- published: 03 Oct 2009
- views: 80389081
"Thank you" is a common expression of gratitude. It often refers to a thank you letter, a letter written to express appreciation.
Thank You or Thank U may also refer to:
Alanis Nadine Morissette (born June 1, 1974) is a Canadian-Americanalternative rock singer-songwriter, guitarist, record producer, and actress. Morissette began her career in Canada when she signed a two-album recording contract with MCA Records Canada where she released two commercially successful dance-pop albums, Alanis (1991) and Now Is the Time (1992). Following the release of the albums Morissette left MCA Records Canada and was introduced to manager Scott Welch. Morissette began working on new music, after moving from her hometown of Ottawa to Toronto, but did not make much progress until travelling to Los Angeles, where she met Glen Ballard.
Together the pair began creating what would become Jagged Little Pill, and by the spring of 1995, she had signed a deal with Maverick Records. Jagged Little Pill was a departure from Morissette's previous work and featured rock genres. Released in 1995 Jagged Little Pill was a huge success and sold more than 33 million units globally. Her following album, Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie, was released in 1998.
"This Song" is the fourth track on George Harrison's 1976 album Thirty Three & 1/3. It was released as the first single from the album and reached number 25 on the American pop charts, although like all three singles from the album, it failed to chart in the UK.
"This Song" was written after the week Harrison spent in a New York courtroom, unsuccessfully trying to convince a judge that his 1970 song "My Sweet Lord" did not intentionally infringe the Chiffons' 1963 hit "He's So Fine". According to Harrison, the plaintiff got ridiculously in-depth, breaking "My Sweet Lord" down into several melody lines, or "motifs", as they referred to them. Apparently, the plaintiff also drew up several charts with large musical notes on it to prove their point. Harrison said in his autobiography, I, Me, Mine, that after several days, he "started to believe that maybe they did own those notes".
After he lost the case, Harrison wrote "This Song", which released his frustration of the infringement case in the form of an uptempo, piano-driven boogie. It features Billy Preston on piano and organ, and Monty Python's Eric Idle calling out a falsetto "Could be 'Sugar Pie, Honey Bunch' – No, sounds more like 'Rescue Me'!" interjection right before the instrumental break. The company Bright Tunes owned the copyright to He's So Fine, which inspired the line, "This tune has nothing Bright about it". Writing for Goldmine magazine in January 2002, Dave Thompson described "This Song" as "a brilliantly constructed commentary on Harrison's more recent travails".
Dido's official music video for 'Thank You'. Click to listen to Dido on Spotify: http://smarturl.it/DidoSpotify1?IQid=DidoTY As featured on Greatest Hits. Click to buy the track or album via iTunes: http://smarturl.it/DidoGHiTunes?IQid=DidoTY Google Play: http://smarturl.it/DidoTYPlay?IQid=DidoTY Amazon: http://smarturl.it/DidoGHAmazon?IQid=DidoTY Stream more music from Dido here: http://smarturl.it/DidoMulti?IQid=DidoTY More from Dido White Flag: https://youtu.be/j-fWDrZSiZs Life For Rent: https://youtu.be/OFtNChII78k Here With Me: https://youtu.be/PSu5nAQ7uZw More great 00's videos here: http://smarturl.it/Ultimate00?IQid=DidoTY Follow Dido Website: http://www.didomusic.com Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/dido Twitter: http://twitter.com/didoofficial Instagram: http://instagram.com...
ติดต่องานโชว์ สายตรงความมัน!! โทร. 02-511-0555 ต่อ 2565-2567 Download this Song :: http://bit.ly/13rSVrT Download on iTunes :: http://bit.ly/112OjKy Listen on DEEZER :: http://bit.ly/13WDL0f THANK YOU's Facebook :: https://www.facebook.com/littlethanky... THANK YOU's Twitter :: https://twitter.com/thankyou_little THANK YOU's Instagram :: https://www.instagram.com/thankyouzzz เนื้อร้อง : ธนา ลวสุต / ธนะ ลวสุต ทำนอง : ธนา ลวสุต / ธนะ ลวสุต เรียบเรียง : ธนา ลวสุต / ธนะ ลวสุต A1 ไม่เคยจะนึกเลย ไม่เคยจะฝันเลย ว่าจะมีใครที่น่ารัก ได้อย่างนี้ ไม่เคยจะนึกเลย ไม่เคยจะฝันเลย ว่าจะมีใครที่ให้ฉัน มากเท่านี้ B เธอรับฉันไว้ในใจ ฉันก็ตื้นตัน ตื้นตัน ตื้นตัน (ตื้นตัน ตื้นตัน ตื้นตัน) Comment ฉันกันกระจาย ฉันต้องร้อง โอ๊ะ โอ๊ะ โอ๊ะ โอ๊ะ โอ๊ะ (โอ๊ะ โอ๊ะ โอ๊ะ โอ๊ะ) H Thank You For...
