- published: 09 Nov 2014
- views: 3478
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This is a video from Chavis von Bradford on the chronology of the universe, which describes the history and future of the universe according to Big Bang cosmology, the prevailing scientific model of how the universe developed over time from the Planck epoch, using the cosmological time parameter of comoving coordinates. The instant in which the universe is thought to have begun rapidly expanding from a singularity is known as the Big Bang. As of 2013, this expansion is estimated to have begun 13.798 ± 0.037 billion years ago. It is convenient to divide the evolution of the universe so far into three phases. The Planck epoch is an era in traditional (non-inflationary) big bang cosmology wherein the temperature was so high that the four fundamental forces—electromagnetism, gravitation, weak nuclear interaction, and strong nuclear interaction—were one fundamental force. Little is understood about physics at this temperature; different hypotheses propose different scenarios. Traditional big bang cosmology predicts a gravitational singularity before this time, but this theory relies on general relativity and is expected to break down due to quantum effects. As the universe expanded and cooled, it crossed transition temperatures at which forces separate from each other. These are phase transitions much like condensation and freezing. The grand unification epoch began when gravitation separated from the other forces of nature, which are collectively known as gauge forces. The non-gravitational physics in this epoch would be described by a so-called grand unified theory (GUT). The grand unification epoch ended when the GUT forces further separate into the strong and electroweak forces. According to traditional big bang cosmology, the Electroweak epoch began 10^−36 second after the Big Bang, when the temperature of the universe was low enough (1028 K) to separate the strong force from the electroweak force (the name for the unified forces of electromagnetism and the weak interaction). In inflationary cosmology, the electroweak epoch ends when the inflationary epoch begins, at roughly 10^−32 second. Da die naturwissenschaftlichen Gesetze für die extremen Bedingungen während der ersten etwa 10^−43 Sekunden (Planck-Zeit) nach dem Urknall nicht bekannt sind, beschreibt die Theorie den eigentlichen Vorgang streng genommen nicht. Erst nach Ablauf der Planck-Zeit können die weiteren Abläufe physikalisch nachvollzogen werden. So lässt sich dem frühen Universum z. B. eine Temperatur von 1,4 · 1032 K (Planck-Temperatur) zuordnen. Das Alter des Universums ist aufgrund von Präzisionsmessungen durch das Weltraumteleskop Planck sehr genau gemessen: 13,80 ± 0,04 Milliarden Jahre. Eine frühere Ermittlung des Alters durch den Satelliten WMAP ergab das etwas ungenauere Ergebnis von 13,7 Milliarden Jahren. Das Alter kann auch durch Extrapolation von der momentanen Expansionsgeschwindigkeit des Universums auf den Zeitpunkt, an dem das Universum in einem Punkt komprimiert war, berechnet werden. Diese Berechnung hängt aber stark von der Zusammensetzung des Universums ab, da Materie bzw. Energie durch Gravitation die Expansion verlangsamen. Die bisher nur indirekt nachgewiesene Dunkle Energie kann die Expansion allerdings auch beschleunigen. So können verschiedene Annahmen über die Zusammensetzung des Universums zu verschiedenen Altersangaben führen. Durch das Alter der ältesten Sterne kann eine untere Grenze für das Alter des Universums angegeben werden. Im aktuellen Standardmodell stimmen beide Methoden sehr gut überein. universo فضاء كوني Вселенная 宇宙 Evren How the Universe Works The Science Channel PBS Nova
Although science has provided astounding insights into the origins of the universe, we're still not quite sure what happened in those very first few moments.
Link to Electromagnetism: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMnsZuEE_m8
Link to Weak Force: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnL_nwmCLpY&list;=PLsNB4peY6C6JDc1HcVKjjYzVB0BYEXexd&index;=3
Link to Strong Force: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yv3EMq2Dgq8&list;=PLsNB4peY6C6JDc1HcVKjjYzVB0BYEXexd&index;=1
Link to Gravity: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhG_ArxmwRM&list;=PLsNB4peY6C6JDc1HcVKjjYzVB0BYEXexd&index;=4
Link to Take a Trip to Titan!: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfiE5AVM7Zc
Link to Has Stephen Hawking Solved a Black Hole Paradox?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lptt20cohrU
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Sources:
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/string-theory-about-unravel-180953637/?all
http://www.nuclecu.unam.mx/~alberto/physics/string.html
http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/the-basic-elements-of-string-theory.html
http://sciexplorer.blogspot.com/2011/01/our-universe-part-6-electroweak-epoch.html
http://sciexplorer.blogspot.com/2011/01/our-universe-part-7-quark-epoch.html
http://www.universeadventure.org/eras/era1-consequences.htm
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/unify.html#c5
http://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/topics_bigbang_expanding.html
Image Sources:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:History_of_the_Universe.svg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Max_Planck_1933.jpg
https://www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc/8674655959/in/album-72157633198376352/
- published: 15 Dec 2015
- views: 339311
http://www.teachastronomy.com/
Given our knowledge of the fundamental forces of nature, cosmologists speculate about an early phase of the universe on an unimaginable iota of time after the big bang, ten to the minus forty three seconds after the big bang, when the forces of nature were all equal. This is called the Planck era or the Planck epoch after one of the founding figures of quantum mechanics. In this tiny instant of time after the big bang the temperature was ten to the power thirty-two Kelvin. The size of the universe was ten to the minus thirty-five meters, much smaller than a proton. The universe was a seething space time foam where there was no distinction between particles and energy or even between particles and the space they occupy. This represents the limit to our knowledge. With no current theory for the quantum nature of gravity, astronomers can only speculate what the universe was like at the instant of its creation.
- published: 10 Jul 2010
- views: 1192
In physical cosmology, the Planck epoch (or Planck era), named after Max Planck, is the earliest period of time in the history of the universe, from zero to approximately 10^(−43) seconds (Planck time), during which quantum effects of gravity were significant. One could also say that it is the earliest moment in time, as the Planck time is perhaps the shortest possible interval of time, and the Planck epoch lasted only this brief instant.
- published: 01 Apr 2010
- views: 5185
This minilecture gives a history of the first 100 seconds of the Universe, a time when unfamiliar forces and subatomic particles dominated the Universe.
Table of Contents:
00:50 - The Four Fundamental Forces of Nature
03:24 - In the Beginning: The Planck Epoch
05:12 - Grand Unification Epoch
06:02 - Grand Unified Theory of Cutlery
06:36 - The Electroweak Epoch
07:10 - Do you understand the Higgs Boson?
07:36 - Inflation
08:18 - The Inflationary Epoch
10:15 - The Quark Epoch
10:55 - Matter vs. Antimatter
12:02 - Hadron and Lepton Epochs
- published: 18 Nov 2014
- views: 1106
In physical cosmology, the Planck epoch or Planck era is the earliest period of time in the history of the universe, from zero to approximately 10−43 seconds. It is believed that, due to the extraordinarily small scale of the universe at that time, quantum effects of gravity dominated physical interactions. During this period, approximately 13.79 billion years ago, gravitation is believed to have been as strong as the other fundamental forces, and all the forces may have been unified. Inconceivably hot and dense, the state of the universe during the Planck epoch was unstable. As it expanded and cooled, the familiar manifestations of the fundamental forces arose through a process known as symmetry breaking.
