1913

1913 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1913; MCMXIII
Ab urbe condita	2666
Armenian calendar	1362; ԹՎ ՌՅԿԲ
Assyrian calendar	6663
Bahá'í calendar	69–70
Balinese saka calendar	1834–1835
Bengali calendar	1320
Berber calendar	2863
British Regnal year	3 Geo. 5 – 4 Geo. 5
Buddhist calendar	2457
Burmese calendar	1275
Byzantine calendar	7421–7422
Chinese calendar	壬子年 (Water Rat); 4609 or 4549; — to —; 癸丑年 (Water Ox); 4610 or 4550
Coptic calendar	1629–1630
Discordian calendar	3079
Ethiopian calendar	1905–1906
Hebrew calendar	5673–5674
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1969–1970
- Shaka Samvat	1834–1835
- Kali Yuga	5013–5014
Holocene calendar	11913
Igbo calendar	913–914
Iranian calendar	1291–1292
Islamic calendar	1331–1332
Japanese calendar	Taishō 2; (大正２年)
Javanese calendar	1842–1843
Juche calendar	2
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4246
Minguo calendar	ROC 2; 民國2年
Nanakshahi calendar	445
Thai solar calendar	2455–2456
Tibetan calendar	阳水鼠年; (male Water-Rat); 2039 or 1658 or 886; — to —; 阴水牛年; (female Water-Ox); 2040 or 1659 or 887
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Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	19th century; 20th century; 21st century;
Decades:	1890s; 1900s; 1910s; 1920s; 1930s;
Years:	1910; 1911; 1912; 1913; 1914; 1915; 1916;

1913 January February March April May June July August September October November December

1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (dominical letter E) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday (dominical letter F) of the Julian calendar, the 1913th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 913th year of the 2nd millennium, the 13th year of the 20th century, and the 4th year of the 1910s decade. As of the start of 1913, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events[edit]

January[edit]

January 1 – The British Board of Film Censors receives the authority to classify and censor films.
January 12 (January 25 Old Style) – Bolshevik activist Josef Dzhugashvili first publishes an article^[1] under the pseudonym Stalin which he adopts hereafter.^[2] At this time he, Adolf Hitler and Josip Broz Tito are simultaneously resident in Vienna.^[3]
January 13 – Edward Carson founds the (first) Ulster Volunteer Force by unifying several existing loyalist militias to resist home rule for Ireland.^[4]
January 23 – General election in Tasmania.
January 23 – In the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Ismail Enver comes to power.
January 30 – The British House of Lords rejects an Irish Home Rule Bill

Ismail Enver

February[edit]

February 1 – New York City's Grand Central Terminal, having been rebuilt, reopens as the world's largest railroad station.
February 3 – The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose and collect income taxes.
February 9 – Mexican Revolution: Beginning of "La Decena Trágica", the rebellion of some military chiefs against the President Francisco I. Madero.
February 13 – Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, declares the independence of Tibet from Qing dynasty China.
February 18 – Mexican Revolution: President Francisco I. Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez are forced to resign. Pedro Lascuráin serves as President for less than an hour before General Victoriano Huerta, leader of the coup, takes office
February 22 – Mexican Revolution: Assassination of Francisco I. Madero and José María Pino Suárez.
February 23 – Joseph Stalin is arrested by the Russian secret police, the Okhrana, in Petrograd and exiled to Siberia.^[5]

February 1: New York's Grand Central Terminal as rebuilt.

March[edit]

March
- The House of Romanov celebrates the 300th anniversary of its succession to the throne, amidst an outpouring of monarchist sentiment in Russia.
- Following the assassination of his rival Song Jiaoren, Yuan Shikai uses military force to dissolve China's parliament and rules as a dictator.
c. March 1 – British steamship Calvados disappears in the Sea of Marmara with 200 on board.^[6]^[7]
March 3 – The Woman suffrage parade of 1913 takes place in Washington, D.C. led by Inez Milholland on horseback.
March 4
- Woodrow Wilson is sworn in as the 28th President of the United States.
- The U.S. Department of Commerce and U.S. Department of Labor are established by splitting the duties of the 10-year-old Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census Bureau, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries and U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey form part of the Department of Commerce.

