its largest one-day fall in history.
Kathryn Bigelow’s Detroit: Mind-numbing violence and racial politics
By Joanne Laurier, 28 July 2017
Bigelow’s film is a fictionalized account of an incident that occurred during the July 1967 rebellion in Detroit, the cold-blooded murder of three young black men by police at the Algiers Motel.
Fifty years since the Detroit rebellion
Part three: Liberal promises and capitalist reality in “New Detroit”
By Barry Grey, 24 July 2017
The WSWS is posting a three-part series originally published in July of 1987 under the title “Twenty years since the Detroit rebellion.” This is the third and final part. Part one was published on July 21, part two on July 22.
Fifty years since the Detroit rebellion
Part two: The explosion
By Barry Grey, 22 July 2017
The WSWS is posting a three-part series originally published in July of 1987 under the title “Twenty years since the Detroit rebellion.” This is the second part. Part one was published on July 21.
Fifty years since the Detroit rebellion
Part one: An uprising of the oppressed
By Barry Grey, 21 July 2017
The WSWS is posting a three-part series originally published in July of 1987 under the title “Twenty years since the Detroit rebellion.”
The political issues behind the removal of Confederate monuments in New Orleans
By Tom Hall, 20 May 2017
The decision by Mayor Mitch Landrieu to remove the statues is a tactical move aimed at bolstering the tattered reputation of the Democratic Party.
Trump on Jackson and the Civil War: Historical ignorance and the decline of the American presidency
By Tom Mackaman, 4 May 2017
In recent comments, the president said the Civil War was an avoidable mistake and that Andrew Jackson was angered by it—though Jackson had been dead for 16 years at the war’s outbreak.
Trump turns to American history
The strange political afterlife of Andrew Jackson
By Tom Mackaman, 21 March 2017
The political art of Jackson, which so inspires the Trump administration, consisted of his ability to obscure powerful contradictions behind a veil of nationalism and populist demagogy.
Trump’s anti-immigrant orders and the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
By Tom Mackaman, 14 March 2017
There are many parallels—and even a direct connection—between the notorious Fugitive Slave Act and Trump’s executive orders attacking immigrants.
Eighty years since the victory of the Flint sit-down strike—Part two
By Jerry White, 16 February 2017
This is the conclusion of a two-part series on the 44-day battle by US autoworkers in 1936-37 that forced General Motors, the world’s largest industrial enterprise, to recognize the recently founded United Auto Workers union.
Eighty years since the victory of the Flint sit-down strike—Part one
By Jerry White, 15 February 2017
The 44-day battle by autoworkers lasted from December 29, 1936 to February 11, 1937. It forced General Motors, then the largest industrial enterprise on the planet, to recognize the recently founded United Auto Workers.
Book review
Lessons from the 1937 Little Steel strike in the US
The Last Great Strike: Little Steel, the CIO, and the Struggle for Labor Rights in New Deal America, by Ahmed White
By Tom Mackaman, 23 January 2017
If the Little Steel Strike has been ignored by historians, it is perhaps because it does not fit the standard narrative of American labor history.
Trotsky in New York, 1917: A Radical on the Eve of Revolution, by Kenneth D. Ackerman
By Linda Tenenbaum, 8 October 2016
Trotsky in New York, 1917 focuses on a remarkable period in the life of one of the greatest political figures in modern history.
The development of public water systems and the crisis in Flint
By Shannon Jones, 5 October 2016
The events in Flint are a sharp expression of a historical retrogression in the United States, where gains made by the working class in an earlier period are being stripped away.
This week in history: September 19-25
19 September 2016
This Week in History provides brief synopses of important historical events whose anniversaries fall this week.
The class essence of the Confederacy in the American Civil War
A further comment on Free State of Jones
By Douglas Lyons, 30 August 2016
In their attacks on the film, figures like Charles Blow of the New York Times are denigrating some of the noblest individuals in American history.