Modern cosmology now suggests that the Planck epoch may have inaugurated a period of unification, known as the grand unification epoch, and that symmetry breaking then quickly led to the era of cosmic inflation, the Inflationary epoch, during which the universe greatly expanded in scale over a very short period of time.
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- published: 11 Nov 2015
- views: 356
Episode 4 of 5
Check us out on iTunes! http://testtube.com/podcast
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The universe is everything we can see and as far as we can see. For years we've been trying to figure out how it all began, but have we finally figured out how everything came to be?
+ + + + + + + +
Previous Episode:
What Is Dark Matter’s Role In The Formation Of Galaxies?: https://youtu.be/vkMlH-6msfQ?list=PLwwOk5fvpuuLUsdHbX81DIAsiBqQrilX_
+ + + + + + + +
Sources:
Brief History Of The Universe:
http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/BBhistory.html
“The Planck time: 10-43 seconds. After this time gravity can be considered to be a classical background in which particles and fields evolve following quantum mechanics."
What Is the Big Bang Theory?:
http://www.space.com/25126-big-bang-theory.html
“The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation about how the universe began. At its simplest, it talks about the universe as we know it starting with a small singularity, then inflating over the next 13.8 billion years to the cosmos that we know today."
How Are Light And Heavy Elements Formed?:
http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/84-the-universe/stars-and-star-clusters/nuclear-burning/402-how-are-light-and-heavy-elements-formed-advanced
“The lightest elements (hydrogen, helium, deuterium, lithium) were produced in the Big Bang nucleosynthesis. According to the Big Bang theory, the temperatures in the early universe were so high that fusion reactions could take place."
Planck Mission Brings Universe Into Sharp Focus:
http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2013/mar/HQ_13-079_Planck_Mission.html
“The Planck space mission has released the most accurate and detailed map ever made of the oldest light in the universe, revealing new information about its age, contents and origins."
How the Big Bang Theory Works:
http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/astronomy-terms/big-bang-theory4.htm
“Because of the limitations of the laws of science, we can't make any guesses about the instant the universe came into being. Instead, we can look at the period immediately following the creation of the universe."
The Universe Is 13.82 Billion Years Old:
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/03/21/age_of_the_universe_planck_results_show_universe_is_13_82_billion_years.html
“The Universe is a wee bit older than we thought. Not only that, but turns out the ingredients are a little bit different, too. And not only that, but the way they’re mixed isn’t quite what we expected, either."
The Big Bang:
http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang/
“Astronomers combine mathematical models with observations to develop workable theories of how the Universe came to be."
First Light & Reionization:
http://jwst.nasa.gov/firstlight.html
“Why is a powerful infrared observatory key to seeing the first stars and galaxies that formed in the universe? Why do we even want to see the first stars and galaxies that formed?"
Our Expanding Universe: Age, History & Other Facts:
http://www.space.com/52-the-expanding-universe-from-the-big-bang-to-today.html
“The universe was born with the Big Bang as an unimaginably hot, dense point. When the universe was just 10-34 of a second or so old — that is, a hundredth of a billionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second in age — it experienced an incredible burst of expansion known as inflation, in which space itself expanded faster than the speed of light."
+ + + + + + + +
DNews Plus is built for enthusiastic science fans seeking out comprehensive conversations on the geeky topics they love. Host Trace Dominguez digs beyond the usual scope to deliver details, developments and opinions on advanced topics like AI, string theory and Mars exploration. DNews Plus is also offered as an audio podcast on iTunes.
+ + + + + + + +
Trace Dominguez on Twitter https://twitter.com/TraceDominguez
DNews on Facebook https://facebook.com/discoverynews
DNews on Twitter http://twitter.com/DNews
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- published: 21 Apr 2016
- views: 78051
Part 1: Studying a plant’s ecological interactions in the genomics era (Part 1): Dr. Baldwin reveal the mechanism by which the native tobacco plant, Nicotiana attenuata, uses floral metabolites to attract and guide its favorite pollinator.
Part 2: Nicotina attenuata’s responses to attack from a nicotine-tolerant herbivore: Baldwin outlines the evolutionary responses that the Nicotina attenuata has to fight a nicotine-tolerant herbivore, the moth’s caterpillar.
Part 3: Plant’s perspective on seeds, sex, and microbes: Baldwin addresses two different mechanisms by which Nicotiana attenuata can rapidly adapt to the extreme desert environments.
https://www.ibiology.org/ibioseminars/short-biased-history-interdisciplinary-field.html
Talk Overview:
Although plants cannot move, they have developed mechanisms to defend themselves and avoid predators. In his first talk, Dr. Ian Baldwin provides a historical perspective on the study of metabolites in plants and the benefits of combining different disciplines to study how metabolites are used by plants to solve ecological problems. Using this interdisciplinary approach, Baldwin and collaborators reveal the mechanism by which the native tobacco plant, Nicotiana attenuata, uses floral metabolites to attract and guide its favorite pollinator, a moth, Manduca sexta.
Nicotiana attenuata generates toxic levels of nicotine, which protects this plant from predation by most animals. In his second talk, Baldwin outlines the evolutionary responses that this plant has to fight a nicotine-tolerant herbivore, the moth’s caterpillar. The caterpillar is not only able to feed on this nicotine-rich plant, it also uses the nicotine it consumes to protect itself from predators. But the plant evolved a few mechanisms to confront this problem. For example, Baldwin and colleges found that when the plant “senses” the presence of a caterpillar, it turns on signaling pathways that decrease its nicotine content and activates a 6-layered suite of responses that includes attracting the caterpillar’s predators, tolerating the damage caused by caterpillars, and switching its sexual system to avoid future caterpillar attack.
In his third talk, Baldwin addresses two different mechanisms by which Nicotiana attenuata can rapidly adapt to the extreme desert environments and survive the long wait before the next post-fire germination opportunity. The first mechanism involves a rapid haploid selection that occurs during mating. The plant relies on pollinators to transfer pollen from plant to plant and it selects pollinators by producing different types of flowers. It even has the capacity to increase a pollinator’s outcrossing rate by producing flowers with different levels of nicotine, from moderate to toxic levels, pressing the pollinator to visit multiple flowers from different plants while nectaring. The second process involves the recruitment of beneficial microbes from the soil after germination.
Speaker Biography:
Dr. Ian Baldwin is a professor and director of the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology where he studies the Nicotiana attenuata as a model organism to understand how plants solve ecological problems. Baldwin received his AB in Chemistry and Biology from Dartmouth College in 1981 and started his graduate studies at Cornell University where he joined the Section of Neurobiology and Behavior. After graduating in 1989, he became a professor in the Department of Biology at SUNY Buffalo. He foresaw the importance of combining multiple disciplines to study plant ecology and in 1996, he co-founded the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, a multi-disciplinary center to study the chemically-mediated interactions of plants.