A music video to an honest song about gratitude. Filmed at the Northampton Jesus Centre (Deco Theatre) by Upbeat Image - http://upbeatimage.co.uk. Buy this as a full quality single: http://jesuspeopleshop.co.uk/sounds/thank-you-single. Download the chords, score and midi track: http://jesus.org.uk/videos/music-videos/thank-you Look behind the scenes: http://colourfulchurch.org.uk/2015/04/saying-thank-you-a-christian-music-video/ Lyrics: So many times, You reached out to me, But I turned my back 'cause I didn't think you had what I need. Now you're everything, You're everything to me. I can't be without you God, You're everything. And I want to say thank you, I was lost and you found me, I was dead inside, And you breathed into me, And you brought these bones to life. I want to say thank...
Since uploading my video about YouTube Rewind on Friday, I've received so much support. Thank you so much for your kind comments for sharing the video. You've all definitely made me feel a lot better! I'm also sorry the transitions were so loud for you in the last video. I was editing without headphones and didn't notice the difference in volume. Just wanted to touch upon some points that were raised about my video which I hope will be a bit clearer from here on out. This all said, if you're new here, thank you and welcome! It should be noted I don't make videos like the Rewind one often. My videos are a lot more tame than that, and I won't be upset if you decide to leave. However, if you choose to stay, I hope you enjoy your time here and stick around for the musical journey in 2018! An...
ABS-CBN’s Christmas Station IDs have been part of the Kapamilya Christmas tradition. This year, ABS-CBN is once again paying homage to the goodness of Filipinos with Thank You Ang Babait Ninyo performed by The Voice Kids Top 4 Lyca Gairanod, Darren Espanto, Juan Karlos Labajo, and Darlene Vibares. The song, written by Star ng Pasko’s Robert Labayen along with Love Rose de Leon and Lloyd Corpuz, is a meaningful take on the usual Filipino Christmas carol. It centers on gratitude that are innate in every Filipino. Listening to it, along with the organic melody arranged by SID veterans, Amber and Marcus Davis, gives an overwhelming feeling of appreciation to the people who have touched our lives and the blessings that we have received. This highly anticipated Christmas Station ID featuring...
http://www.GreekPod101.com/video Learn Greek manners with our Greek in Three Minutes series! In Greece, manners are important, and this step-by-step video teaches you some of the basics you need to be polite while speaking Greek. A native Greek teacher will explain the simple phrases necessary. This is the fastest, easiest way to pick up basic Greek! In this lesson, you'll learn how to say thank you politely in Greek. If you learned a lot with this video, stop by our Greek language learning website and get other language learning content including great videos just like this one, audio podcasts, review materials, blogs, iPhone applications, and more. http://www.GreekPod101.com/video
การกลับมาของสาวน้อย Thank You จิ๋วแต่เจ๋งในอัลบั้มที่แซ่บกว่าเดิม Thank You So Much อะไรที่เคยเป็นมา จะมากขึ้นกว่าเดิมกับเธอคนนี้ Thank You ส่งเพลงแรกจังหวะแดนซ์โดนใจวัยรุ่น "รักมั้ย...พูด" มาให้ได้โยกตามกัน ดูแล้วรักมั้ย พูด!! ติดต่องานโชว์ สายตรงความมัน!! โทร. 02-511-0555 ต่อ 2565-2567 Listen on DEEZER : http://bit.ly/LovemeDZ Download This Song : http://bit.ly/LovemeMP3 Download on iTunes : http://bit.ly/LovemeItune Download เสียงรอสายและ Ringtone :: http://bit.ly/1oiw5BA โทร. *339083 (ค่าบริการนาทีละ 5 บาทไม่รวมค่าดาวน์โหลด) Thank You's Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/littlethankyouofficial Executive Producer ระวี กังสนารักษ์ Producer กานต์ ใหญ่สว่าง Lyric Producer อธิคม รอดอ้น เนื้อร้อง Rhymeberry ทำนอง ระวี กังสนารักษ์ เรียบเรียง ระวี กังสนารักษ์ Chorus พิร...