March 4: Wilson sworn in as the 28th president of the United States.

March 4–6 – First Balkan War: Battle of Bizani: Forces of the Kingdom of Greece capture the forts of Bizani (covering the approaches to Ioannina) from the Ottoman Empire.
March 7 – The British freighter Alum Chine, carrying 343 tons of dynamite, explodes in Baltimore harbour.^[8]
March 12 – Australia begins building the new federal capital of Canberra.
March 13 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa returns to Mexico from his self-imposed exile in the United States.
March 17 – The Military Aviation Academy (Escuela de Aviación Militar) is founded in Uruguay, to become the Military Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Militar) on 4 December 1952. The Uruguayan Air Force (FAU) would grow from this foundation.
March 18 – George I of Greece is assassinated after 50 years on the throne. He is succeeded by his son Constantine.
March 20 – Sung Chiao-jen, a founder of the Chinese nationalist party (Kuomintang), is wounded in an assassination attempt and dies two days later.
March 23 – Supporters of Phan Xích Long begin an attempt to revolt against colonial rule in French Indochina.
March 25 – Great Dayton Flood after four days of rain in the Miami Valley kills over 360 and destroys 20,000 homes, chiefly in Dayton.
March 26
- Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza announces his Plan of Guadalupe and begins his rebellion against Victoriano Huerta's government as head of the Constitutionals.
- Balkan Wars: Siege of Adrianople ends when Bulgarian forces take Adrianople from the Ottomans.

March 12: Australia begins building the new capital of Canberra.

April[edit]

Bernhard Kellermann's novel Der Tunnel is published.
April 5 – The United States Soccer Federation is formed.
April 8 – The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed, dictating the direct election of senators.
April 21 – Cunard ocean liner RMS Aquitania, built by John Brown & Company, is launched on the River Clyde.
April 24 – The Woolworth Building opens in New York City. Designed by Cass Gilbert, it is the tallest building in the world at this date and for more than a decade after.^[9]

May[edit]

May 3 – Raja Harishchandra, the first full-length Indian feature film is released, marking the beginning of the Indian film industry.
May 9–July 11 – Major industrial strike in the Black Country of England involving 25,000 workers, threatening preparations for World War I in naval and steel industries. The workers demand 23 shillings minimum wage.
May 14 – New York Governor William Sulzer approves the charter for the Rockefeller Foundation, which begins operations with a $100,000,000 donation from John D. Rockefeller.
May 24 – Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia marries Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover in Berlin, ending the decades-long rift between the Houses of Hohenzollern and Hanover and becoming the last great gathering of European sovereigns.
May 26 (May 13 O.S.) – Igor Sikorsky becomes the first person to pilot a 4-engine fixed-wing aircraft.
May 29 – The ballet The Rite of Spring, with music by Igor Stravinsky conducted by Pierre Monteux, choreography by Vaslav Nijinsky and design by Nicholas Roerich, is premiered by Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris; its modernism provokes one of the most famous classical music riots in history.^[10] The audience includes Gabriele D'Annunzio, Coco Chanel, Marcel Duchamp, Harry Graf Kessler and Maurice Ravel.^[11]
May 30 – First Balkan War: The Treaty of London is signed, ending the war. Greece is granted those parts of southern Epirus which it does not already control and the independence of Albania is recognised.
South Africa's first flying school opens in Kimberley to train pilots for the South African Aviation Corps, to become the South African Air Force on 1 February 1920.

May 29: The Rite of Spring is premiered in Paris.