An interview with David Williams, author of Bitterly Divided: The South’s Inner Civil War
By Eric London, 16 August 2016
The World Socialist Web Site recently interviewed Professor David Williams of Valdosta State University about class conflict during the American Civil War and its relationship to social and political developments after the war.
Bitterly Divided: The South’s Inner Civil War
By Eric London, 26 July 2016
A 2008 book by Professor David Williams provides a mountain of evidence refuting the claim that the recent film Free State of Jones, directed by Gary Ross, presented “a quasi-historical” approach to the American Civil War and social conflict in the Confederacy.
A reply to our critics
In Defense of the American Revolution
By Tom Mackaman, 14 July 2016
The American Revolution, the most progressive event in world history in its time, continues to inspire the struggle for equality.
“Ordinary people truly imbibed the principles of the American Revolution”
An interview with Victoria Bynum, historian and author of The Free State of Jones—Part 2
By David Walsh and Joanne Laurier, 13 July 2016
This is the second part of a conversation with Victoria Bynum, whose research helped inspire the film Free State of Jones, about an insurrection by Southern Unionists against the Confederacy during the Civil War.
“The records were full of evidence of dissent and insurrections by common people”
An interview with Victoria Bynum, historian and author of The Free State of Jones—Part 1
By David Walsh and Joanne Laurier, 12 July 2016
We are posting a conversation with Victoria Bynum, whose research helped inspire the film Free State of Jones, about an insurrection by Southern Unionists against the Confederacy during the Civil War.
The Fort Bragg baseball game, American militarism and the Fourth of July
By Niles Niemuth—SEP candidate for vice president, 5 July 2016
Sunday’s baseball game at the Fort Bragg military base was intended to manipulate the celebration of the American Revolution in order to promote militarism and war.
Two hundred forty years since the Declaration of Independence
By Andre Damon, 4 July 2016
The American Revolution provided the ideological and political impetus for the French Revolution and all subsequent democratic, egalitarian and socialist movements.
Charles Blow of the New York Times
The right-wing, racialist attacks on the film Free State of Jones
By David Walsh, 30 June 2016
Free State of Jones, about a white farmer in Mississippi who led an insurrection against the Confederacy from 1863 to 1865, has come under sharp attack from the “new right” of identity politics advocates.
Who will follow the example of Muhammad Ali’s principled stand in our day?
By David Walsh, 6 June 2016
The former heavyweight boxing champion, who died June 3, made his chief mark on history and popular consciousness by his courageous opposition to the Vietnam War.
The decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
By Joseph Kishore, 27 May 2016
President Barack Obama visits Hiroshima today, but will make no apology for the US dropping of the atomic bomb on the city. The WSWS is republishing an essay that first appeared on the 60th anniversary of that horrible crime.
The Communications Workers of America, corporatism and the Verizon strike
By Shannon Jones, 3 May 2016
To oppose the sabotage of their battle by the CWA and the IBEW, Verizon workers need to be armed with a clear understanding of the nature of these organizations.
Fifty years since the Delano to Sacramento march: The myth of Cesar Chavez and the collapse of the United Farm Workers
Part Two
By Eric London, 12 April 2016
The union founded by Chavez has become nothing more than a business operated by family members
Fifty years since the Delano to Sacramento march: The myth of Cesar Chavez and the collapse of the United Farm Workers
Part one
By Eric London, 11 April 2016
The union founded by Chavez has become nothing more than a business operated by family members.
The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The US Standard of Living Since the Civil War
By Eric London, 23 February 2016
According to a recent book by Northwestern University economist Robert Gordon, there is no objective foundation for an end to economic stagnation in the United States.
Walter Reuther and the rise and fall of the UAW
By Tom Mackaman, 23 December 2015
Walter Reuther’s biography has much to teach workers about the transformation of the trade unions into reactionary adjuncts of the corporations and the government.
