- published: 12 Jan 2014
- views: 75158359
A spice is a seed, fruit, root, bark, berry, bud or vegetable substance primarily used for flavoring, coloring or preserving food. Spices are distinguished from herbs, which are parts of leafy green plants used for flavoring or as a garnish. Many spices have antimicrobial properties. This may explain why spices are more commonly used in warmer climates, which have more infectious disease, and why the use of spices is prominent in meat, which is particularly susceptible to spoiling. A spice may have other uses, including medicinal, religious ritual, cosmetics or perfume production, or as a vegetable.
The spice trade developed throughout South Asia and Middle East in around 2000 BCE with cinnamon and pepper, and in East Asia with herbs and pepper. The Egyptians used herbs for embalming and their demand for exotic herbs helped stimulate world trade. The word spice comes from the Old French word espice, which became epice, and which came from the Latin root spec, the noun referring to "appearance, sort, kind": species has the same root. By 1000 BCE, medical systems based upon herbs could be found in China, Korea, and India. Early uses were connected with magic, medicine, religion, tradition, and preservation.
The no symbol (also known as a prohibition sign, no sign, circle-backslash symbol, nay, interdictory circle, or universal no) is a circle with a diagonal line through it (running from top left to bottom right), surrounding a pictogram used to indicate something is not permitted. The no symbol is generally colored red, but is sometimes another color, typically black.
The Unicode code point for the prohibition sign (also called the no symbol) is U+20E0;
, Combining Enclosing Circle Backslash ( ⃠ ). It is a combining character, which means that it appears on top of the character before it, so putting d⃠ will show d⃠. (Note: This will appear only if the character exists in an available font.) It also appears in the Webdings and Wingdings 2 fonts.
There is also a prohibition sign emoji located at U+1F6AB NO ENTRY SIGN
(🚫), which does not combine with anything.
According to the ISO standard (and also under a UK Statutory Instrument), the red area must take up at least 35% of the total area of the sign within the outer circumference of the "prohibition sign". So 35% of everything within the outer edge of the "no symbol" must be the symbol itself. Additionally, for printed signs under the UK rules, the width of a "no symbol" is set at 80% the height of the area it is printed to.
A music video or song video is a short film integrating a song and imagery, produced for promotional or artistic purposes. Modern music videos are primarily made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. There are also cases where songs are used in tie in marketing campaigns that allow them to become more than just a song. Tie ins and merchandising could be used in toys are marketing campaigns for food and other products. Although the origins of music videos date back to musical short films that first appeared in the 1920s, they came into prominence in the 1980s when MTV based their format around the medium. Prior to the 1980s, these works were described by various terms including "illustrated song", "filmed insert", "promotional (promo) film", "promotional clip", "promotional video", "song video", "song clip" or "film clip". Since the creation and increased popularity of YouTube, mainstream artists now promote new music videos by releasing trailers of short promos on the site for their upcoming song and music video. Consequentially, YouTube has been converted into a social media platform for celebrities and artists to market themselves to their fans and audiences.
The Spice Girls are an English pop girl group formed in 1994. The group consists of Melanie Brown ("Scary Spice"), Melanie Chisholm ("Sporty Spice"), Emma Bunton ("Baby Spice"), Geri Halliwell ("Ginger Spice"), and Victoria Beckham, née Adams ("Posh Spice"). They were signed to Virgin Records and released their debut single "Wannabe" in 1996, which hit number one in 37 countries and established them as a global phenomenon. Their debut album Spice sold more than 30 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling album by a female group in history. Their follow up album Spiceworld sold over 20 million copies worldwide. The Spice Girls have sold over 80 million records worldwide, making them the best-selling female group of all time, one of the best-selling pop groups of all time, and the biggest British pop phenomenon since Beatlemania.
Measures of their success include international record sales, a 2007–2008 reunion tour, merchandising, record-breaking achievements, iconic symbolism such as Halliwell's Union Jack dress representing "girl power", and a film, Spice World. The group became one of the most successful marketing engines ever, earning up to $75 million per year, with their global grosses estimated at $500–800 million between 1996 and 1998. Under the guidance of their mentor and manager Simon Fuller, the Spice Girls embraced merchandising and became a regular feature of the British and global press. In 1996, Top of the Pops magazine gave each member of the group aliases, which were adopted by the group and media. According to Rolling Stone journalist and biographer David Sinclair, "Scary, Baby, Ginger, Posh and Sporty were the most widely recognised group of individuals since John, Paul, George, and Ringo". With the "girl power" phenomenon, the Spice Girls were popular cultural icons of the 1990s. They are cited as part of the 'second wave' 1990s British Invasion of the US.