สาว Thank you กลับมาพร้อม Single ง้องอน สุดน่ารัก ที่จะชวนคุณไปสนุกด้วยกัน 2 "ไปไหนไปกัน (Following)" งานนี้เธอก็ไม่ได้ฉายเดี่ยวเพราะควงหนุ่ม Cute Boy หน้าใส Third มาร่วม Featuring อีกด้วย ไปดูกันว่า 2 คนนี้จะรอดชีวิตจากเหล่า Zombie หรือไม่ กด Play เลย! Listen on DEEZER : http://bit.ly/FollowingDZ Download This Song : http://bit.ly/FollowingMP3 Download on iTunes : http://bit.ly/FollowingItune โทร. *339083 (ค่าบริการนาทีละ 5 บาทไม่รวมค่าดาวน์โหลด) Thank You's Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/littlethankyouofficial Thank You's Instagram : @thankyouzzz Written: Postcard Composed, Arranged, Producer: Narongsak Sribandasakwatcharakorn (AFU) Music : DOGFATHER Lyric Producer : Thanee Wongniwatkajorn Executive Producer : Narongsak Sribandasakwatcharakorn, Thanee Wongniwatkajorn ...
Thank you so much for everything that you've given me. I'm always grateful but sometimes it hits me harder than ever before and I have to explain my feelings through some tears and cut straight to the heart of it all. I've come so far in my journey on YouTube and every time I look back I see an ever-growing catalog of my life that lead me to where I am today. And despite the length of the journey we're all taking and the size of community we've built I never want to let go of what really matters. So thank you for being there for me when I needed you the most.
Brie and Nikki received so much love at Ace Comic Con on Long Island as they met with fans and received so many wonderful presents. THANK YOU, THANK YOU AND THANK YOU! Subscribe to The Bella Twins on YouTube - http://bit.ly/2xdJky5 Follow The Bella Twins on Instagram - @theBrieBella @theNikkiBella Follow The Bella Twins on Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/OnlyBrieBellaWWE http://www.facebook.com/WWENikkiBella Subscribe to WWE on YouTube: http://bit.ly/2gNFDs4
THANK YOU FOR AN AMAZING YEAR! Probably longest video on my channel ever, so here are the subjects we're talking about an the time stamps: 0:55 How Apex started 3:54 Our personal goals 7:33 This year’s crashes 9:30 Holiday discount deals 11:23 Plans for next year 15:22 New cars for Apex 18:46 Robert’s new cars 20:50 Our new media guy 21:35 Boosted Boris 22:25 Club Apex 25:46 Apex Website 26:27 My goal for next year 29:30 Mazda RX-7 or AMG GT R? 32:26 What do YOU want to see? 34:40 Ring Taxi License 38:05 Track Changes 41:10 The beauty and dangers of Nordschleife 42:57 Apex Performance Driving Days 43:58 My favourite section of the track 45:00 Robert’s favourite section of the track 48:50 THANK YOU! Thank you for watching! To rent a car for the track or instruction on the Ring send me ...
ซิงเกิลแรง Beat หนักต้อนรับการกลับมาสุด WOW ของจิ๋วแต่เจ๋ง พร้อมชวนทุกคนไปมันกับ Step Dance ที่หนักแน่น บวกกับเนื้อหาเพลงที่ตรง แรง แสดงความรู้สึกของผู้หญิงที่จะไม่จมอยู่กับความรักที่ไม่สมหวัง เพราะงานนี้ Thank you ขอยืนยันว่า ถ้ารักมันพัง ก็ต้อง “ช่างเธอ” ถ้ารักมันพัง ก็ต้องเปิดฟัง “ช่างเธอ” Listen This Song : http://bit.ly/WreckIt-LM Download This Song : http://bit.ly/Wreckit-MP3 Download on iTunes : http://bit.ly/Wreckit-iT หรือ โทร. *339083 (ค่าบริการนาทีละ 5 บาทไม่รวมค่าดาวน์โหลด) คำร้อง/ทำนอง/เรียบเรียง : ธนะ ลวสุต A1 เอาอีกแล้ว เอาอีกแล้ว เธอเป็นข่าวอีกแล้ว ว่าคบ ว่าคบใครๆ ไม่ใช่แค่ฉัน เจอในเฟส เจอในไลน์ ในไอจีก็เจออีกแล้ว ทำงี้ได้ไง ได้ไง ไม่เคยแคร์ฉัน B ไม่คิดว่าฉันต้องยอมอะไรมากมาย ถ้าถึงขนาด จะให้มีคนอื่น นี่มันก็เกินไป ถึงแม้ว่า...