Woodrow Wilson and Black Lives Matter
The political consequences of the racial evaluation of history
By Eric London, 4 December 2015
The demonstrations on racism in the US are of a typically middle class character and represent a very familiar and toxic element of bourgeois politics: the fight amongst different factions within the wealthiest ten percent.
The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution: No lessons learned
By Clare Hurley and Fred Mazelis, 9 October 2015
Riveting video footage along with complacent commentary adds up to a misleading account.
Republican candidates attack the Fourteenth Amendment
By Patrick Martin, 24 August 2015
The demand for repeal of birthright citizenship, initiated by billionaire Donald Trump, marks a further shift to the right by the US ruling elite.
Julian Bond, veteran of early civil rights struggle and pillar of establishment, dies at 75
By Fred Mazelis, 19 August 2015
The outpouring of official tributes illustrates the political trajectory of the leaders of the civil rights movement of the 1960s.
Book review
The Devil is Here in These Hills: West Virginia’s Coal Miners and their Battle for Freedom, by James Green
By Tom Mackaman, 18 August 2015
The book’s most important—and timely—contribution is its revelation of the startling level of violence that characterized class relations in an earlier period.
The covert “selling” of anticommunism
The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America
By Nancy Hanover, 17 August 2015
The Mighty Wurlitzer is an examination of the CIA’s 1947-67 campaigns against anti-capitalist and socialist thought.
Democratic Party moves to drop “Jefferson-Jackson” name from fundraisers
By Tom Mackaman, 13 August 2015
The move to disassociate the Democratic Party from the two figures it has long claimed as its founders, allegedly because they were slave-owners, marks a new milestone in the party’s embrace of identity politics.
The covert “selling” of anticommunism
The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America
Part 2
By Nancy Hanover, 12 August 2015
The Mighty Wurlitzer is an examination of the CIA’s 1947-67 campaigns against anti-capitalist and socialist thought.
Protesters denounce military legislation as Japan marks anniversary of nuclear bombings
By Ben McGrath, 11 August 2015
A Nagasaki survivor recounted the horrors of the blast and denounced Prime Minister Abe’s moves to amend Japan’s post-World War II constitution.
The covert “selling” of anticommunism
The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America
Part 1
By Nancy Hanover, 11 August 2015
The Mighty Wurlitzer is an examination of the CIA’s 1947-67 campaigns against militant, anti-capitalist and particularly socialist thought.
The 70th anniversary of the bombing of Hiroshima
By Peter Symonds, 6 August 2015
Washington’s use of the atomic weapons was aimed at terrorising not just the Japanese regime, but above all the Soviet Union, and ensuring post-war American global dominance.
Release of grand jury transcript points again to frameup of the Rosenbergs
By Fred Mazelis, 18 July 2015
The new revelations undermine the post-Soviet effort to reaffirm the supposed guilt of the Rosenbergs.
Trotskyism and the Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934
Revolutionary Teamsters: The Minneapolis Truckers’ Strike of 1934, by Bryan Palmer
By Tom Mackaman and Jerry White, 24 June 2015
A recent book by historian Bryan Palmer chronicles the role of American Trotskyists in leading one of the most important strikes in US history.
Twenty years since the Oklahoma City bombing
20 April 2015
April 19 marked the twentieth anniversary of the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah federal building in Oklahoma City, the bloodiest act of terrorism on US soil up to that point.
“The world only discovered him a hero after he had fallen a martyr”
150 years since the assassination of Abraham Lincoln
By Tom Mackaman, 14 April 2015
In office, Lincoln guided the Civil War and transformed it from a struggle for the preservation of the Union into a revolutionary war for the abolition of slavery.
Fifty years since the death of Viola Liuzzo
By Helen Hayes, 10 April 2015
The fight against Jim Crow segregation drew in white workers and youth as well as African-Americans from the North and the South. Liuzzo’s determination to participate in the civil rights struggle reflected great changes taking place in the US in the 1960s.