September 10 is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 112 days remaining until the end of the year.
Actors: Bai Ling (writer), Ron Jeremy (actor), Bai Ling (producer), Mimi Miyagi (actress), Bai Ling (actress), Brittany Andrews (actress), Brittany Andrews (producer), Carlos Ramirez (actor), Carlos Ramirez (producer), Shelly Martinez (actress), Dan Frank (director), Dan Frank (actor), Jeffery Davis (actor), Daniel Celestina (writer), Alain Azoulay (actor),
Genres: Drama, Music,Actors: Spencer Garrett (actor), Maz Jobrani (actor), Rusty Schwimmer (actress), Richard Tyson (actor), Tiffany Boyle (miscellaneous crew), Monique Gabriela Curnen (actress), Cooper Barnes (actor), Tom DeMar (actor), Joel Sadilek (producer), Jason E. Kelley (actor), Eric Michael Cole (actor), Vinicius Machado (actor), Reedy Gibbs (actress), Ivo Nandi (actor), Hamilton von Watts (producer),
Plot: After budget cuts and personal demons forced him off the streets of San Pedro, Detective Nick Terry's beat became the classroom, where he patrols the minds of the people in his beloved hometown. A less intense schedule allows Nick to enjoy all the things he loves: watching the surf with his piñata-shredding dog Peakins, getting stoned, mustering up the courage to ask out a beautiful local, getting stoned and hanging out at the Chowder barge with Spice, his Jamaican friend. And getting stoned. But when a mysterious woman washes up on the shore at Sunken City, Nick is called back to the beat where his calm, cool life becomes even more dazed and confused.
Genres: Comedy, Crime, Drama,Actors: Tiffany Dion (actress), Danny Rawley (actor), Megan Brown (actress), Alivia Latimer (actress), Noah Kronenberger (actor), Michael Berthold (actor), J.R. Fondessy (actor), Bryan Lenis (producer), Bryan Lenis (actor), Levi Kronenberger (actor), Joseph Harmon Brown (actor), Travis Gomez (actor), Allie Hendron (actress), Bryan Lenis (writer), Grae Marino (actress),
Plot: The 47th Hunger Games is the untold story of what happened. After plenty of chaos the Capitol shuts down the cameras, and erases these games from completely. There is Love, Hate, Friends, Family, and Insanity all wrapped up into one web series.
Genres: Action, Short,Actors: Bill Bellamy (actor), Charles Q. Murphy (actor), Sam Sarpong (actor), Aloma Wright (actress), Sean Blakemore (actor), Kevin Carraway (director), Kevin Carraway (producer), Ray K. Morris (producer), Ray K. Morris (producer), Iva La'Shawn (actress), Troy R. Mathis (producer), Troy R. Mathis (producer), Troy R. Mathis (writer), Lee Eric Smith (writer), Cindy Kimbrough (miscellaneous crew),
Genres: Comedy,Actors: Rouslan Ovtcharoff (actor), Jean-Claude La Marre (actor), Jean-Claude La Marre (producer), Ken Halsband (producer), Sarah Kozer (actress), Hawk Younkins (actor), Malik Barnhardt (actor), Kristian Bernard (actor), Kristian Bernard (producer), Kira Madallo Sesay (writer), Kira Madallo Sesay (actress), Kira Madallo Sesay (producer), Gregory Louis Carter (miscellaneous crew), Tony Cavalero (actor), Albert C. Chevalier (producer),
Plot: When her sister is killed by a band of outlaws, Mei Ling must gather an all-new group of sexy, female gunslingers to avenge the death of one of their own. As the tension hits a fever pitch, the girls will do WHATEVER IT TAKES to right the wrong that has been done. War has been declared and with their backs up against the wall, it's Ride or Die!
