Kiel

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For other uses, see Kiel (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Kiev.
Kiel
Mid-August 2003 aerial view of the city centre
Mid-August 2003 aerial view of the city centre
Flag of Kiel
Flag		 Coat of arms of Kiel
Coat of arms
Kiel is located in Germany
Kiel
Kiel
Coordinates: 54°20′N 10°8′E / 54.333°N 10.133°E / 54.333; 10.133Coordinates: 54°20′N 10°8′E / 54.333°N 10.133°E / 54.333; 10.133
Country Germany
State Schleswig-Holstein
District Urban district
Government
 • Lord Mayor Ulf Kämpfer[1]
 • Governing parties SPD / Greens / South Schleswig Voter Federation
Area
 • City 118.6 km2 (45.8 sq mi)
Elevation 5 m (16 ft)
Population (2016-12-31)[3]
 • City 247,441
 • Density 2,100/km2 (5,400/sq mi)
 • Metro 643,594[2]
Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Postal codes 24103–24159
Dialling codes 0431
Vehicle registration KI
Website www.kiel.de
Panoramic view of the city

Kiel (German: [ˈkiːl] (About this sound listen)) is the capital and most populous city in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein, with a population of 249,023 (2016).

Kiel lies approximately 90 kilometres (56 mi) north of Hamburg. Due to its geographic location in the north of Germany, the southeast of the Jutland peninsula and the southwestern shore of the Baltic Sea, Kiel has become one of the major maritime centres of Germany. For instance, the city is known for a variety of international sailing events, including the annual Kiel Week, which is the biggest sailing event in the world. The Olympic sailing competitions of the 1936 and the 1972 Summer Olympics were held in Bay of Kiel.[4]

Kiel has also been one of the traditional homes of the German Navy's Baltic fleet, and continues to be a major high-tech shipbuilding centre. Located in Kiel is the GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel at the University of Kiel. Kiel is an important sea transport hub, thanks to its location on the Kiel Fjord (Kieler Förde) and the busiest artificial waterway in the world, Kiel Canal (Nord-Ostsee-Kanal). A number of passenger ferries to Sweden, Norway, Russia and other countries operate from here. Moreover, today Kiel Harbour is an important port of call for cruise ships touring the Baltic Sea.

Kiel's recorded history began in the 13th century. Until 1864 it was administered by Denmark in personal union. In 1866 the city was annexed by Prussia and in 1871 it became part of Germany.

Kiel was one of the founding cities of original European Green Capital Award in 2006.[5] In 2005 Kiel's GDP per capita was €35,618, which is well above Germany's national average, and 159% of the European Union's average.[6]

Within Germany and parts of Europe, the city is known for its leading handball team, THW Kiel. The city is home to the University of Kiel (established in 1665).

History[edit]

Middle Ages[edit]

Kiel Fjord was probably first settled by Normans or Vikings who wanted to colonise the land which they had raided, and for many years they settled in German villages. This is evidenced by the geography and architecture of the fjord. The city of Kiel was founded in 1233 as Holstenstadt tom Kyle by Count Adolf IV of Holstein, and granted Lübeck city rights in 1242 by Adolf's eldest son, John I of Schauenburg. Being a part of Holstein, Kiel belonged to the Holy Roman Empire and was situated only a few kilometres south of the Danish border.[7]

Kiel in the 16th century

Kiel, the capital of the county (later duchy) of Holstein, was a member of the Hanseatic League from 1284 until it was expelled in 1518 for harbouring pirates. In 1431, the Kieler Umschlag (trade fair) was first held, which became the central market for goods and money in Schleswig-Holstein, until it began to lose significance from 1850 on, being held for the last time in 1900, until recently, when it has been restarted.

Modern times[edit]

The University of Kiel was founded on 29 September 1665 by Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. A number of important scholars, including Theodor Mommsen, Felix Jacoby, Hans Geiger and Max Planck, studied or taught there.

Schleswig-Holstein with Kiel Fjord at the Baltic Coast.
Port and Kiel Fjord.
Kiel Opera House and the tower (107 m) of Kiel Town Hall.

