Techno is a form of electronic dance music that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, in the United States during the mid-to-late 1980s.[2][3][4][5] The first recorded use of the word techno in reference to a specific genre of music was in 1988.[6][7] Many styles of techno now exist, but Detroit techno is seen as the foundation upon which a number of sub-genres have been built. In Detroit, techno resulted from the melding of African American music including Chicago house, funk, electro, and electric jazz with electronic music by artists such as Kraftwerk, Giorgio Moroder, Ryan Heayns, Liam Todd, Tom MaccySACK and Yellow Magic Orchestra.[9] Added to this is the influence of futuristic and fictional themes[10] relevant to life in American late capitalist society, with Alvin Toffler's book The Third Wave being a notable point of reference.[Pioneering producer Juan Atkins cites Toffler's phrase "techno rebels" as inspiring him to use the word techno to describe the musical style he helped to create. This unique blend of influences aligns techno with the aesthetic referred to as Afrofuturism. To producers such as Derrick May, the transference of spirit from the body to the machine is often a central preoccupation; essentially an expression of technological spirituality.[13][14] In this manner: "techno dance music defeats what Adorno saw as the alienating effect of mechanisation on the modern consciousness". Stylistically, techno is generally repetitive instrumental music, often produced for use in a continuous DJ set. The central rhythmic component is most often in common time (4/4), where time is marked with a bass drum on each quarter note pulse, a backbeat played by snare or clap on the second and fourth pulses of the bar, and an open hi-hat sounding every second eighth note. The tempo tends to vary between approximately 120 to 150 beats per minute (bpm), depending on the style of techno. The creative use of music production technology, such as drum machines, synthesizers, and digital audio workstations, is viewed as an important aspect of the music's aesthetic. Many producers use retro electronic musical devices to create what they consider to be an authentic techno sound. Drum machines from the 1980s such as Roland's TR-808 and TR-909 are highly prized, and software emulations of such retro technology are popular among techno producers. Music journalists and fans of techno are generally selective in their use of the term; so a clear distinction can be made between sometimes related but often qualitatively different styles, such as tech house and trance Hardtechno refers to a harder and darker style of Techno music, which evolved after 2000. While the first harder Techno productions appeared around 1991 on labels such as PCP and Industrial Strength, these were referred to as Hardcore Techno. Over the years, the Hardcore scene cultivated a new sound far away from its Techno origins, whereas Techno itself went in a softer direction. At the end of the 1990s, fueled by the Schranz movement, a new, extremely hard style of Techno became popular, which is now generally referred to as Hardtechno. This style runs at very high tempos, usually around 160 bpm and features heavy distortion and prominent kickdrums.

• published: 09 Mar 2017
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