For his scientific contributions, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences (2013), and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2016). Learn more about Dr. Baldwin’s research here:
http://www.ice.mpg.de/ext/index.php?id=molecular-ecology&L;=0
- published: 17 May 2017
- views: 574
Planck epoch
In physical cosmology, the Planck epoch or Planck era is the earliest period of time in the history of the universe, from zero to approximately 10−43 seconds (Planck time). While there is no proven theory that correctly describes the universe at this period, it is postulated that quantum effects of gravity dominated physical interactions due to the small scale of the universe. During this period, approximately 13.79 billion years ago, gravitation is believed to have been as strong as the other fundamental forces, and all the forces may have been unified. Inconceivably hot and dense, the state of the universe during the Planck epoch was unstable. As it expanded and cooled, the familiar manifestations of the fundamental forces arose through a process known as symmetry breaking.
Modern cosmology now suggests that the Planck epoch may have inaugurated a period of unification, known as the grand unification epoch, and that symmetry breaking then quickly led to the era of cosmic inflation, the Inflationary epoch, during which the universe greatly expanded in scale over a very short period of time.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -
https://wn.com/Planck_epoch
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Big Bang
The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large-scale evolution. The model accounts for the fact that the universe expanded from a very high density and high temperature state, and offers a comprehensive explanation for a broad range of phenomena, including the abundance of light elements, the cosmic microwave background, large scale structure and Hubble's Law. If the known laws of physics are extrapolated beyond where they are valid, there is a singularity. Modern measurements place this moment at approximately 13.8 billion years ago, which is thus considered the age of the universe. After the initial expansion, the universe cooled sufficiently to allow the formation of subatomic particles, and later simple atoms. Giant clouds of these primordial elements later coalesced through gravity to form stars and galaxies.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -
https://wn.com/Big_Bang
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Max Planck
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, FRS (/plɑːŋk/; 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose work on quantum theory won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.
Planck made many contributions to theoretical physics, but his fame as a physicist rests primarily on his role as an originator of quantum theory, which revolutionized human understanding of atomic and subatomic processes. However, his name is also known on a broader academic basis, through the renaming in 1948 of the German scientific institution, the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (of which he was twice president), as the Max Planck Society (MPS). The MPS now includes 83 institutions representing a wide range of scientific directions.
Early life and career
Planck came from a traditional, intellectual family. His paternal great-grandfather and grandfather were both theology professors in Göttingen; his father was a law professor in Kiel and Munich.
Planck was born in Kiel, Holstein, to Johann Julius Wilhelm Planck and his second wife, Emma Patzig. He was baptised with the name of Karl Ernst Ludwig Marx Planck; of his given names, Marx (a now obsolete variant of Markus or maybe simply an error for Max, which is actually short for Maximilian) was indicated as the primary name. However, by the age of ten he signed with the name Max and used this for the rest of his life.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -
https://wn.com/Max_Planck
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Nicotiana attenuata
Nicotiana attenuata is a species of wild tobacco known by the common name coyote tobacco. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to Texas and northern Mexico, where it grows in many types of habitat. It is a glandular and sparsely hairy annual herb exceeding a meter in maximum height. The leaf blades may be 10 centimeters long, the lower ones oval and the upper narrower in shape, and are borne on petioles. The inflorescence bears several flowers with pinkish or greenish white tubular throats 2 to 3 centimeters long, their bases enclosed in pointed sepals. The flower face has five mostly white lobes. The fruit is a capsule about a centimeter long.
When this tobacco is eaten by the larvae of the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) the plant emits green leaf volatiles that attract Geocoris bugs, which are predators of the worm.
Uses
This plant was used for a great variety of medicinal purposes by many Native American groups, and was smoked ceremonially by the Hopi, Apache, Navajo, Paiute, and other groups.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -
https://wn.com/Nicotiana_attenuata
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
The First
The First may refer to:
See also
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -
https://wn.com/The_First
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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9:19The Early Universe: The Planck Era, The GUT Era & the Electroweak Era
The Early Universe: The Planck Era, The GUT Era & the Electroweak EraThe Early Universe: The Planck Era, The GUT Era & the Electroweak Era
This is a video from Chavis von Bradford on the chronology of the universe, which describes the history and future of the universe according to Big Bang cosmology, the prevailing scientific model of how the universe developed over time from the Planck epoch, using the cosmological time parameter of comoving coordinates. The instant in which the universe is thought to have begun rapidly expanding from a singularity is known as the Big Bang. As of 2013, this expansion is estimated to have begun 13.798 ± 0.037 billion years ago. It is convenient to divide the evolution of the universe so far into three phases. The Planck epoch is an era in traditional (non-inflationary) big bang cosmology wherein the temperature was so high that the four fundamental forces—electromagnetism, gravitation, weak nuclear interaction, and strong nuclear interaction—were one fundamental force. Little is understood about physics at this temperature; different hypotheses propose different scenarios. Traditional big bang cosmology predicts a gravitational singularity before this time, but this theory relies on general relativity and is expected to break down due to quantum effects. As the universe expanded and cooled, it crossed transition temperatures at which forces separate from each other. These are phase transitions much like condensation and freezing. The grand unification epoch began when gravitation separated from the other forces of nature, which are collectively known as gauge forces. The non-gravitational physics in this epoch would be described by a so-called grand unified theory (GUT). The grand unification epoch ended when the GUT forces further separate into the strong and electroweak forces. According to traditional big bang cosmology, the Electroweak epoch began 10^−36 second after the Big Bang, when the temperature of the universe was low enough (1028 K) to separate the strong force from the electroweak force (the name for the unified forces of electromagnetism and the weak interaction). In inflationary cosmology, the electroweak epoch ends when the inflationary epoch begins, at roughly 10^−32 second. Da die naturwissenschaftlichen Gesetze für die extremen Bedingungen während der ersten etwa 10^−43 Sekunden (Planck-Zeit) nach dem Urknall nicht bekannt sind, beschreibt die Theorie den eigentlichen Vorgang streng genommen nicht. Erst nach Ablauf der Planck-Zeit können die weiteren Abläufe physikalisch nachvollzogen werden. So lässt sich dem frühen Universum z. B. eine Temperatur von 1,4 · 1032 K (Planck-Temperatur) zuordnen. Das Alter des Universums ist aufgrund von Präzisionsmessungen durch das Weltraumteleskop Planck sehr genau gemessen: 13,80 ± 0,04 Milliarden Jahre. Eine frühere Ermittlung des Alters durch den Satelliten WMAP ergab das etwas ungenauere Ergebnis von 13,7 Milliarden Jahren. Das Alter kann auch durch Extrapolation von der momentanen Expansionsgeschwindigkeit des Universums auf den Zeitpunkt, an dem das Universum in einem Punkt komprimiert war, berechnet werden. Diese Berechnung hängt aber stark von der Zusammensetzung des Universums ab, da Materie bzw. Energie durch Gravitation die Expansion verlangsamen. Die bisher nur indirekt nachgewiesene Dunkle Energie kann die Expansion allerdings auch beschleunigen. So können verschiedene Annahmen über die Zusammensetzung des Universums zu verschiedenen Altersangaben führen. Durch das Alter der ältesten Sterne kann eine untere Grenze für das Alter des Universums angegeben werden. Im aktuellen Standardmodell stimmen beide Methoden sehr gut überein. universo فضاء كوني Вселенная 宇宙 Evren How the Universe Works The Science Channel PBS Nova -