This man helped me start youtube.. Thank you so much! Love you! Hope you all enjoy, THUMBS UP AND SUBSCRIBE!! Yesterday's Vlog: https://youtu.be/DzHlYAPpt4A Twitter: @omgAdamSaleh Facebook: Adam Saleh Instagram: @adamsaleh Snapchat: adamsaleh93 SUBSCRIBE for Daily Videos :) Thank you AdoomyGang !! x http://www.youtube.com/user/ASAVlogs Main Channel: http://www.youtube.com/TrueStoryASA Adam Saleh EVENT BOOKING: To book Adam Saleh to perform at your event or to tell us about an event in your area that you would like to see him perform at please email: info@AdamSalehworldwide.com
Let's dance with "Thank you" มาทำความรู้จัก Thank You ก่อนใคร ในเพลง "Thank You for your love" ที่ DEEZER 28 พ.ค.นี้
Alanis Morissette’s, “Jagged Little Pill” turns 20 years old this year! Re-visit the classic album from Alanis here! https://itunes.apple.com/album/jagged-little-pill/id79989523 Connect with Alanis Morissette here! http://alanis.com/ https://www.facebook.com/alanismorissette https://twitter.com/alanis https://instagram.com/alanis https://soundcloud.com/alanismorissette
Listen on Deezer : http://bit.ly/15QhCB1 Download this song : http://bit.ly/175wnkF Download on iTunes : http://bit.ly/13HKY79 โทร. *339083 (นาทีละ 5 บาทไม่รวมค่าดาวน์โหลด) Thank You's Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/littlethankyouofficial Credit Producers ธนา ลวสุต / ธนะ ลวสุต Melody ธนา ลวสุต / ธนะ ลวสุต Lyrics ปิยะ ประชากุล Arrangers ธนา ลวสุต / ธนะ ลวสุต ตั้งแต่เราคุยกันวันนั้น ตั้งแต่ที่มันเผลอไป ก็เหมือนว่าเธอกับฉัน ไม่รู้จักกัน ไม่ยิ้มให้กันดังเคย ไม่ทักกันเลยซักวัน นี่ฉันทำตัวเอง อีกหรือไง อยากจะย้อนไป ลบคำนั้นออก แก้ไขให้มันกลับ เป็นเหมือนเดิม อยากกลับไปตอนนั้น ตอนที่ฉันยังเป็นเพื่อนเธอ ทุกทีที่เจอ ก็ยังมี รอยยิ้มให้ฉัน ถึงได้แค่มองไกลๆ ทักทายด้วยใจสั่นๆ ก็ดีกว่าได้บอกว่ารักไป ...
สอบถามเรื่องคอร์สได้ที่ไลน์ @ajarnadam หรือโทร 02 612 9300 รายละเอียดคอร์ส http://www.ajarnadam.tv/ เรียนกับอดัม: http://www.facebook.com/hollywoodlearning สาขาเชียงใหม : http://www.facebook.com/hollywoodlearningcm เรียนออนไลน์กับอดัม: http://www.ajarnadam.tv FBของอดัม: http://www.facebook.com/AjarnAdamBradshaw Twitter: http://twitter.com/AjarnAdam
It's the season of thanks and I want to say thank you to as many of you as I can in as many ways as I can. Please teach us how to say thank you in your language in the comments! Small update: I'm awfully sorry it has taken this long to get out new content. I have been dealing with some little health problems this past month and it's been tough to get a video completed. So my apologies for being so disheveled in this one and for the low humming traffic sounds. I honestly would have redone the video to make it more polished, but I'm just not quite up to it at the moment. I am on the upswing and should be back with regular videos next week, so please don't worry! Oh, and I'm woefully behind on emails, but for those who asked: I am incandescently happy for Nico Rosberg and his family. What a...