June[edit]

June 1 – The Greek–Serbian Treaty of Alliance is signed, paving the way for the Second Balkan War.
June 4 – Emily Davison, a British suffragette, runs out in front of the King's horse, Anmer, at the Epsom Derby. She is trampled and dies four days later in hospital, never having regained consciousness.^[12]
June 8 – The Deutsches Stadion in Berlin is dedicated with the release of 10,000 pigeons in front of an audience of 60,000 people. It had been constructed in anticipation of the 1916 Summer Olympics, later to be cancelled the result of World War I.
June 11
- Women's suffrage is enacted in Norway.
- Battle of Bud Bagsak: Armed with guns and heavy artillery, U.S. and Philippine troops under General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing fight a four-day battle against 500 Moro rebels who are armed mostly with kampilan swords. The rebels are killed in a final desperate charge on June 15.
June 18 – The Arab Congress of 1913 opens, during which Arab nationalists meet to discuss desired reforms under the Ottoman Empire.
June 19 – The Parliament of South Africa passes the Natives Land Act, limiting land ownership for blacks to black territories.
June 13 – The predecessor of the Aldi store chain opens in Essen, Germany.
June 24 – Joseph Cook becomes the 6th Prime Minister of Australia.
June 29 – The Second Balkan War begins.

July[edit]

Foundation of Iglesia ni Cristo, an independent sect of Christianity in the Philippines.
July 10
- Romania declares war on Bulgaria.
- Death Valley, California hits 134 °F (~56.7 °C), the highest temperature ever recorded on Earth (as of 2015^[update]).
July 27 – Foundation of the town of San Javier, Uruguay,^[13] by Russian settlers.

August[edit]

August 4 – Republic of China: the province of Chungking (Chongqing) declares independence; Republican forces crush the rebellion in a couple of weeks.
August 10 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Bucharest is signed, ending the war. Macedonia is divided and Northern Epirus is assigned to Albania.
August 13 – Harry Brearley invents stainless steel in Sheffield.^[14]
August 20 – After his airplane fails at an altitude of 900 feet (270 m), aviator Adolphe Pégoud becomes the first person to bail out to safety from an airplane and land safely.^[15]
August 23 – The statue The Little Mermaid in Copenhagen, Denmark, is finished.
August 26 – Dublin Lock-out in Ireland: Members of James Larkin's Irish Transport and General Workers' Union employed by the Dublin United Tramways Company begin strike action in defiance of the dismissal of trade union members by its chairman.^[16]
August 31 – Dublin Lock-out: "Bloody Sunday": The dispute escalates when the Dublin Metropolitan Police kill one demonstrator and injure 400 in dispersing a demonstration.^[4]^[16]

September[edit]

The Balkan boundaries after 1913

September 7–8 – Fourth Congress of the International Psychoanalytical Association in Munich, the last occasion on which Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud will meet.
September 9
- In Germany, BASF starts the world's first plant for the production of fertilizer based on the Haber-Bosch process, feeding in modern times about a third of the world's population.
- Imperial Russian Army pilot Pyotr Nesterov becomes the first person to loop an airplane, flying a Nieuport IV monoplane over Syretzk Aerodrome near Kiev, Russia.
- Helgoland Island air disaster: The first fatalities aboard a German airship occur when the Imperial German Navy Zeppelin dirigible LZ 14 (naval designation L 1) is forced down into the North Sea off Heligoland during a thunderstorm, killing 16 of the 22 men on board.
September 10 – Jean Sibelius's tone poem Luonnotar is premiered in Gloucester Cathedral, England, with soprano Aino Ackté.
September 17 – In Chicago, the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith is founded, with Sigmund Livingston as its first president.
September 23 – French aviator Roland Garros crosses the Mediterranean in an airplane flying from Fréjus, France to Bizerte, Tunisia.
September 29 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Constantinople is signed in Istanbul between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria.

October[edit]

October 1 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa's troops take Torreón after a 3-day battle, when government troops retreat.