From 1773 to 1864, the town belonged to the king of Denmark. However, because the king ruled Holstein as a fief of the Holy Roman Empire only through a personal union, the town was not incorporated as part of Denmark proper. Thus Kiel belonged to Germany, but it was ruled by the Danish king. Even though the empire was abolished in 1806, the Danish king continued to rule Kiel only through his position as Duke of Holstein, which became a member of the German Confederation in 1815. When Schleswig and Holstein rebelled against Denmark in 1848 (the First Schleswig War), Kiel became the capital of Schleswig-Holstein until the Danish victory in 1850.

During the Second Schleswig War in 1864, Kiel and the rest of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein were conquered by a German Confederation alliance of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. After the war, Kiel was briefly administered by both the Austrians and the Prussians, but the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 led to the formation of the Province of Schleswig-Holstein and the annexation of Kiel by Prussia in 1867. On 24 March 1865 King William I based Prussia's Baltic Sea fleet in Kiel instead of Danzig (Gdańsk). The Imperial shipyard Kiel was established in 1867 in the town.

When William I of Prussia became Emperor William I of the German Empire in 1871, he designated Kiel and Wilhelmshaven as Reichskriegshäfen ("Imperial War Harbours"). The prestigious Kiel Yacht Club was established in 1887 with Prince Henry of Prussia as its patron. Emperor Wilhelm II became its commodore in 1891.

Because of its new role as Germany's main naval base, Kiel very quickly increased in size in the following years, from 18,770 in 1864 to about 200,000 in 1910. Much of the old town centre and other surroundings were levelled and redeveloped to provide for the growing city. The Kiel tramway network, opened in 1881, had been enlarged to 10 lines, with a total route length of 40 km (25 mi), before the end of the First World War.

Kiel was the site of the sailors' mutiny which sparked the German Revolution in late 1918. Just before the end of the First World War, the German fleet stationed at Kiel was ordered to be sent out on a last great battle with the Royal Navy. The sailors, who thought of this as a suicide mission which would have no effect on the outcome of the war, decided they had nothing to lose and refused to leave the safety of the port. The sailors' actions and the lack of response of the government to them, fuelled by an increasingly critical view of the Kaiser, sparked a revolution which caused the abolition of the monarchy and the creation of the Weimar Republic.

1902, double-postcard panorama of Kiel from across the Kiel Fiord.
Kiel, Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1942-1945 CL2772.jpg

During the Second World War, Kiel remained one of the major naval bases and shipbuilding centres of the German Reich. There was also a slave labour camp for the local industry.[8] Because of its status as a naval port and as production site for submarines, Kiel was heavily bombed by the Allies during the Second World War. The bombing destroyed more than 80% of the remaining old town, 72% of the central residential areas, and 83% of the industrial areas.[9] During the RAF bombing of 23/24 July 1944, Luftwaffe fighters tried to intercept the spoof (i.e. decoy) force instead of the main force attacking Kiel,[10] and there was no water for three days; trains and buses did not run for eight days and there was no gas available for cooking for three weeks.[11] There were several bombing raids of the port area during the period 20 February – 20 April 1945 which successfully eliminated many U-Boats, and the few large warships (cruisers Hipper, Scheer, and Koln) still afloat at that time. Although the town was beyond the stop-line set for the western Allies in the German surrender at Lüneburg Heath, it and its port, its scientists, and the canal were seized by a British T-Force led by Major Tony Hibbert on 5 May 1945.[12][13] This forestalled capture of the town by the Soviets, whom the Allies expected to advance from Germany to Denmark in violation of the Yalta agreement.[14]

Just like other heavily bombed German cities, the city was rebuilt after the war. In 1946, Kiel was named the seat of government for Schleswig-Holstein, and it officially became the state's capital in 1952.