Genres: Action, Western,Actors: Booker Huffman (actor), Lash Huffman (actor), Hulk Hogan (actor), Eric Bischoff (actor), Marcus Bagwell (actor), Brian Adams (actor), Chris Benoit (actor), Charles Ashenoff (actor), Peter Gruner (actor), Eddie Guerrero (actor), Scott Hall (actor), Bret Hart (actor), Bobby Heenan (actor), Steve Borden (actor), Jay Leno (actor),
Genres: ,Actors: James Hong (actor), Frank Gorshin (actor), Bill Milling (writer), Dick Van Patten (actor), Priscilla Barnes (actress), Bill Milling (director), Joe Delia (composer), Michael Unger (actor), Gregory Sullivan (actor), Colleen Dunn (actress), Britt Helfer (actress), Leigh Clark (actress), Jonathan Leigh Solomon (actor), Leigh Clark (actress), Richard Barathy (actor),
Genres: Comedy,Actors: Ellen Kennedy (actress), Ian James Corlett (producer), Alvin Sanders (actor), Mark Hildreth (actor), Ellen Kennedy (actress), Teryl Rothery (actress), David Kaye (actor), Dennis O'Neill (actor), Mark Hildreth (actor), Michael Dobson (actor), Paul Dobson (actor), Eric Vale (actor), Andrea Libman (actress), Eric Vale (writer), Terry Klassen (producer),
Plot: In the version that is shown on YTV in Canada, the story begins mid-way through the Dragon Ball Z series. Raditz, Goku's brother has traveled to Earth to find out why Goku has not yet destroyed the planet as he was supposed to do. But while as a baby, Goku was dropped (down a huge cliff) and forgot his real mission. Kakarot, Goku's real name battles his brother Raditzs along with former enemy Piccolo and friend Krillin. Meanwhile, Gohan; Goku's son reveals his hidden powers against Raditz and nearly kills Raditz. However Goku is killed in the end, but Raditz is eventually defeated by Piccolo. Before he dies, he tells them that two evil-saiyans even more powerful then he is, are on route to Earth. The remaining fighters, Krillin, Yamcha, Tein, and Chaotsu begin their training to battle the evil saiyans, while Piccolo takes off with Gohan to train him in using his new found power. Meanwhile, Goku has to make his way back on Snake Way to King Kai's where he trains himself in the secret art of Kaio-ken. Can Goku make it back in time to help his friends? Watch and find out
Keywords: alien, android, anime, anti-hero, based-on-manga, cartoon-violence, chop-socky, christ-allegory, death-of-hero, famous-opening-themeActors: Michael Parks (producer), Erik Estrada (producer), Paul L. Smith (actor), James Hong (producer), Tiffany Million (actress), Janine Lindemulder (actress), Corey Jordan (actor), Michael Parks (actor), Ron Jeremy (actor), Julia Parton (actress), Jack Carter (actor), James Hong (actor), Erik Estrada (actor), Bill Milling (writer), Paul L. Smith (producer),
Plot: Discontent leads to a daring escape plan in a women's prison where the inmates are all lingerie clad models and the lesbian warden demands unusual favours for early parole.