Music Video by Bleachers performing Thank You Very Much. 2014 RCA Records, a division of Sony Music Entertainment
Don Moen's Thank You Lord Album. Be Blessed. DISCLAIMER : I DO NOT OWN ANY RIGHTS.
Thomas L. Friedman, three times Pulitzer Prize winner and award winning NYT columnist joined us in London to discuss his new work, which looks to understand the tectonic movements that are reshaping the world today and how to get the most out of them. Recorded in London, January 2017. The video Tom plays can be found here: Brandi Carlile - The Eye https://www.youtube.com/shared?ci=i8sERxfEOVw ** About the Book ** We all sense it - something big is going on. You feel it in your workplace. You feel it when you talk to your children. You can't miss it when you read the newspapers or watch the news. Our lives are speeding up - and it is dizzying. In Thank You for Being Late, a work unlike any he has attempted before, Thomas L. Friedman exposes the tectonic movements that are reshaping the ...
You've all waited long time! Tayo's sing along 2 has arrived! This time, we made the lyrics like karaoke so you can actually singalong with Tayo! :) Lyrics Thank you so much Always by my side Thank you so much Thank you so much Always there for me I thank you so much! To hear you say those words to me I want to thank you too I'm so glad that we are friends Looloo-lala! Oh so happy! Thank you so much For making me feel so good with your thoughtful words Thank you so much Thank you so much I Thank you so much Thank you so much You're so helpful when I need you Thank you so much Thank you so much Always there when I need you I thank you so much To hear you say those words to me I want to thank you too I'm so glad that I can help Smiley, smiley oh so happy! Thank you so mu...
Սա գեղեցիկ պատմություն է սիրո, ընտանիքի, ընկերության եւ հավատարմության մասին։ Ռոմանտիկ կատակերգություն, հայ եւ ամերիկյան փայլուն դերասանների մասնակցությամբ։ Ռեժիսոր Հրաչ Քեշիշյան Միքայել Պողոսյան, Քրիստա Դոնարգո(Միացյալ Նահանգներ), Երվանդ Մուրյան(Ֆրանսիա), Լուիզա Ղամբարյան, Վիգեն Ստեփանյան, Աշոտ Տեր-Մաթեւոսյան, Լեւոն Հարությունյան, Սուրեն Թումասյան, Գեորգի Հովակիմյան եւ այլ դերասաններ:
What I Use• Vlogging Camera: Sony Alpha 5100 / Canon G7x Mark ii Filming Camera: Canon 60D Editing app: Final Cut Pro X Laptop: Macbook Pro 2017 touch bar, 15in Retina Display Opening song: Night Time - Jeris SAY HI AND BE OUR FRIEND! instagram: https://instagram.com/almeidakezia/ https://Instagram.com/romeopakasi https://instagram.com/ethanadrielpakasi/ PS. If you are a business/company who would like to contact me about reviewing a product, please contact me at: almeidakeziaCR@gmail.com Leave your comments down below to request any videos! Thank you and i love you all! :3 xoxo ♡
Jonathan Cecil reads the first of P.G. Wodehouse's full-length novels to feature Reg and Bert.
Aviencloud – Music for everyone! • Thank You Cloudy 'Present Mixtape' Taking You To A Better Place [100K] (Free download) [Indigo Soul] • Open me senpai and support the music artist, artwork artist and grab your download ʕ•͡ɛ•͡ʼʼʔ. • For more music click here: https://goo.gl/vHRokx Aviencloud Mixes & Releases [Playlist] - https://goo.gl/1EHb40 Aviencloud Classics [Playlist] - https://goo.gl/hqcVqZ » Download: https://goo.gl/bPg8Vi Font made by Yoshioi Wanaga http://yoshioiwanaga.com https://www.facebook.com/yoshio.iwanaga.7 https://instagram.com/yoshio_iwanaga/ Figure artwork by Kuvshinov-Ilya http://kuvshinov-ilya.deviantart.com/art/Digital-Inks-and-Digital-Watercolor-689818984 Support Kuvshinov-Ilya http://kuvshinov-ilya.deviantart.com/ https://pixiv.net/member.php?id=789222 https:/...