Today, Kiel is once again an important maritime centre of Germany, with high-tech shipbuilding, submarine construction and one of the three leading institutions in the field of marine sciences in Europe, the IFM-GEOMAR. Regular ferries to Scandinavia and Lithuania, as well as the largest sailing event in the world called the Kiel Week (Kieler Woche) in German and The Kiel Regatta in English. The Kieler Umschlag is another festival, which has been taking place again since 1975. Kiel is also home to a large service sector and a number of research institutions including the University of Kiel, which is the oldest, largest, and most prestigious university in the state.

Geography[edit]

Climate[edit]

Kiel has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Climate data for Kiel
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.4
(56.1)		 16.0
(60.8)		 21.4
(70.5)		 29.3
(84.7)		 33.5
(92.3)		 34.4
(93.9)		 34.2
(93.6)		 35.0
(95)		 30.1
(86.2)		 25.2
(77.4)		 19.5
(67.1)		 14.8
(58.6)		 35
(95)
Average high °C (°F) 2
(36)		 3
(37)		 6
(43)		 11
(52)		 16
(61)		 20
(68)		 21
(70)		 21
(70)		 18
(64)		 13
(55)		 8
(46)		 4
(39)		 11.9
(53.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.7
(33.3)		 1.0
(33.8)		 3.3
(37.9)		 6.7
(44.1)		 11.5
(52.7)		 15.1
(59.2)		 16.3
(61.3)		 16.3
(61.3)		 13.3
(55.9)		 9.7
(49.5)		 5.3
(41.5)		 2.1
(35.8)		 8.44
(47.19)
Average low °C (°F) −2
(28)		 −2
(28)		 0
(32)		 3
(37)		 7
(45)		 11
(52)		 12
(54)		 12
(54)		 10
(50)		 7
(45)		 3
(37)		 0
(32)		 5.1
(41.2)
Record low °C (°F) −20.8
(−5.4)		 −24.8
(−12.6)		 −14.5
(5.9)		 −6.9
(19.6)		 −3.0
(26.6)		 1.6
(34.9)		 4.3
(39.7)		 4.7
(40.5)		 0.6
(33.1)		 −6.2
(20.8)		 −12.0
(10.4)		 −15.1
(4.8)		 −24.8
(−12.6)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 65
(2.56)		 40
(1.57)		 54
(2.13)		 52
(2.05)		 57
(2.24)		 69
(2.72)		 79
(3.11)		 69
(2.72)		 66
(2.6)		 67
(2.64)		 86
(3.39)		 74
(2.91)		 778
(30.64)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 18 15 13 14 12 14 15 16 15 17 18 18 185
Average relative humidity (%) 87 84 81 77 74 74 76 78 81 85 86 87 80.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 38.5 64.4 106.4 171.1 230.2 237.1 218.7 220.4 150.5 102.3 52.0 34.9 1,626.5
Source: DWD; wetterkontor.de; [1]; [2]

Districts[edit]

Image showing the population density of Kiel by district. Data from 2010.

The city districts of Düsternbrook, Schreventeich, Ravensberg and Blücherplatz are popular places to live with many 19th century buildings, villas and tree-lined streets. The government offices, ministries and parliament of the state of Schleswig-Holstein are also mainly based in these neighbourhoods, particularly Düsternbrook. In contrast to the heavy bomb damage inflicted on the central parts of the city during the Second World War, most of the residential areas were not severely damaged. Hence, Kiel's more modern-style inner city and Kiel's more historic/elaborate residential areas stand in architectural contrast to one another.

There are plans for large-scale improvement and building efforts for the inner city, providing better pavements, better access to and view of the waterfront, and a generally more attractive feel to the place. These plans, most notably the "Kleiner Kiel Kanal", a restoration of a historic canal that was filled in to make place for road infrastructure, are to be implemented in the next few years.[15]

Main sights[edit]

Geistkämpfer in front of the Nikolaikirche, by Ernst Barlach
Kiel Opera House and the Town Hall (Kieler Rathaus)

The oldest building in the city is the 13th century Nikolaikirche (Kiel) (de) (St Nicholas' Church), which has a sculpture by Ernst Barlach in front of it called Geistkämpfer.