4:04The First Few Moments That Physics Can't Explain
The First Few Moments That Physics Can't ExplainThe First Few Moments That Physics Can't Explain
Although science has provided astounding insights into the origins of the universe, we're still not quite sure what happened in those very first few moments. Link to Electromagnetism: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMnsZuEE_m8 Link to Weak Force: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnL_nwmCLpY&list;=PLsNB4peY6C6JDc1HcVKjjYzVB0BYEXexd&index;=3 Link to Strong Force: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yv3EMq2Dgq8&list;=PLsNB4peY6C6JDc1HcVKjjYzVB0BYEXexd&index;=1 Link to Gravity: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhG_ArxmwRM&list;=PLsNB4peY6C6JDc1HcVKjjYzVB0BYEXexd&index;=4 Link to Take a Trip to Titan!: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfiE5AVM7Zc Link to Has Stephen Hawking Solved a Black Hole Paradox?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lptt20cohrU ---------- Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters -- we couldn't make SciShow without them! Shout out to Justin Ove, Chris Peters, Philippe von Bergen, Fatima Iqbal, John Murrin, Linnea Boyev, Justin Lentz, and David Campos. ---------- Like SciShow? Want to help support us, and also get things to put on your walls, cover your torso and hold your liquids? Check out our awesome products over at DFTBA Records: http://dftba.com/SciShow Or help support us by becoming our patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow ---------- Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet? Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow Sources: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/string-theory-about-unravel-180953637/?all http://www.nuclecu.unam.mx/~alberto/physics/string.html http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/the-basic-elements-of-string-theory.html http://sciexplorer.blogspot.com/2011/01/our-universe-part-6-electroweak-epoch.html http://sciexplorer.blogspot.com/2011/01/our-universe-part-7-quark-epoch.html http://www.universeadventure.org/eras/era1-consequences.htm http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/unify.html#c5 http://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/topics_bigbang_expanding.html Image Sources: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:History_of_the_Universe.svg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Max_Planck_1933.jpg https://www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc/8674655959/in/album-72157633198376352/ -
1:05Teach Astronomy - Planck Era
Teach Astronomy - Planck EraTeach Astronomy - Planck Era
http://www.teachastronomy.com/ Given our knowledge of the fundamental forces of nature, cosmologists speculate about an early phase of the universe on an unimaginable iota of time after the big bang, ten to the minus forty three seconds after the big bang, when the forces of nature were all equal. This is called the Planck era or the Planck epoch after one of the founding figures of quantum mechanics. In this tiny instant of time after the big bang the temperature was ten to the power thirty-two Kelvin. The size of the universe was ten to the minus thirty-five meters, much smaller than a proton. The universe was a seething space time foam where there was no distinction between particles and energy or even between particles and the space they occupy. This represents the limit to our knowledge. With no current theory for the quantum nature of gravity, astronomers can only speculate what the universe was like at the instant of its creation. -
6:20Cravagoide - Planck Epoch
Cravagoide - Planck EpochCravagoide - Planck Epoch
In physical cosmology, the Planck epoch (or Planck era), named after Max Planck, is the earliest period of time in the history of the universe, from zero to approximately 10^(−43) seconds (Planck time), during which quantum effects of gravity were significant. One could also say that it is the earliest moment in time, as the Planck time is perhaps the shortest possible interval of time, and the Planck epoch lasted only this brief instant. -
8:08Przemek Rudź - THROUGH THE PLANCK ERA
Przemek Rudź - THROUGH THE PLANCK ERAPrzemek Rudź - THROUGH THE PLANCK ERA
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13:20Unit 12 Minilecture 2: The First 100 Seconds
Unit 12 Minilecture 2: The First 100 SecondsUnit 12 Minilecture 2: The First 100 Seconds
This minilecture gives a history of the first 100 seconds of the Universe, a time when unfamiliar forces and subatomic particles dominated the Universe. Table of Contents: 00:50 - The Four Fundamental Forces of Nature 03:24 - In the Beginning: The Planck Epoch 05:12 - Grand Unification Epoch 06:02 - Grand Unified Theory of Cutlery 06:36 - The Electroweak Epoch 07:10 - Do you understand the Higgs Boson? 07:36 - Inflation 08:18 - The Inflationary Epoch 10:15 - The Quark Epoch 10:55 - Matter vs. Antimatter 12:02 - Hadron and Lepton Epochs -
4:07Planck epoch
Planck epochPlanck epoch
In physical cosmology, the Planck epoch or Planck era is the earliest period of time in the history of the universe, from zero to approximately 10−43 seconds. It is believed that, due to the extraordinarily small scale of the universe at that time, quantum effects of gravity dominated physical interactions. During this period, approximately 13.79 billion years ago, gravitation is believed to have been as strong as the other fundamental forces, and all the forces may have been unified. Inconceivably hot and dense, the state of the universe during the Planck epoch was unstable. As it expanded and cooled, the familiar manifestations of the fundamental forces arose through a process known as symmetry breaking. Modern cosmology now suggests that the Planck epoch may have inaugurated a period of unification, known as the grand unification epoch, and that symmetry breaking then quickly led to the era of cosmic inflation, the Inflationary epoch, during which the universe greatly expanded in scale over a very short period of time. This video is targeted to blind users. Attribution: Article text available under CC-BY-SA Creative Commons image source in video -
14:21Explaining The Big Bang One TRILLIONTH Of A Second At A Time
Explaining The Big Bang One TRILLIONTH Of A Second At A TimeExplaining The Big Bang One TRILLIONTH Of A Second At A Time