250 years since the Stamp Act
The Coming of the American Revolution
By Tom Mackaman, 24 March 2015
The Stamp Act set into motion a series of events that led, in one decade, to the American Revolution.
Exhibition at New York’s Morgan Library
Lincoln Speaks: Words That Transformed a Nation
By Fred Mazelis, 13 March 2015
An exhibition of letters and speeches makes the US Civil War and the role of Abraham Lincoln come alive.
Interview with Gordon Wood on the American Revolution: Part two
“History has to engage the whole public”
By Tom Mackaman, 4 March 2015
This is the second part of a two-part interview with Gordon Wood, a leading historian of the American Revolution. Part one was posted March 3.
Interview with Gordon Wood on the American Revolution: Part one
“Labor celebrated as the highest value”
By Tom Mackaman, 3 March 2015
Gordon Wood, a leading historian of the American Revolution, recently spoke with the World Socialist Web Site.
A warning to US oil workers: The United Steelworkers’ record of betrayal
By Shannon Jones, 18 February 2015
Over the past three decades, the USW has overseen the betrayal of scores of strikes and the decimation of workers’ jobs, health care and pensions.
Nearly 4,000 blacks were lynched in Jim Crow South, report finds
By Tom Mackaman, 17 February 2015
A new study compiles extra-judicial murders of African Americans that took place between 1870 and 1940.
Thirty-five years since the nationwide US refinery strike
By David Brown and Charles Abelard, 14 February 2015
Thirty-five years ago, US oil refinery workers carried out a nationwide strike, breaking through wage guidelines set by the Carter administration.
Albuquerque moves to escalate evictions of homeless campers
By D. Lencho, 9 February 2015
Removal of the homeless has begun at a “tent city” near downtown, while new encampments have sprung up in other parts of the city.
Mario Cuomo and the decay of American liberalism
By Fred Mazelis, 5 January 2015
The former Democratic governor of New York established a record while in office that had nothing in common with his high-flown speeches about compassion and reform.
How the British workers’ movement helped end slavery in America: Part one
By Joe Mount, 5 January 2015
This is the first part of a two-part article on the role of the British working class in the victory of the Northern Union forces in the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery in the United States.
Judge reverses guilty verdict in 1944 execution of 14-year-old
By Tom Mackaman, 20 December 2014
George Stinney, Jr., who was African American, was arrested, tried, convicted, and electrocuted for the murder of two white girls in the small mill town of Alcolu, South Carolina.
150 years since Sherman’s March to the Sea
By Tom Mackaman, 27 November 2014
In November and December, 1864, Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman led a Union army deep through Confederate territory, resulting in the capture of Savannah and the liberation of thousands of slaves.
New book sheds further light on US government protection of ex-Nazis
By Thomas Gaist, 29 October 2014
US imperialism recruited thousands of Nazis after World War II, as detailed in a new book by New York Times journalist Eric Lichtblau.
The day the US shot down Iran Airlines Flight 655
By Niles Williamson, 19 July 2014
Who shot down the Malaysian jetliner over eastern Ukraine? Anyone who thinks that the US government is incapable of carrying out or sanctioning such a horrendous action against innocent civilians should consider the infamous case of the downing of Iran Air Flight 655.
Fifty years since the Civil Rights Act
By Tom Mackaman, 2 July 2014
The Civil Rights Act came in response to the mass protests known as the Civil Rights movement that swept the American South beginning in the 1950s.
Fifty years since the murder of the Mississippi civil rights workers
By Fred Mazelis, 23 June 2014
James Chaney, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner sacrificed their lives in the struggle for democratic rights and social equality.
The Civil War in 1864
By Tom Mackaman, 23 May 2014
The American Civil War entered its decisive phase 150 years ago, in the summer and fall of 1864.
