Brexit: What would a 'no deal' look like?
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"No deal" can be a confusing term in the Brexit debate because there are, in fact, several potential deals waiting to be done.
The main ones are:
- a withdrawal agreement - which needs to be finalised and ratified before the UK leaves the EU
- an agreement on what the future UK-EU relationship will look like
Negotiations on the future relationship, which was the focus of the recent Brexit White Paper, look set to continue long after Brexit has taken place.
But when people talk about preparing for no deal at the moment, they mean the prospect of failing to reach agreement on the terms of departure, which are being negotiated under Article 50 of the Lisbon treaty.
It is these Article 50 negotiations, led by Michel Barnier for the EU and the new Brexit Secretary, Dominic Raab, for the UK, which are supposed to end with a withdrawal agreement.
A lot of the heavy lifting is being done behind the scenes by teams of experts led by Mr Barnier's deputy, Sabine Weyand, and by British civil servant Ollie Robbins.
But in the end, the Article 50 negotiations are a political process.
If they fail, we are heading for no deal.
And the reason that is now back in the headlines is that time is running short.
Taken seriously
The two-year period outlined by Article 50 comes to an end on 29 March 2019 and unless all 28 EU countries agree to extend that period, the withdrawal agreement will have to be done and dusted well before then.
And no withdrawal agreement would also mean there would be no transition period after Brexit.
Instead, there would be an abrupt rupture in UK/EU relations.
So "no deal" needs to be taken seriously.
There is an element of needing to look tough under pressure in negotiations - "Don't think we won't walk away," and all that.
Some supporters of Brexit also say it would mean the UK wouldn't have to pay a "divorce bill" to the EU, although that is an argument that would probably end up in court.
But there's also a real concern that the pace of preparations for no deal - among governments and businesses - needs to increase.
The EU published a document on Thursday which warned that contingency planning should be stepped up in all countries and all sectors of the economy.
Among other things, it said:
- There would be no specific arrangement on the future rights of EU citizens in the UK and UK citizens in the EU
- Border checks would have to be re-imposed, and transport between the UK and the EU would be severely affected
- The UK would become a "third country" with substantially less access to the EU single market.
The UK's relationship with the EU would suddenly be governed not by the common rules and regulations that have been built up over more than 40 years but by general international public law.
WTO rules
That would include the basic rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), something which many Brexit supporters say they would be perfectly happy with.
But it is worth pointing out that no other major trading partner of the EU trades with it on WTO terms alone.
Many businesses - especially those that rely on just-in-time manufacturing supply chains - have also been lobbying hard against it.
Falling back on WTO rules would also mean the imposition of a hard border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.
Quite how border controls would actually be set up in Ireland in the first few days after a no-deal Brexit is far from clear.
But it's something both sides say they are determined to avoid.
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It's worth emphasising that the UK government says it does not "want or expect a no-deal scenario".
But it, too, is stepping up contingency planning. Throughout August and September individual departments will be publishing a set of around 70 technical notices to help businesses, citizens and consumers prepare for March 2019 in the event of no deal.
The EU has already published 68 technical notices of its own focusing on the preparations that different sectors of the economy need to make for Brexit.
One important issue is timing.
If both sides conclude fairly soon that negotiations will not succeed and that "no deal" is highly likely, they will at least have several months to prepare.
But if there is a last-minute hitch, that would prove extremely challenging. That's when people talk of a cliff-edge Brexit.
So what are the priorities?
Well, some of them are pretty obvious. To ensure the supply of basic services, for example.
At a hearing of the House of Commons Public Administration Committee on Thursday the chief executive of the civil service, John Manzoni, highlighted the need to protect "supply chains for food and medicines" under the "almost unimaginable" scenario of a cliff-edge departure.
The Department of Health, he said, had already announced that it would stockpile medicines.
Mr Manzoni also mentioned transport - there would be a need to try to negotiate a series of bilateral agreements with individual countries to allow planes to fly, if the UK left the European Aviation Safety Agency with no new deals in place.
Another example emerged this week in a report from the National Audit Office.
Currently, it says, 100,000 International Driving Permits are issued every year by 89 post offices around the country. In the first year after a no-deal Brexit, those numbers would rise to an estimated 4,500 post offices issuing up to seven million permits - to take into account journeys into the EU.
In other words, every area of the economy needs to be ready for no deal. Just in case.
We keep being told that nothing is agreed until everything is agreed. But this could be the biggest gamble of all.
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