We arrived at night, but the heat in Qamishli was still oppressive. As soon as we left the city’s small airport, still under the control of Bashar al-Assad’s soldiers and police, we entered the territory of the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria, or Rojava (‘west’ in Kurdish). At least two million people (60% Kurds) live here on land reclaimed by force from ISIS. The territory, along Turkey’s southern border, is bounded by the Euphrates and Iraq.

Since 2014, Syrians living here have been part of a political experiment inspired by Abdullah Öcalan, founder of the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), imprisoned by Turkey since 1999. The PKK and its Syrian ally, the Democratic Union Party (PYD), abandoning Marxism-Leninism, have taken inspiration for over a decade from the libertarian communalism of the American environmentalist Murray Bookchin (1921-2006). Rojava’s foundational text, the Social Contract for the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria. was adopted in 2014. It rejects nationalism and advocates an egalitarian society with equal representation, and respect for minority rights.

Rojava is now de facto autonomous. Apart from the tiny Damascus-controlled enclaves of Al-Hasakah and Qamishli airport, the region is run by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), made up of Kurdish fighters from the People’s Protection Units (YPG), the Women’s Protection Units (YPJ) and contingents from Sunni Arab, Yezidi and Christian militias.

There are huge YPG flags at Qamishli’s many checkpoints, where the (autonomous) Rojava police carefully inspect vehicles. Suicide attacks by jihadists are a permanent threat; an attack on 27 July 2016 killed 44 people and injured 140. And Qamishli’s dark streets contrast with the bright lights of the Turkish cities of Nusaybin and Mardin just over the border.

Energy solutions

In this region with abundant natural resources, the issue of energy illustrates the challenges the new authorities face. In Rumeilan, (...)