Episode 4 of 5 Check us out on iTunes! http://testtube.com/podcast Please Subscribe! http://testu.be/1FjtHn5 The universe is everything we can see and as far as we can see. For years we've been trying to figure out how it all began, but have we finally figured out how everything came to be? + + + + + + + + Previous Episode: What Is Dark Matter’s Role In The Formation Of Galaxies?: https://youtu.be/vkMlH-6msfQ?list=PLwwOk5fvpuuLUsdHbX81DIAsiBqQrilX_ + + + + + + + + Sources: Brief History Of The Universe: http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/BBhistory.html “The Planck time: 10-43 seconds. After this time gravity can be considered to be a classical background in which particles and fields evolve following quantum mechanics." What Is the Big Bang Theory?: http://www.space.com/25126-big-bang-theory.html “The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation about how the universe began. At its simplest, it talks about the universe as we know it starting with a small singularity, then inflating over the next 13.8 billion years to the cosmos that we know today." How Are Light And Heavy Elements Formed?: http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/84-the-universe/stars-and-star-clusters/nuclear-burning/402-how-are-light-and-heavy-elements-formed-advanced “The lightest elements (hydrogen, helium, deuterium, lithium) were produced in the Big Bang nucleosynthesis. According to the Big Bang theory, the temperatures in the early universe were so high that fusion reactions could take place." Planck Mission Brings Universe Into Sharp Focus: http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2013/mar/HQ_13-079_Planck_Mission.html “The Planck space mission has released the most accurate and detailed map ever made of the oldest light in the universe, revealing new information about its age, contents and origins." How the Big Bang Theory Works: http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/astronomy-terms/big-bang-theory4.htm “Because of the limitations of the laws of science, we can't make any guesses about the instant the universe came into being. Instead, we can look at the period immediately following the creation of the universe." The Universe Is 13.82 Billion Years Old: http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/03/21/age_of_the_universe_planck_results_show_universe_is_13_82_billion_years.html “The Universe is a wee bit older than we thought. Not only that, but turns out the ingredients are a little bit different, too. And not only that, but the way they’re mixed isn’t quite what we expected, either." The Big Bang: http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang/ “Astronomers combine mathematical models with observations to develop workable theories of how the Universe came to be." First Light & Reionization: http://jwst.nasa.gov/firstlight.html “Why is a powerful infrared observatory key to seeing the first stars and galaxies that formed in the universe? Why do we even want to see the first stars and galaxies that formed?" Our Expanding Universe: Age, History & Other Facts: http://www.space.com/52-the-expanding-universe-from-the-big-bang-to-today.html “The universe was born with the Big Bang as an unimaginably hot, dense point. When the universe was just 10-34 of a second or so old — that is, a hundredth of a billionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second in age — it experienced an incredible burst of expansion known as inflation, in which space itself expanded faster than the speed of light." + + + + + + + + DNews Plus is built for enthusiastic science fans seeking out comprehensive conversations on the geeky topics they love. Host Trace Dominguez digs beyond the usual scope to deliver details, developments and opinions on advanced topics like AI, string theory and Mars exploration. DNews Plus is also offered as an audio podcast on iTunes. + + + + + + + + Trace Dominguez on Twitter https://twitter.com/TraceDominguez DNews on Facebook https://facebook.com/discoverynews DNews on Twitter http://twitter.com/DNews + + + + + + + + -
45:00Baldwin (Max Planck Inst.) 1: Studying a plant’s ecological interactions in the genomics era
Baldwin (Max Planck Inst.) 1: Studying a plant’s ecological interactions in the genomics eraBaldwin (Max Planck Inst.) 1: Studying a plant’s ecological interactions in the genomics era
Part 1: Studying a plant’s ecological interactions in the genomics era (Part 1): Dr. Baldwin reveal the mechanism by which the native tobacco plant, Nicotiana attenuata, uses floral metabolites to attract and guide its favorite pollinator. Part 2: Nicotina attenuata’s responses to attack from a nicotine-tolerant herbivore: Baldwin outlines the evolutionary responses that the Nicotina attenuata has to fight a nicotine-tolerant herbivore, the moth’s caterpillar. Part 3: Plant’s perspective on seeds, sex, and microbes: Baldwin addresses two different mechanisms by which Nicotiana attenuata can rapidly adapt to the extreme desert environments. https://www.ibiology.org/ibioseminars/short-biased-history-interdisciplinary-field.html Talk Overview: Although plants cannot move, they have developed mechanisms to defend themselves and avoid predators. In his first talk, Dr. Ian Baldwin provides a historical perspective on the study of metabolites in plants and the benefits of combining different disciplines to study how metabolites are used by plants to solve ecological problems. Using this interdisciplinary approach, Baldwin and collaborators reveal the mechanism by which the native tobacco plant, Nicotiana attenuata, uses floral metabolites to attract and guide its favorite pollinator, a moth, Manduca sexta. Nicotiana attenuata generates toxic levels of nicotine, which protects this plant from predation by most animals. In his second talk, Baldwin outlines the evolutionary responses that this plant has to fight a nicotine-tolerant herbivore, the moth’s caterpillar. The caterpillar is not only able to feed on this nicotine-rich plant, it also uses the nicotine it consumes to protect itself from predators. But the plant evolved a few mechanisms to confront this problem. For example, Baldwin and colleges found that when the plant “senses” the presence of a caterpillar, it turns on signaling pathways that decrease its nicotine content and activates a 6-layered suite of responses that includes attracting the caterpillar’s predators, tolerating the damage caused by caterpillars, and switching its sexual system to avoid future caterpillar attack. In his third talk, Baldwin addresses two different mechanisms by which Nicotiana attenuata can rapidly adapt to the extreme desert environments and survive the long wait before the next post-fire germination opportunity. The first mechanism involves a rapid haploid selection that occurs during mating. The plant relies on pollinators to transfer pollen from plant to plant and it selects pollinators by producing different types of flowers. It even has the capacity to increase a pollinator’s outcrossing rate by producing flowers with different levels of nicotine, from moderate to toxic levels, pressing the pollinator to visit multiple flowers from different plants while nectaring. The second process involves the recruitment of beneficial microbes from the soil after germination. Speaker Biography: Dr. Ian Baldwin is a professor and director of the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology where he studies the Nicotiana attenuata as a model organism to understand how plants solve ecological problems. Baldwin received his AB in Chemistry and Biology from Dartmouth College in 1981 and started his graduate studies at Cornell University where he joined the Section of Neurobiology and Behavior. After graduating in 1989, he became a professor in the Department of Biology at SUNY Buffalo. He foresaw the importance of combining multiple disciplines to study plant ecology and in 1996, he co-founded the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, a multi-disciplinary center to study the chemically-mediated interactions of plants. For his scientific contributions, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences (2013), and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2016). Learn more about Dr. Baldwin’s research here: http://www.ice.mpg.de/ext/index.php?id=molecular-ecology&L;=0 -
2:26The Planck Era
The Planck Era
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The Early Universe: The Planck Era, The GUT Era & the Electroweak Era
This is a video from Chavis von Bradford on the chronology of the universe, which describes the history and future of the universe according to Big Bang cosmology, the prevailing scientific model of how the universe developed over time from the Planck epoch, using the cosmological time parameter of comoving coordinates. The instant in which the universe is thought to have begun rapidly expanding from a singularity is known as the Big Bang. As of 2013, this expansion is estimated to have begun 13.798 ± 0.037 billion years ago. It is convenient to divide the evolution of the universe so far into three phases. The Planck epoch is an era in traditional (non-inflationary) big bang cosmology wherein the temperature was so high that the four fundamental forces—electromagnetism, gravitation, weak ...