100 years since Ford’s five dollar day
By Tom Mackaman, 5 March 2014
Ford’s profit-sharing scheme was billed as the key to social harmony. Yet socialism and the Russian Revolution, coming just four years later, breathed a new spirit into the American class struggle.
100 years since founding of the Los Angeles Public Defender’s Office
By Alan Gilman, 20 February 2014
In 2014, the Los Angeles Public Defender’s Office marks a century since its founding, amid unprecedented attacks on the right to counsel.
PBS’s Red Metal: The Copper Country Strike of 1913 commemorates Michigan’s bitter labor past
By Debra Watson, 8 January 2014
A new PBS documentary looks at a miners’ strike a century ago in northern Michigan in which 73 workers and their children were victims of a company provocation.
Fifty years since Johnson’s declaration of the “War on Poverty”
By Tom Mackaman, 8 January 2014
President Lyndon Johnson's “War on Poverty,” declared 50 years ago Wednesday, proved to be liberal reformism's last gasp.
A half-century since the assassination of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy
By David North, 22 November 2013
It may be the case that the American people will never know who killed Kennedy. But the deeper causes of his death can be explained.
150 years since Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address
By Tom Mackaman, 19 November 2013
President Obama has spurned invitations to the gathering commemorating America’s most famous political speech.
The working class and the Detroit Industry murals at the DIA
Diego Rivera’s “Battle of Detroit”
By Tom Mackaman and Jerry White, 3 October 2013
The production of Rivera’s murals at the Detroit Institute of Arts, begun just months after the massacre of protesting workers near Ford’s River Rouge industrial complex, was a major political event.
Fifty years since the March on Washington
By Fred Mazelis, 24 August 2013
The 50-year commemoration of the March on Washington is a mockery of the struggles and sacrifices embodied in the mass civil rights movement.
Falsifying the American Civil War: Doris Kearns Goodwin at Gettysburg
By Eric London and Jerry White, 8 July 2013
Historian Doris Kearns Goodwin attempted to strip the American Civil War of its revolutionary significance in her keynote speech at celebrations marking the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg.
Obama glorifies militarism on the Fourth of July
By Patrick Martin, 6 July 2013
Obama gave his brief address in the midst of a campaign of persecution against a genuine defender of freedom and democracy, former National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden.
Video: Gettysburg park workers, guests speak on the Civil War and the state of American democracy
By Andre Damon, 6 July 2013
In this video, workers, guests and volunteers at the Gettysburg National Military Park speak about the lasting significance of the Civil War and the ongoing attacks on American democracy.
“The entire future of democracy was hanging in the balance”
Historian Allen Guelzo speaks on the 150th Anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg
By Andre Damon, 4 July 2013
In an interview with the WSWS, Civil War historian Allen Guelzo explains the world historical significance of the Battle of Gettysburg and Lincoln’s subsequent Gettysburg Address.
Third day of Gettysburg anniversary: Discussions on Snowden and the decay of democracy
By Jerry White in Gettysburg, 4 July 2013
Workers and young people visiting the Gettysburg battlefields contrasted the powerful democratic ideals of Lincoln and the Union forces with government spying, war and inequality in contemporary America.
Day two of the Gettysburg Anniversary: Visitors speak on the Civil War and contemporary matters
By Eric London in Gettysburg, 3 July 2013
Conversations about the historical significance of the war and of the Battle of Gettysburg abound, and discussions quickly turn to broader topics.
“There is going to be another civil war”
Workers, young people discuss the enduring relevance of the Battle of Gettysburg
By Jerry White in Gettysburg, 2 July 2013
In conversations about the Civil War, several people who spoke to the WSWS contrasted the ideals fought for by Lincoln with the inequality and destruction of democratic rights in contemporary America.
Two milestones in world history
The contemporary significance of the Declaration of Independence and the Battle of Gettysburg
By Joseph Kishore, 1 July 2013
The American Revolution and the Civil War were two of the great events in world history, advancing democratic principles that are everywhere under assault today.
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