Nearly-completed Ford Model Ts at the Highland Park Plant

October 7 – The Ford Motor Company's Highland Park Plant in Highland Park, Michigan near Detroit becomes the first automobile production facility in the world to implement the moving assembly line, significantly speeding up production of the Model T.
October 9 – Canadian-owned ocean liner SS Volturno (1906), carrying passengers (mostly immigrants) and a chemical cargo from Rotterdam to New York City, catches fire in a North Atlantic gale. 136 die, but 521 are saved by ships summoned by SOS messages to the scene.
October 10
- U.S. President Woodrow Wilson triggers the explosion of the Gamboa Dike, ending construction on the Panama Canal.
- Yuan Shikai elected as President of the Republic of China.^{[citation needed]}
October 11 – The Philadelphia Athletics win the deciding game of the 1913 World Series, over baseball's New York Giants, winning 3–1 to take the series in five games.
October 14 – Senghenydd colliery disaster: An explosion at the Universal Colliery, Senghenydd in South Wales kills 439 miners, the worst mining accident in the United Kingdom.^[14]
October 16 – The British Royal Navy's HMS Queen Elizabeth is launched at Portsmouth Dockyard as the first oil-fired battleship.^[17]

Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig

October 18 – The Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig in Germany is finished.
October 19 – The DLRG (German Life-Saving Society) is founded.
October 26 – Victoriano Huerta elected president of Mexico.
October 28–December 2 – Zabern Affair: Acts of aggression by the Prussian garrison at Zabern in the Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine provoke political debate across the German Empire.
October 31 – The Lincoln Highway, the first automobile road across the United States, is dedicated.

November[edit]

November 5 – The King Otto of Bavaria is deposed by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumes the title Ludwig III.
November 6 – Mohandas Gandhi is arrested while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa.
November 7–11 – The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 claims 19 ships and more than 250 lives.

December[edit]

December 1
- The Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving assembly line, reducing chassis assembly time from 12½ hours in October to 2 hours, 40 minutes. Although Ford is not the first to use an assembly line, his successful adoption of one sparks an era of mass production.
- Crete, having obtained self rule from Turkey after the First Balkan War, is annexed by Greece.
December 12 – Vincenzo Peruggia tries to sell the Mona Lisa in Florence and is arrested.
December 19 – The Raker Act is signed by President Woodrow Wilson, allowing the City of San Francisco to dam Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park.
December 23 – The Federal Reserve System is created as the central banking system of the United States by Woodrow Wilson's signature of the Federal Reserve Act.
December 30 – Italy returns the Mona Lisa to France.

Date unknown[edit]

Establishment of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Bengal Province (modern-day Bangladesh).
French physicist Georges Sagnac shows that light propagates at a speed independent of the speed of its source.
The Camel cigarette brand is introduced by R. J. Reynolds in the United States, the first packaged cigarette.
Prada is established as a leather goods dealer in Milan by Mario Prada and his brother.
The value of world trade reaches roughly $38 billion.

Births[edit]

Content
January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December

January–February[edit]

January 1 – Shek Kin, Hong Kong veteran actor (d. 2009)
January 2 – Anna Lee, English-American actress (d. 2004)
January 4 – Malietoa Tanumafili II, Samoan head of state (d. 2007)
January 6
- Edward Gierek, Polish politician (d. 2001)
- Loretta Young, American actress (d. 2000)
January 7 – Victor H. Krulak, United States Marine Corps general (d. 2008)
January 9 – Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States (d. 1994)
January 10 – Gustáv Husák, Slovak politician (d. 1991)
January 11 – Karl Stegger, Danish actor (d. 1980)
January 15
- Eugène Brands, Dutch painter (d. 2002)
- Lloyd Bridges, American actor (d. 1998)
- Alexander Marinesko, Soviet naval officer (d. 1963)
January 17 – Everett Parker, American civil rights activist (d. 2015)
January 18 – George Unwin, British fighter ace of WWII (d. 2006)
January 22
- Henry Bauchau, Belgian novelist, poet, and psychoanalyst (d. 2012)
- William Conway, Irish cardinal (d. 1977)
- Carl F. H. Henry, American theologian and publisher (d. 2003)
January 23
- Jean-Michel Atlan, French painter (d. 1960)
- Wally Parks, founder of the NHRA (d. 2007)
January 25
- Huang Hua, Foreign Minister of China (d. 2010)
- Witold Lutosławski, Polish composer (d. 1994)
January 29
- Victor Mature, American actor (d. 1999)
- Peter von Zahn, German journalist and writer (d. 2001)
February 2 – Poul Reichhardt, Danish actor (d. 1985)