Kiel is Schleswig-Holstein's largest city, and therefore Kiel's shopping district is a major attraction, and will see further improvement and renovation efforts in the upcoming years. Kiel's Holstenstraße (Holsten Street) is one of the longest shopping streets in Germany. The Rathaus (town hall), which was built in 1911, has an operating paternoster and the design of its tower was based on one in Venice. The square in front of it is bordered by a lake and the Opera House. There are also a number of lakes and parks in the city centre, e.g. Schrevenpark (Schreven Park). There are two botanical gardens, the Old Botanical Garden and New Botanical Garden.

As Kiel is situated near the sea, the beaches to the north of Kiel such as Strande, Kiel-Schilksee, Möltenort and Laboe are also popular places to visit in spring and summer.

Kiel Week, more properly known in English as Kiel Regatta, is the largest sailing event in the world and takes place every year in the last full week in June. Many thousands of boats and ships of all kinds and eras take part in the parade. Kiel Week is also a festival, Volksfest and fair as well as a maritime event. There are a number of yachting and sailing clubs in picturesque settings.

Kiel also features a number of museums, including zoological, geological, historical, fine art, industrial and military museums. Notable is the Stadt- und Schifffahrtsmuseum Warleberger Hof (City and Maritime Museum), which belongs to the association museen am meer. In addition to preserving architecture from the 16th century and historic rooms with painted stucco ceilings, it displays urban and cultural exhibits of the 19th and 20th centuries.[16] Particularly intriguing is the history of the carnival in Kiel.[16] Laboe is home to the Laboe Naval Memorial, as well as the Second World War submarine U-995, which are popular tourist sites.

  • Holstenstraße Kiel 1917 (Willy Lucas (de))

  • Special issue stamp Kiel Week 1982

  • Historic ships at Kiel Week

  • Old Botanical Garden, Kiel

  • U995 Laboe

  • Warleberger Hof

Culture[edit]

Sports[edit]

There are a number of sports venues in Kiel, most notably the Sparkassen-Arena (formerly known as Baltic Sea Hall or Ostseehalle), which is the home ground of one of the most successful team handball clubs in the world and multiple German champion, THW Kiel. There is currently no Bundesliga football club in Kiel, but 2. Bundesliga side Holstein Kiel plays at Holstein-Stadion.

Education and scientific research[edit]

The University of Kiel (German: Christian-Albrechts-Universität), which was founded by Duke Christian Albrecht in 1665, is with round about 25.000 students the only full university of Schleswig-Holstein. Independent, but partly linked to the University Kiel are other research facilities such as the German National Library of Economics – Leibniz Informationcenter for Economy, the Kiel Institute for the World Economy, the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel and the research institute of the Bundeswehr for water sound and geophysics. Besides these there are other educational institutions such as the Fachhochschule Kiel (founded in 1969) and the Muthesius School of Arts (founded in 1907). The projects Murmann School of Global Management and Economics and Multimedia Campus Kiel weren’t successful at last. The Wirtschaftsakademie Schleswig-Holstein offers besides advanced training at the Berfusakademie dual study courses for economists, business information specialists and industrial engineers.

Noteworthy as departmental research institute is the federal institute for dairy research which was merged into the Max-Rubner-Institut together with other institutions in 2004. The state capital Kiel is a corporative sponsoring member of the Max Planck Society[17].

The ARGE-SH as eldest building research institution of the republic of Germany has its headquarters in Kiel.

There are twelve Gymnasiums in Kiel, of which the Kieler Gelehrtenschule, founded in 1320 as a humanistic gymnasium, is the oldest. Other secondary schools are amongst others the Gymnasium Elmschenhagen and the Max-Planck-Schule with a focus on natural sciences and the Ricarda-Huch-Schule with a focus on languages. Furthermore there are many comprehensive schools – partially with secondary schools – all over the city area and private schools, too.

Economy and infrastructure[edit]

The Holstenstraße is one of the longest shopping streets in Germany — Kiel is the largest city in the state of Schleswig-Holstein.