Keywords: adult-filmmaker, attempted-rape, bar-brawl, bare-breasts, biker, black-panties, blonde, blonde-asian, blue-panties, cleavageActors: Billy Barty (actor), Drew Barrymore (actress), Michael Bell (actor), Michael Bell (actor), Jonathan Winters (actor), Arte Johnson (actor), Don Messick (actor), Don Messick (actor), Howard Morris (actor), Michael Nouri (actor), Michael Bell (actor), Frank Welker (actor), Frank Welker (actor), Frank Welker (actor), Susan Blu (actress),
Genres: Animation, Fantasy,Music video by Spice performing So Mi Like It (Raw). 2014 NotNice Production
Spice - Sheet (Official Video) Directed & Edited by Xtreme Arts Follow Spice: https://www.instagram.com/spiceofficial/ https://twitter.com/spiceofficial https://www.facebook.com/SpiceOfficially/ COPYRIGHT STRICTLY ENFORCED DO NOT COPY AND RE-UPLOAD YOUR CHANNEL WILL BE STRIKED http://vevo.ly/R1OKyR
Spice and D Angel - No Worries Good Good Productions Directed by Jahdean Van Gogh Follow Spice: https://www.instagram.com/spiceofficial/ https://twitter.com/spiceofficial https://www.facebook.com/SpiceOfficially/ COPYRIGHT STRICTLY ENFORCED DO NOT COPY AND RE-UPLOAD YOUR CHANNEL WILL BE STRIKED http://vevo.ly/ts53u6
SPICE - SIDDUNG [OFFICIAL VIDEO] Explicit Producer: Cashflow Xtreme Director : Xtreme arts / Spice Creative Director: Orville Hall Xpressionz Edited by Xtreme Arts Follow Spice: https://www.instagram.com/spiceofficial/ https://twitter.com/spiceofficial https://www.facebook.com/SpiceOfficially/ COPYRIGHT STRICTLY ENFORCED DO NOT COPY AND RE-UPLOAD YOUR CHANNEL WILL BE STRIKED http://vevo.ly/gq9lLW
Music video by Spice performing Bend Ova. Produced by: Dj Greg Rhythm: Adrenaline
Spice Full Performance at Reggae Sumfest 2017 Follow Spice: https://www.instagram.com/spiceofficial/ https://twitter.com/spiceofficial https://www.facebook.com/SpiceOfficially/ COPYRIGHT STRICTLY ENFORCED DO NOT COPY AND RE-UPLOAD YOUR CHANNEL WILL BE STRIKED http://vevo.ly/Jb8Ypv
90s movies were weird but Spice World tops the cake! What was this movie supposed to be about?! Julia attempts to explain Spice World while also making some amazing Spice Girls snacks. Afterward, Julia talks about the new movie Jigsaw... Why is this movie happening? Subscribe to SNARLED: https://www.youtube.com/snarled SUBSCRIBE TO OUR OTHER CHANNELS SLAYTRIX: http://bit.ly/2uvJONY HISSYFIT: https://www.youtube.com/hissyfit VISIT US AT https://www.snarled.com FOR EVERYTHING SNARLED! Join The SNARLED SQUAD: http://bit.ly/2lElClO2222 Follow us EVERYWHERE https://www.facebook.com/getsnarled/ https://www.instagram.com/wearesnarled/ https://twitter.com/wearesnarled And don't forget to check out our other super cool series!!!! Death Happens: http://bit.ly/2rFRE5z Something Scary: http://bit....
Spice - Fifty Shadez Producer: Cashflow Records Director: Xtreme Arts Thanks to Tiny Peaks for adult novelties Follow Spice: https://www.instagram.com/spiceofficial/ https://twitter.com/spiceofficial https://www.facebook.com/SpiceOfficially/ COPYRIGHT STRICTLY ENFORCED DO NOT COPY AND RE-UPLOAD YOUR CHANNEL WILL BE STRIKED http://vevo.ly/BomUrv
Spice - Bodak Bitch © 2017 Subscribe to Akam Entertainment for More: http://www.akamentertainment.com Check out more of Akam Entertainment here: Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/akam.ent Instagram: http://instagram.com/akam_ent Instagram: http://instagram.com/akamentertainment Twitter: https://twitter.com/akam_ent Twitter: https://twitter.com/kenardonelson YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/kenardonelson SoundCloud: https://soundcloud.com/akamentertainment SnapChat: https://www.snapchat.com/add/akam_ent Google Plus: https://plus.google.com/+kenardonelson Contact: 📧 akamentertainment@gmail.com 📞 +1(876) 298-2267 Akam Entertainment Est © 2011, with the aim of promoting dancehall music throughout the entire world. From then we have grown gradually and successfully over the pass five yea...
Spice - Back Bend (Explicit) (Official Music Video) HD © Produced By: Cashflow Records © iTunes (Clean): https://itunes.apple.com/tt/album/back-bend-single/id970613108 iTunes (Raw): https://itunes.apple.com/tt/album/back-bend-single/id933005572 Contact Us: Email: tsnrnonestopent@gmail.com Soundcloud: https://soundcloud.com/tsnr-nonestop-ent Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ThatShitNotRight Twitter: https://twitter.com/nonestopENT or @NonestopENT Audiomack: http://www.audiomack.com/artist/tsnr-none-stop-ent No Copyright Intended, Promo Only.