Rosa Parks

February 4
- Frank P. Keller, American film editor (d. 1977)
- Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (d. 2005)
- Richard Seaman, British motor racing driver (d. 1939)
February 6 – Mary Leakey, British anthropologist (d. 1996)
February 8 – Betty Field, American actress (d. 1973)
February 10
- Douglas Slocombe, British cinematographer (d. 2016)
- Bill White, Australian rugby union player (d. 1969)
February 14
- Mel Allen, American sports reporter (d. 1996)
- Woody Hayes, American college football coach (d. 1987)
- Jimmy Hoffa, American labor leader (disappeared 1975)
February 19 – Frank Tashlin, American animation director (d. 1972)
February 20 – Tommy Henrich, American baseball player (d. 2009)
February 25
- Jim Backus, American actor (d. 1989)
- Gert Fröbe, German actor (Goldfinger) (d. 1988)
February 26 – George Barker, British poet (d. 1991)
February 27
- T. B. Ilangaratne, Sri Lankan author, dramatist, actor and politician (d. 1992)
- Paul Ricœur, French philosopher (d. 2005)
- Kazimierz Sabbat, leader of Polish government-in-exile (d. 1989)
- Irwin Shaw, American writer (d. 1984)

March–April[edit]

Paul Erdős

March 1 – R. S. R. Fitter, British writer (d. 2005)
March 2 – Godfried Bomans, Dutch writer (d. 1971)
March 4 – John Garfield, American actor (d. 1952)
March 12 – Loulie Jean Norman, American singer (d. 2005)
March 13
- William Casey, American Central Intelligence Agency director (d. 1987)
- Sergey Mikhalkov, Russian writer and lyricist (d. 2009)
March 15 – Rosita Contreras, Argentine actress (d. 1962)
March 18
- René Clément, French film director (d. 1996)
- Werner Mölders, German fighter pilot (d. 1941)
March 19 – Smoky Dawson, Australian singer (d. 2008)
March 21 – George Abecassis, English race car driver (d. 1991)
March 26
- Paul Erdős, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1996)
- Jacqueline de Romilly, French philologist (d. 2010)
March 29 – R. S. Thomas, Welsh poet (d. 2000)
March 30
- Richard Helms, American Central Intelligence Agency director (d. 2002)
- Frankie Laine, American singer (d. 2007)
- Ċensu Tabone, Maltese politician (d. 2012)
March 31 – Etta Baker, American musician (d. 2006)
April 3 – Per Borten, Premier of Norway (d. 2005)
April 4
- Cecil Gant, American blues singer, songwriter and pianist (d. 1951)
- Rosemary Lane, American singer (d. 1974)
- Frances Langford, American singer and actress (d. 2005)
- Muddy Waters, American musician (d. 1983)
April 7
- Louise Currie, American actress (d. 2013)
- Florence S. Jacobsen, American Mormon leader (d. 2017)
- Charles Vanik, American politician (d. 2007)
April 8
- Sourou-Migan Apithy, Beninese political figure, 2nd President of Dahomey (d. 1989)
- Benedict J. Semmes, Jr., American admiral (d. 1994)
- Carlton Skinner, Governor of Guam (d. 2004)
April 10 – Stefan Heym, German writer (d. 2001)
April 11 – Oleg Cassini, American fashion designer (d. 2006)
April 11 – Winifred Drinkwater, Scottish aviator and first woman to hold a commercial pilot's license (d. 1996)
April 14 – Jean Fournet, French conductor (d. 2008)
April 16 – Les Tremayne, British-born American actor (d. 2003)
April 18 – Jack Pope, American judge, attorney, and author (d. 2017)
April 21 – Richard Beeching, Chairman of British Rail (d. 1985)
April 27 – Philip Hauge Abelson, American physicist, writer, and editor (d. 2004)
April 29 – Eugene Vielle, British Royal Air Force officer (d. 2015)