published: 09 Nov 2014 -
The First Few Moments That Physics Can't Explain
Although science has provided astounding insights into the origins of the universe, we're still not quite sure what happened in those very first few moments. Link to Electromagnetism: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMnsZuEE_m8 Link to Weak Force: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnL_nwmCLpY&list;=PLsNB4peY6C6JDc1HcVKjjYzVB0BYEXexd&index;=3 Link to Strong Force: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yv3EMq2Dgq8&list;=PLsNB4peY6C6JDc1HcVKjjYzVB0BYEXexd&index;=1 Link to Gravity: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhG_ArxmwRM&list;=PLsNB4peY6C6JDc1HcVKjjYzVB0BYEXexd&index;=4 Link to Take a Trip to Titan!: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfiE5AVM7Zc Link to Has Stephen Hawking Solved a Black Hole Paradox?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lptt20cohrU ---------- Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon suppor...
published: 15 Dec 2015 -
Teach Astronomy - Planck Era
http://www.teachastronomy.com/ Given our knowledge of the fundamental forces of nature, cosmologists speculate about an early phase of the universe on an unimaginable iota of time after the big bang, ten to the minus forty three seconds after the big bang, when the forces of nature were all equal. This is called the Planck era or the Planck epoch after one of the founding figures of quantum mechanics. In this tiny instant of time after the big bang the temperature was ten to the power thirty-two Kelvin. The size of the universe was ten to the minus thirty-five meters, much smaller than a proton. The universe was a seething space time foam where there was no distinction between particles and energy or even between particles and the space they occupy. This represents the limit to our kn...
published: 10 Jul 2010 -
Cravagoide - Planck Epoch
In physical cosmology, the Planck epoch (or Planck era), named after Max Planck, is the earliest period of time in the history of the universe, from zero to approximately 10^(−43) seconds (Planck time), during which quantum effects of gravity were significant. One could also say that it is the earliest moment in time, as the Planck time is perhaps the shortest possible interval of time, and the Planck epoch lasted only this brief instant.
published: 01 Apr 2010 -
Przemek Rudź - THROUGH THE PLANCK ERA
published: 29 Mar 2015 -
Unit 12 Minilecture 2: The First 100 Seconds
This minilecture gives a history of the first 100 seconds of the Universe, a time when unfamiliar forces and subatomic particles dominated the Universe. Table of Contents: 00:50 - The Four Fundamental Forces of Nature 03:24 - In the Beginning: The Planck Epoch 05:12 - Grand Unification Epoch 06:02 - Grand Unified Theory of Cutlery 06:36 - The Electroweak Epoch 07:10 - Do you understand the Higgs Boson? 07:36 - Inflation 08:18 - The Inflationary Epoch 10:15 - The Quark Epoch 10:55 - Matter vs. Antimatter 12:02 - Hadron and Lepton Epochs
published: 18 Nov 2014 -
Planck epoch
In physical cosmology, the Planck epoch or Planck era is the earliest period of time in the history of the universe, from zero to approximately 10−43 seconds. It is believed that, due to the extraordinarily small scale of the universe at that time, quantum effects of gravity dominated physical interactions. During this period, approximately 13.79 billion years ago, gravitation is believed to have been as strong as the other fundamental forces, and all the forces may have been unified. Inconceivably hot and dense, the state of the universe during the Planck epoch was unstable. As it expanded and cooled, the familiar manifestations of the fundamental forces arose through a process known as symmetry breaking. Modern cosmology now suggests that the Planck epoch may have inaugurated a period of...
published: 11 Nov 2015 -
Explaining The Big Bang One TRILLIONTH Of A Second At A Time
Episode 4 of 5 Check us out on iTunes! http://testtube.com/podcast Please Subscribe! http://testu.be/1FjtHn5 The universe is everything we can see and as far as we can see. For years we've been trying to figure out how it all began, but have we finally figured out how everything came to be? + + + + + + + + Previous Episode: What Is Dark Matter’s Role In The Formation Of Galaxies?: https://youtu.be/vkMlH-6msfQ?list=PLwwOk5fvpuuLUsdHbX81DIAsiBqQrilX_ + + + + + + + + Sources: Brief History Of The Universe: http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/BBhistory.html “The Planck time: 10-43 seconds. After this time gravity can be considered to be a classical background in which particles and fields evolve following quantum mechanics." What Is the Big Bang Theory?: http...
published: 21 Apr 2016 -
Baldwin (Max Planck Inst.) 1: Studying a plant’s ecological interactions in the genomics era
Part 1: Studying a plant’s ecological interactions in the genomics era (Part 1): Dr. Baldwin reveal the mechanism by which the native tobacco plant, Nicotiana attenuata, uses floral metabolites to attract and guide its favorite pollinator. Part 2: Nicotina attenuata’s responses to attack from a nicotine-tolerant herbivore: Baldwin outlines the evolutionary responses that the Nicotina attenuata has to fight a nicotine-tolerant herbivore, the moth’s caterpillar. Part 3: Plant’s perspective on seeds, sex, and microbes: Baldwin addresses two different mechanisms by which Nicotiana attenuata can rapidly adapt to the extreme desert environments. https://www.ibiology.org/ibioseminars/short-biased-history-interdisciplinary-field.html Talk Overview: Although plants cannot move, they have devel...
published: 17 May 2017 -
The Early Universe: The Planck Era, The GUT Era & the Electroweak Era
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:19
- Updated: 09 Nov 2014
- views: 3478
This is a video from Chavis von Bradford on the chronology of the universe, which describes the history and future of the universe according to Big Bang cosmolo...