Spice Laughs at D'Angel doing her Sheet Song impersonations September 10 2017 D'Angel Mocks Spice Sheet Song doing Spice impersonations September 10 2017 JustFacts TV 2 Dancehall 2017 Reggae 2017 Jamaica 2017 Spice 2017 D'Angel 2017
Spice Girl (Official Video) Song taken from the album Good For You Available Here: https://amine.lnk.to/GoodForYouYD Connect with Aminé: http://www.heyamine.com https://twitter.com/heyamine http://www.facebook.com/heyamine http://instagram.com/heyamine Tour dates/Tickets: http://www.heyamine.com/tour Spice Girl Video: Directed by Adam Aminé Daniel Produced by Tara Razavi Edited by Andre Jones DP: Roman Koval For Happy Place, Inc. STFU Video: Directed by Mikey Alfred Produced by Illegal CIV Cinemas DP: Roman Koval Music video by Aminé performing Spice Girl. © 2017 CLBN LLC, under exclusive license to Republic Records, a division of UMG Recordings, Inc. http://vevo.ly/ln1u7m
Spice Full Performance at Reggae Sumfest 2017 Follow Spice: https://www.instagram.com/spiceofficial/ https://twitter.com/spiceofficial https://www.facebook.com/SpiceOfficially/ COPYRIGHT STRICTLY ENFORCED DO NOT COPY AND RE-UPLOAD YOUR CHANNEL WILL BE STRIKED http://vevo.ly/Jb8Ypv
Spice Birthday Celebrations | Jamaica Party Video | Dancehall Party Videos | Team spice ►Subscribe◄https://www.youtube.com/user/Dancehallchannelja Contribute or fundme here : paypal.me/2grantv Thanks for watching Do Like, Share, Comment & Subscribe For More Get Views : https://www.tubebuddy.com/2grantv Explore Our Reggae Videos Playlist : https://goo.gl/yQF3zi ►Join Us Now: https://goo.gl/0Vu0BY More Jamaica Dancehall Party Videos On Youtube Explore Our Reggae Videos Playlist : https://goo.gl/yQF3zi | Everyday uploads Between 1pm – 5pm Jamaica Time For Best Jamaican Dancehall Reggae Videos 2Gran TV is a channel created to make you aware of the Jamaican Party Culture. So, when you visit my channel you will be able to see interesting and fun Jamaica Dancehall Party Videos, D...
Spice QQ Baby Tash Dovey Magnum Performance Atlanta Club Pisces December 6, 2014
Don't leave without doing one of these three things: ║Subsribe║comment║share ║ Thank you for listening to "Spice Dancehall Mixtape 2016". Mixed by DJ Treasure. Free Download Link: N/A. No Copyright Intended, For Promotional Purposes Only. © If you're the owner of any content posted here or it offends you in any way, please email us at djtreasuredisco@gmail.com to get it remove from the account within 12 - 24 hours. PLEASE DON'T REPORT THE ACCOUNT. #teamDJTREASURE Members: - DJ TREASURE (@DJTREASURE) - YARD HYPE (@YARDHYPE) ▶ DJ Treasure TV https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyp4DjqT-ugKaByM7Q9fpow ▶ Subscribe For New Releases: https://www.youtube.com/user/djtreasurefan ▶ Like our Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/djtreasurefan ▶ Follow on Twitter: https://twitter.com/djtreasur...
SPICE (JAMAICA) 1ST TIME IN EUROPE TOUR WAS PRESENTED BY DJ 3GGA AND POWERED BY CARING HANDS, IT WAS A SUPER CONCERT @RIDE CLUB, EVERYTHING TUN UP GOOD. SHOUT OUT TO OUR SPONSORS, HANFOASE E.T.C. www.caringhands.at www.hanfose.at www.facebook.com/3gga1
'20 Years of Spice'; a feature length documentary chronicling 20 years of the biggest girl band of all time, the Spice Girls. The film utilises archive footage, classic tracks, live performances and interviews to tell the story of the Spice Girls' rise to fame and world domination from their perspective. Produced and Edited by Alex Lodge. https://twitter.com/alexmarklodge https://vimeo.com/alexlodgeproductions Follow the film on Facebook and Twitter. https://facebook.com/SpiceGirlsFilm https://twitter.com/SpiceGirlsFilm
/// We've searched and found the knife Gordon is using in this course! Get yours now: http://amzn.to/2hyKcCA /// // 45% OFF to 'Home Cooking: Everything You Need to Know to Make Fabulous Food' Gordon's cookbook! Get it: http://amzn.to/2hyJYeP // 40% OFF to 'Gordon Ramsay Makes It Easy' cookbook! Get it: http://amzn.to/2gNxMbr Recipes: Slow cooked fiery lamb, Chilli & spice whitebait, Roasted squash hummus, Curry spiced sweetcorn soup, Fragrant spiced rice pudding. Cooking Tips: zesting a lemon, finely chopping garlic, peeling a ginger, leftover vanilla pods, leftover spices. Guide: spices (cinnamon, sumac, turmeric, Hungarian paprika, black pepper, cardamom, coriander, cumin, nutmeg, saffron) Pestle & Mortar guide: Tranditional http://amzn.to/2hwagRn // Granite http://amzn.to/2gDmDqi ...
