Extraterritoriality

Extraterritoriality is the state of being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations. Historically, this applied to individuals. Extraterritoriality can also be applied to physical places, such as foreign embassies, military bases of foreign countries, or offices of the United Nations. The three most common cases recognized today internationally relate to the persons and belongings of foreign heads of state, the persons and belongings of ambassadors and other diplomats, and ships in foreign waters.

Extraterritoriality is often extended to friendly or allied militaries, particularly for the purposes of allowing that military to simply pass through one's territory.

It is distinguished from personal jurisdiction in the sense that extraterritoriality operates to the prejudice of local jurisdiction.

Historical cases

14th Century

During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Italian sea republics of Genoa and Venice managed to wrestle extraterritoriality for their quarters (Pera and Galata) in the Byzantine capital, Constantinople. They even battled among themselves for further control of the weakened empire.

Miles Edgeworth

Miles Edgeworth, known as Reiji Mitsurugi (御剣 怜侍 一, Mitsurugi Reiji) in original Japanese language versions, is a fictional prosecutor in Capcom's Ace Attorney video game series. He first appears as an antagonistic rival to main character Phoenix Wright in Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney. He later reappears in Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney: Justice For All as a friendly rival, gains a playable role in Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney: Trials and Tribulations, and — due to the character's popularity — later went on to star in two of his own spin-off games, Ace Attorney Investigations: Miles Edgeworth. He also appears as a friendly rival in Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney - Dual Destinies as well as appearing as a cameo in Professor Layton vs. Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney. He is the protégé of legendary prosecutor Manfred von Karma, the main antagonist from the first game.

Design

According to Shu Takumi, Edgeworth was difficult to develop as a character compared to Wright. Edgeworth's character came together once Takumi decided he would be rich. In the original game, Takumi designed Edgeworth to be an unlikable and tragic character. This is seen in Manfred von Karma raising Edgeworth to be a prosecutor and then prosecuting him for murder, just to have his revenge against Gregory Edgeworth. After the first game, when Takumi saw a comic depicting Edgeworth liking the Steel Samurai, he decided that a more likable Edgeworth would be "cuter", and so Edgeworth was fleshed out into the valuable friend and ally seen since Farewell, My Turnabout.

Ace Attorney

Ace Attorney, also known as Phoenix Wright and in Japan as Gyakuten Saiban (逆転裁判, lit. "Turnabout Trial"), is a series of visual novel legal thriller adventure video games, created by Shu Takumi and developed and published by Capcom, in which players assume the role of a defense attorney in a fictional courtroom setting, which is based on the Japanese legal system, to strive to find their clients "not guilty" using investigation, evidence, and cross-examination to prove their case. The series primarily focuses on the protagonist, Phoenix Wright, a passionate lawyer who seeks out the truth and defends his clients to the end, with later games sometimes featuring other protagonists.

The first three games in the series, originally released exclusively in Japan between 2001 and 2004 for the Game Boy Advance, were ported to the Nintendo DS, taking advantage of features such as touchscreen control, and localized into other regions. These games have also been ported to other formats, such as PC, WiiWare, and iOS. Subsequent titles were developed for the Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS systems. To date, there have been five main games in the series, with a sixth game currently in development, as well as the prequel Dai Gyakuten Saiban: Naruhodō Ryūnosuke no Bōken, two Investigations spin-off games and a cross-over title, Professor Layton vs. Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney.

Ace Attorney Investigations: Miles Edgeworth

Ace Attorney Investigations: Miles Edgeworth, known in Japan as Gyakuten Kenji (Japanese: 逆転検事, lit. "Turnabout Prosecutor"), is a 2009 single-player adventure video game developed by Capcom for the handheld video game console Nintendo DS. It was published in Japan on May 28, 2009, and in North America, Australia, and Europe, in February, 2010. It is the fifth game in the Ace Attorney series, and is set between the events of the third and fourth games, Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney: Trials and Tribulations and Apollo Justice: Ace Attorney.

While previous games in the series focus on defense attorneys, Ace Attorney Investigations has the player control prosecutor Miles Edgeworth, who investigates five cases that tie together to form an overarching story about a smuggling ring. The game consists of investigation phases, in which the player investigates crime scenes in search for evidence, and rebuttal phases, in which they confront other characters, to hear what they think has happened; the player is able to use evidence to find contradictions in the characters' statements, to get closer to the truth.