Kiel's economy is dominated by the service sector, transport and maritime industries. Kiel is also one of the major ports of the German Navy, and a leading centre of German high-tech military and civil shipbuilding. Kiel is the home of Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft, a shipyard founded in 1838 famed for its construction of submarines. HDW built the first German submarine Brandtaucher in 1850, and is today a subsidiary of ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems, the leading German group of shipyards.

Statistics[edit]

In 2005, the GDP per person was €35,618, which is well above the national average of Germany and 159% of the European Union average.[6]

2005 EUROSTAT[18] Nominal GDP per capita
Wappen Kiel.svgKiel €35,618
 Schleswig-Holstein €24,250
 Germany €27,219
 EU28 €22,400

Notable companies[edit]

Some of the most notable companies having branches or their headquarters in Kiel are:

Ferry operators

Military contractors

Engineering and industrial machinery

Others

Kiel is also home to several insurances and banks, most notably the HSH Nordbank, Provinzial NordWest, Förde Sparkasse, Kieler Volksbank eG and Evangelischen Bank eG.

There is also an active startup scene in Kiel with startup accelerator StarterKitchen and startups like SciEngines GmbH, Real-Eyes, myBoo, SealMedia, Cliplister, Druckpreis.DE, promotionbasis.de, Yoosello, GetAnEdge, Flowy Apps, fraguru, lokalportal, PianoMotion and ubique art.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]

Kiel is home to several media companies, including a branch of the Norddeutscher Rundfunk producing one radio channel and several local programmes in Kiel, a station of the British Forces Broadcasting Service, the daily newspaper Kieler Nachrichten and several smaller local radio channels and magazines.

Transport[edit]

traffic map

Kiel is situated near an important pan-European motorway, the A7, which connects northern Europe with central and southern Europe.

Kiel has a central railway station with hourly trains to Hamburg, Lübeck, Flensburg, and to Husum. Moreover, the Intercity Express (ICE) connects Kiel with Berlin, Frankfurt, Cologne and Munich.

Kiel has public transport through the local company KVG, providing bus service within the city, Autokraft and Verkehrsbetriebe Kreis Plön providing regional bus service, and the Schlepp- und Fährgesellschaft Kiel, providing public transport on the fjord with ferries.

Kiel also has 8 regional railway stations within the city proper,[28][29] which are connected with each other, the main railway station Kiel Hbf and other stations by regional trains, which can be used within the boundaries of the city with a normal bus ticket.[30]

Kiel is a significant port for passenger and cargo shipping from Germany to Scandinavia, the Baltic States and Russia. Passenger ferries operate to and from Gothenburg in Sweden (Stena Line, 13½ hours, daily), Oslo in Norway (Color Line, 19½ hours, daily), and Klaipėda in Lithuania (DFDS Lisco, 21 hours, 6 times per week). Cargo ferries operate from and to Saint Petersburg in Russia (DFDS Lisco, twice a week), and Kaliningrad in Russia (NSA, once a week).

The nearest international airport is Hamburg Airport, which is situated approximately 90 kilometres (56 mi) to the south of Kiel. There is a shuttle bus service (KIELIUS) operating between Hamburg Airport and Kiel central railway station. There is also an airport at Lübeck.

Notable people[edit]

Peter III of Russia (1728–1762)
Henri Lehmann
Max Planck (1858–1947), physicist
Ernst Busch
Helmut Lemke
Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker (1912–2007)
Judith Malina
Eric Braeden
Cora E
Heike Henkel, high jumper

Up to 1800[edit]

1800 to 1850[edit]

1850 to 1900[edit]

1900 to 1910[edit]

1910 to 1920[edit]

1920 to 1950[edit]

since 1950[edit]

Sport[edit]

International relations[edit]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