Seven maps, when found and put together, reveal the location of the treasures of Genghis Khan.
all credit to MrMeola I just made it 1 hour Please leave a LIKE, SHARE with your friends and if you feel like being Awesome... Click here to SUBSCRIBE: http://full.sc/1al4zrY Buy the song on iTunes for only 99c: http://full.sc/19vPkfD This is my way of saying THANK YOU to the Minecraft Community. Every one of you has contributed to making the game what it has become! _______________________________________________ ● Buy the song on iTunes for only 99c http://full.sc/19vPkfD - Click above to Support the Creator and Singers ● or DOWNLOAD the song for FREE at: http://full.sc/1gonDKH _______________________________________________ ● Mr MEOLA - Producer, Director, Animator, Writter, Story Board, Maker of Awesomeness http://youtube.com/MrMEOLA http://twitter.com/THEmrMEOLA http://facebook....
Thank you Alberto Contador! Will be a legend forever! Inspiration of a generation, one of the greatest cyclists in history! Gracias Alberto Contador! Será una leyenda para siempre! ¡Inspiración de una generación, uno de los mejores ciclistas de la historia!
THANK YOU FOR AN AMAZING YEAR! Probably longest video on my channel ever, so here are the subjects we're talking about an the time stamps: 0:55 How Apex started 3:54 Our personal goals 7:33 This year’s crashes 9:30 Holiday discount deals 11:23 Plans for next year 15:22 New cars for Apex 18:46 Robert’s new cars 20:50 Our new media guy 21:35 Boosted Boris 22:25 Club Apex 25:46 Apex Website 26:27 My goal for next year 29:30 Mazda RX-7 or AMG GT R? 32:26 What do YOU want to see? 34:40 Ring Taxi License 38:05 Track Changes 41:10 The beauty and dangers of Nordschleife 42:57 Apex Performance Driving Days 43:58 My favourite section of the track 45:00 Robert’s favourite section of the track 48:50 THANK YOU! Thank you for watching! To rent a car for the track or instruction on the Ring send me ...
THANK YOU BHAGABAN is a 2006 film produced by Bijay Kandoi under Vidisha Kraft banner. The film stars Anubhav in the lead role, along with Barsha, Hara, Lisa. Debu, Hari, Braja & Others in supporting roles. Release Year- 2006 Language-Odia Actors- Anubhav, Barsha, Hara, debu, Braja & Kajal Director- Hara Pattnaik Producers- Bijay Kandoi Writer- Bijoy Kandoi Music – Manmath Mishra Lyric Writer- Manmath Mishra Singers- Kumar Bapi & Suchitra Mishra Banner- Vidisha Kraft Music Label-Sarthak Music Enjoy and stay connected with us!! Subscribe to The Official YouTube Channel of Sarthak Music for getting new movie & song videos. YouTube Link: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCbBWncD3X_dfXwxmj4KwJnA Subscribe to The Official YouTube Channel of Namita Agrawal for unlimited devotional audio & vi...
I'm out, I'm closing a chapter
All in, a world full of rapture
Caught up, its time for the show
Oh baby, baby, baby
Tough luck, you win but you're losing
Break out, you'll be what you're choosing
One wish, illusion is bliss
So baby baby baby
You're at your mind and love is a cover
This time, your turn is over, it's over
Thank you for all that you've done for me
Now I know what real love is supposed to be
Can't waste my time so goodbye my baby, baby, baby
Thank you
Love struck is never easy
Came and gone, just to please me
Better off, living my dream now
Baby, baby, baby
Life hurts when lies are uncovered
So I'm gone before it's over
Thank you for all that you've done for me
Now I know what real love is supposed to be
Can't waste my time so goodbye my baby, baby, baby
Oh oh
I'm better off alone
For all that you have done
And I know what I want
And that ain't what you got
Thank you for all that you've done for me
Now I know what real love is supposed to be
Can't waste my time so goodbye my baby, baby, baby
Can't waste my time so goodbye my baby, baby
Thank you for all that you've done for me
I know what real love is supposed to be
Can't waste my time so goodbye my baby, baby, baby