This is a video from Chavis von Bradford on the chronology of the universe, which describes the history and future of the universe according to Big Bang cosmology, the prevailing scientific model of how the universe developed over time from the Planck epoch, using the cosmological time parameter of comoving coordinates. The instant in which the universe is thought to have begun rapidly expanding from a singularity is known as the Big Bang. As of 2013, this expansion is estimated to have begun 13.798 ± 0.037 billion years ago. It is convenient to divide the evolution of the universe so far into three phases. The Planck epoch is an era in traditional (non-inflationary) big bang cosmology wherein the temperature was so high that the four fundamental forces—electromagnetism, gravitation, weak nuclear interaction, and strong nuclear interaction—were one fundamental force. Little is understood about physics at this temperature; different hypotheses propose different scenarios. Traditional big bang cosmology predicts a gravitational singularity before this time, but this theory relies on general relativity and is expected to break down due to quantum effects. As the universe expanded and cooled, it crossed transition temperatures at which forces separate from each other. These are phase transitions much like condensation and freezing. The grand unification epoch began when gravitation separated from the other forces of nature, which are collectively known as gauge forces. The non-gravitational physics in this epoch would be described by a so-called grand unified theory (GUT). The grand unification epoch ended when the GUT forces further separate into the strong and electroweak forces. According to traditional big bang cosmology, the Electroweak epoch began 10^−36 second after the Big Bang, when the temperature of the universe was low enough (1028 K) to separate the strong force from the electroweak force (the name for the unified forces of electromagnetism and the weak interaction). In inflationary cosmology, the electroweak epoch ends when the inflationary epoch begins, at roughly 10^−32 second. Da die naturwissenschaftlichen Gesetze für die extremen Bedingungen während der ersten etwa 10^−43 Sekunden (Planck-Zeit) nach dem Urknall nicht bekannt sind, beschreibt die Theorie den eigentlichen Vorgang streng genommen nicht. Erst nach Ablauf der Planck-Zeit können die weiteren Abläufe physikalisch nachvollzogen werden. So lässt sich dem frühen Universum z. B. eine Temperatur von 1,4 · 1032 K (Planck-Temperatur) zuordnen. Das Alter des Universums ist aufgrund von Präzisionsmessungen durch das Weltraumteleskop Planck sehr genau gemessen: 13,80 ± 0,04 Milliarden Jahre. Eine frühere Ermittlung des Alters durch den Satelliten WMAP ergab das etwas ungenauere Ergebnis von 13,7 Milliarden Jahren. Das Alter kann auch durch Extrapolation von der momentanen Expansionsgeschwindigkeit des Universums auf den Zeitpunkt, an dem das Universum in einem Punkt komprimiert war, berechnet werden. Diese Berechnung hängt aber stark von der Zusammensetzung des Universums ab, da Materie bzw. Energie durch Gravitation die Expansion verlangsamen. Die bisher nur indirekt nachgewiesene Dunkle Energie kann die Expansion allerdings auch beschleunigen. So können verschiedene Annahmen über die Zusammensetzung des Universums zu verschiedenen Altersangaben führen. Durch das Alter der ältesten Sterne kann eine untere Grenze für das Alter des Universums angegeben werden. Im aktuellen Standardmodell stimmen beide Methoden sehr gut überein. universo فضاء كوني Вселенная 宇宙 Evren How the Universe Works The Science Channel PBS Nova
https://wn.com/The_Early_Universe_The_Planck_Era,_The_Gut_Era_The_Electroweak_Era
This is a video from Chavis von Bradford on the chronology of the universe, which describes the history and future of the universe according to Big Bang cosmology, the prevailing scientific model of how the universe developed over time from the Planck epoch, using the cosmological time parameter of comoving coordinates. The instant in which the universe is thought to have begun rapidly expanding from a singularity is known as the Big Bang. As of 2013, this expansion is estimated to have begun 13.798 ± 0.037 billion years ago. It is convenient to divide the evolution of the universe so far into three phases. The Planck epoch is an era in traditional (non-inflationary) big bang cosmology wherein the temperature was so high that the four fundamental forces—electromagnetism, gravitation, weak nuclear interaction, and strong nuclear interaction—were one fundamental force. Little is understood about physics at this temperature; different hypotheses propose different scenarios. Traditional big bang cosmology predicts a gravitational singularity before this time, but this theory relies on general relativity and is expected to break down due to quantum effects. As the universe expanded and cooled, it crossed transition temperatures at which forces separate from each other. These are phase transitions much like condensation and freezing. The grand unification epoch began when gravitation separated from the other forces of nature, which are collectively known as gauge forces. The non-gravitational physics in this epoch would be described by a so-called grand unified theory (GUT). The grand unification epoch ended when the GUT forces further separate into the strong and electroweak forces. According to traditional big bang cosmology, the Electroweak epoch began 10^−36 second after the Big Bang, when the temperature of the universe was low enough (1028 K) to separate the strong force from the electroweak force (the name for the unified forces of electromagnetism and the weak interaction). In inflationary cosmology, the electroweak epoch ends when the inflationary epoch begins, at roughly 10^−32 second. Da die naturwissenschaftlichen Gesetze für die extremen Bedingungen während der ersten etwa 10^−43 Sekunden (Planck-Zeit) nach dem Urknall nicht bekannt sind, beschreibt die Theorie den eigentlichen Vorgang streng genommen nicht. Erst nach Ablauf der Planck-Zeit können die weiteren Abläufe physikalisch nachvollzogen werden. So lässt sich dem frühen Universum z. B. eine Temperatur von 1,4 · 1032 K (Planck-Temperatur) zuordnen. Das Alter des Universums ist aufgrund von Präzisionsmessungen durch das Weltraumteleskop Planck sehr genau gemessen: 13,80 ± 0,04 Milliarden Jahre. Eine frühere Ermittlung des Alters durch den Satelliten WMAP ergab das etwas ungenauere Ergebnis von 13,7 Milliarden Jahren. Das Alter kann auch durch Extrapolation von der momentanen Expansionsgeschwindigkeit des Universums auf den Zeitpunkt, an dem das Universum in einem Punkt komprimiert war, berechnet werden. Diese Berechnung hängt aber stark von der Zusammensetzung des Universums ab, da Materie bzw. Energie durch Gravitation die Expansion verlangsamen. Die bisher nur indirekt nachgewiesene Dunkle Energie kann die Expansion allerdings auch beschleunigen. So können verschiedene Annahmen über die Zusammensetzung des Universums zu verschiedenen Altersangaben führen. Durch das Alter der ältesten Sterne kann eine untere Grenze für das Alter des Universums angegeben werden. Im aktuellen Standardmodell stimmen beide Methoden sehr gut überein. universo فضاء كوني Вселенная 宇宙 Evren How the Universe Works The Science Channel PBS Nova
- published: 09 Nov 2014
- views: 3478
The First Few Moments That Physics Can't Explain
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:04
- Updated: 15 Dec 2015
- views: 339311
Although science has provided astounding insights into the origins of the universe, we're still not quite sure what happened in those very first few moments.
L...
Although science has provided astounding insights into the origins of the universe, we're still not quite sure what happened in those very first few moments.
Link to Electromagnetism: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMnsZuEE_m8
Link to Weak Force: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnL_nwmCLpY&list;=PLsNB4peY6C6JDc1HcVKjjYzVB0BYEXexd&index;=3
Link to Strong Force: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yv3EMq2Dgq8&list;=PLsNB4peY6C6JDc1HcVKjjYzVB0BYEXexd&index;=1
Link to Gravity: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhG_ArxmwRM&list;=PLsNB4peY6C6JDc1HcVKjjYzVB0BYEXexd&index;=4
Link to Take a Trip to Titan!: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfiE5AVM7Zc
Link to Has Stephen Hawking Solved a Black Hole Paradox?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lptt20cohrU
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters -- we couldn't make SciShow without them! Shout out to Justin Ove, Chris Peters, Philippe von Bergen, Fatima Iqbal, John Murrin, Linnea Boyev, Justin Lentz, and David Campos.
----------
Like SciShow? Want to help support us, and also get things to put on your walls, cover your torso and hold your liquids? Check out our awesome products over at DFTBA Records: http://dftba.com/SciShow
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Sources:
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/string-theory-about-unravel-180953637/?all
http://www.nuclecu.unam.mx/~alberto/physics/string.html
http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/the-basic-elements-of-string-theory.html
http://sciexplorer.blogspot.com/2011/01/our-universe-part-6-electroweak-epoch.html
http://sciexplorer.blogspot.com/2011/01/our-universe-part-7-quark-epoch.html
http://www.universeadventure.org/eras/era1-consequences.htm
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/unify.html#c5
http://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/topics_bigbang_expanding.html
Image Sources:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:History_of_the_Universe.svg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Max_Planck_1933.jpg
https://www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc/8674655959/in/album-72157633198376352/
https://wn.com/The_First_Few_Moments_That_Physics_Can't_Explain
Although science has provided astounding insights into the origins of the universe, we're still not quite sure what happened in those very first few moments.