Kiel is twinned with:[31]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Landeshauptstadt Kiel. "Kiels Oberbürgermeister". Archived from the original on 2015-02-20. 
  2. ^ "Growth - KielRegion - Association for Business Development Kiel / Germany". 
  3. ^ "Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2016] (XLS-file)". Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein (in German). 
  4. ^ "General Information". Kieler Woche. Archived from the original on 2005-12-30. Retrieved 2006-03-13. 
  5. ^ "European Grean Capitals". European Commission. Retrieved 16 May 2015. 
  6. ^ a b GDP per person 2005 in Euro Archived 2008-12-27 at the Wayback Machine.
  7. ^ "A brief history of Kiel". Kiel - a portrait of the city. City of Kiel. Retrieved 2007-07-01. 
  8. ^ Victor, Edward. "Alphabetical List of Camps, Subcamps and Other Camps". Archived from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2008-07-25. 
  9. ^ "The Navy changed the face of Kiel". Kiel — a portrait of the city. City of Kiel. Retrieved 2008-07-25. 
  10. ^ Jones, R. V. (1978). Most Secret War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939-1945. London: Hamish Hamilton. p. 466. ISBN 0-241-89746-7. 
  11. ^ Campaign Diary: July 44 Archived 2007-07-06 at the UK Government Web Archive, Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary site Archived 2007-07-06 at the UK Government Web Archive. Accessed 4 May 2007
  12. ^ Jones, Gwilym Thomas (2001). Living history chronicles. General Store Publishing House. pp. 102–104. ISBN 1-894263-50-2. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2009. 
  13. ^ A diary of ‘T’ Force operations in KIEL Archived 2014-10-23 at the Wayback Machine. ARCRE—Archive research & document copying
  14. ^ "Operation Eclipse". History Learning Site. 
  15. ^ "Kleiner Kiel Kanal". kleiner-kiel-kanal.de. Retrieved 2015-08-27. 
  16. ^ a b "Kieler Stadtmuseum Warleberger Hof", City of Kiel webpage, in German
  17. ^ "Liste der korporativ fördernden Mitglieder der MPG, PDF" (PDF). 2011-01-14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-14. Retrieved 2017-09-23. 
  18. ^ "Regional GDP per inhabitant in the EU 27" (PDF). Eurostat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-16. Retrieved 2008-08-19. 
  19. ^ "Imprint". real-eyes.eu. REALEYES GmbH. Retrieved 2015-05-17. 
  20. ^ "Imprint - my Boo". bamboo bike, bikes – Kiel, Germany. Retrieved 2015-05-17. 
  21. ^ "EDGE | Edge Impressum". light-instruments.de. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-05-17. 
  22. ^ "Flowy Apps – Imprint". flowyapps.com. Retrieved 2015-05-17. 
  23. ^ "fraguru - the art of questioning our lives". fraguru.org. Archived from the original on 2015-08-01. Retrieved 2015-05-17. 
  24. ^ "Mein Ort. Meine Nachbarn. Mein Lokalportal". Lokalportal. Retrieved 2015-05-17. 
  25. ^ "Impressum". pianomotion.com. Retrieved 2015-05-17. 
  26. ^ "Home | ubique art - Die Austellung ist überall". ubique-art.starterkitchen.de. Retrieved 2015-05-17. 
  27. ^ "Firmensitze von Deutschen Startups | Gründerszene" [Headquarter Locations of German Startups | Gründerszene]. gruenderszene.de. Retrieved 2015-05-17. 
  28. ^ Suchsdorf, Kronshagen, Kiel-Hassee CITTI-Park, Kiel-Russee, Melsdorf, Kiel-Schulen am Langsee, Kiel-Elmschenhagen, Raisdorf
  29. ^ "Liniennetzplan Kiel (Public Transport Plan Kiel)" (PDF). KVG Kiel. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015. 
  30. ^ "VRK Tarifzonenplan (Tariff Zone Plan Kiel)" (PDF). Verkehrsregion Kiel. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015. 
  31. ^ "Twin cities of Kiel" (in German). 
  32. ^ Griffin, Mary (2011-08-02). "Coventry's twin towns". Coventry Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2013-08-06. Retrieved 2013-08-06. 
  33. ^ "Coventry - Twin towns and cities". Coventry City Council. Archived from the original on 2013-04-12. Retrieved 2013-08-06. 
  34. ^ P.C., Net. "Gdynia - International Gdynia - International co-operation of Gdynia". www.gdynia.pl. Archived from the original on 2016-10-19. 

External links[edit]

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