My megamix of Spice Girl's remixes Track List: Who Do You Think You Are (album Version) Mama (DJ Kog Remix) Never Give Up on the Good Times (JimmyLo's Remix) Spice Up Your Life (Caberetito Remix) Stop (David Morales Remix) 2 Become 1 (Georgie Porgie Remix) Wannabe (Motiv8 Vocal Slam) Say You'll Be There (Trepid Dance Remix)
Download link: http://hu.lk/45n2x55l9olc DJ TREASURE PRESENTS THE CONJUGAL VISIT MIX STARRING THE WORLD BOSS VYBZ KARTEL AND THE SO MI LIKE IT DJ SPICE FEATURED GAZA SLIM, MR. EDIFY, I OCTANE, ALKALINE, CHARLEY BLACKS, DOLLI, GAGE, BUSY SIGNAL, DEMARCO, KRANIUM, MAVADO AND MANY MORE DJ Treasure's social sites Twitter Page: https://twitter.com/djtreasure Facebook Page: http://www.facebook.com/djtreasurefan Youtube page # 1: http://www.youtube.com/user/djtreasurefan Youtube page # 2: http://www.youtube.com/user/djtreasuredisco Myspace Page: https://myspace.com/djtreasuredisco DJ Treasure's website Website: http://djtreasure.webs.com/ DJ Treasure's MIXES Hulkshare Page: http://www.hulkshare.com/djtreasure Audiomack Page: http://www.audiomack.com/artist/dj-treasure-1
[Intro:]
Yow Spice whe you man deh?
Me wah come link you,
Me can't tek di baga Jim Screechy ting enno
So what me fi do?
[Verse 1]
Tip pan you toe an meet me round a di back
Me an you have cheating lock
Mi man gawn a work and him nah come back
And you gal a watch you hard but me no matter dat
Whole me tight and don't let me go
Wine wid me and me wine wid you
Secret love how it feel good so
Nobaddy haffie know a between me and you
Shhhhh don't meck mi neighbah dem see yuh
Jim screechy and mek me tief piece gi you
Don't tell nobaddie caw memba ah nuh fi you
Me know yah go love off di wine weh me gi yuh
Meet me round a di almond tree
Jump di back fence 'cause me neighbah pree
Me a guh mek you fly like di bird and di bee
Gi yuh good good love yuh can guarantee
[Chorus:]
Come meet mi round a di front a di yard
Come put it pon me mek mi scream and bawl (Woooiiiiii)
Mi man nuh deh yah a stall him a stall
Come put it pon mi meck me scream and bawl (Woooiiii)
[Verse 2:]
It feel good it feel good it feel good yeah
Me open di garage drive come up in deh
Me know yuh have yuh gal but me a tek you weh
Caw yuh body feel good and me no wah yuh go weh
Mi have di haffi haffi haffi come back
Sure a mi self mi put mi head pan a block
Mi know fi wine slow and me know fi tick tock
Mad mi get mad when mi see you six pack
If mi put ih pon di left try ketch ih pan di right
Me man can no bother even come back tonight
Mek wi stay inna dark try tun off di light
Put you arm round mi mek mi hold yuh tight
Same place me deh yah so mi want it
Mi really like how you manage it
Mi like it di way yuh set and plant it
You lead me follow any way you want it
[Chorus]
[Verse 1]