Link to Electromagnetism: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMnsZuEE_m8
Link to Weak Force: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnL_nwmCLpY&list;=PLsNB4peY6C6JDc1HcVKjjYzVB0BYEXexd&index;=3
Link to Strong Force: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yv3EMq2Dgq8&list;=PLsNB4peY6C6JDc1HcVKjjYzVB0BYEXexd&index;=1
Link to Gravity: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhG_ArxmwRM&list;=PLsNB4peY6C6JDc1HcVKjjYzVB0BYEXexd&index;=4
Link to Take a Trip to Titan!: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfiE5AVM7Zc
Link to Has Stephen Hawking Solved a Black Hole Paradox?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lptt20cohrU
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters -- we couldn't make SciShow without them! Shout out to Justin Ove, Chris Peters, Philippe von Bergen, Fatima Iqbal, John Murrin, Linnea Boyev, Justin Lentz, and David Campos.
----------
Like SciShow? Want to help support us, and also get things to put on your walls, cover your torso and hold your liquids? Check out our awesome products over at DFTBA Records: http://dftba.com/SciShow
Or help support us by becoming our patron on Patreon:
https://www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow
Sources:
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/string-theory-about-unravel-180953637/?all
http://www.nuclecu.unam.mx/~alberto/physics/string.html
http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/the-basic-elements-of-string-theory.html
http://sciexplorer.blogspot.com/2011/01/our-universe-part-6-electroweak-epoch.html
http://sciexplorer.blogspot.com/2011/01/our-universe-part-7-quark-epoch.html
http://www.universeadventure.org/eras/era1-consequences.htm
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/unify.html#c5
http://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/topics_bigbang_expanding.html
Image Sources:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:History_of_the_Universe.svg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Max_Planck_1933.jpg
https://www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc/8674655959/in/album-72157633198376352/
- published: 15 Dec 2015
- views: 339311
Teach Astronomy - Planck Era
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:05
- Updated: 10 Jul 2010
- views: 1192
http://www.teachastronomy.com/
Given our knowledge of the fundamental forces of nature, cosmologists speculate about an early phase of the universe on an unimag...
http://www.teachastronomy.com/
Given our knowledge of the fundamental forces of nature, cosmologists speculate about an early phase of the universe on an unimaginable iota of time after the big bang, ten to the minus forty three seconds after the big bang, when the forces of nature were all equal. This is called the Planck era or the Planck epoch after one of the founding figures of quantum mechanics. In this tiny instant of time after the big bang the temperature was ten to the power thirty-two Kelvin. The size of the universe was ten to the minus thirty-five meters, much smaller than a proton. The universe was a seething space time foam where there was no distinction between particles and energy or even between particles and the space they occupy. This represents the limit to our knowledge. With no current theory for the quantum nature of gravity, astronomers can only speculate what the universe was like at the instant of its creation.
https://wn.com/Teach_Astronomy_Planck_Era
http://www.teachastronomy.com/
Given our knowledge of the fundamental forces of nature, cosmologists speculate about an early phase of the universe on an unimaginable iota of time after the big bang, ten to the minus forty three seconds after the big bang, when the forces of nature were all equal. This is called the Planck era or the Planck epoch after one of the founding figures of quantum mechanics. In this tiny instant of time after the big bang the temperature was ten to the power thirty-two Kelvin. The size of the universe was ten to the minus thirty-five meters, much smaller than a proton. The universe was a seething space time foam where there was no distinction between particles and energy or even between particles and the space they occupy. This represents the limit to our knowledge. With no current theory for the quantum nature of gravity, astronomers can only speculate what the universe was like at the instant of its creation.
- published: 10 Jul 2010
- views: 1192
Cravagoide - Planck Epoch
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:20
- Updated: 01 Apr 2010
- views: 5185
In physical cosmology, the Planck epoch (or Planck era), named after Max Planck, is the earliest period of time in the history of the universe, from zero to app...
In physical cosmology, the Planck epoch (or Planck era), named after Max Planck, is the earliest period of time in the history of the universe, from zero to approximately 10^(−43) seconds (Planck time), during which quantum effects of gravity were significant. One could also say that it is the earliest moment in time, as the Planck time is perhaps the shortest possible interval of time, and the Planck epoch lasted only this brief instant.
https://wn.com/Cravagoide_Planck_Epoch
In physical cosmology, the Planck epoch (or Planck era), named after Max Planck, is the earliest period of time in the history of the universe, from zero to approximately 10^(−43) seconds (Planck time), during which quantum effects of gravity were significant. One could also say that it is the earliest moment in time, as the Planck time is perhaps the shortest possible interval of time, and the Planck epoch lasted only this brief instant.
- published: 01 Apr 2010
- views: 5185
Przemek Rudź - THROUGH THE PLANCK ERA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:08
- Updated: 29 Mar 2015
- views: 268
- published: 29 Mar 2015
- views: 268
Unit 12 Minilecture 2: The First 100 Seconds
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:20
- Updated: 18 Nov 2014
- views: 1106
This minilecture gives a history of the first 100 seconds of the Universe, a time when unfamiliar forces and subatomic particles dominated the Universe.
Table ...
This minilecture gives a history of the first 100 seconds of the Universe, a time when unfamiliar forces and subatomic particles dominated the Universe.
Table of Contents:
00:50 - The Four Fundamental Forces of Nature
03:24 - In the Beginning: The Planck Epoch
05:12 - Grand Unification Epoch
06:02 - Grand Unified Theory of Cutlery
06:36 - The Electroweak Epoch
07:10 - Do you understand the Higgs Boson?
07:36 - Inflation
08:18 - The Inflationary Epoch
10:15 - The Quark Epoch
10:55 - Matter vs. Antimatter
12:02 - Hadron and Lepton Epochs
https://wn.com/Unit_12_Minilecture_2_The_First_100_Seconds
This minilecture gives a history of the first 100 seconds of the Universe, a time when unfamiliar forces and subatomic particles dominated the Universe.
Table of Contents:
00:50 - The Four Fundamental Forces of Nature
03:24 - In the Beginning: The Planck Epoch
05:12 - Grand Unification Epoch
06:02 - Grand Unified Theory of Cutlery
06:36 - The Electroweak Epoch
07:10 - Do you understand the Higgs Boson?
07:36 - Inflation
08:18 - The Inflationary Epoch
10:15 - The Quark Epoch
10:55 - Matter vs. Antimatter
12:02 - Hadron and Lepton Epochs
- published: 18 Nov 2014
- views: 1106
Planck epoch
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:07
- Updated: 11 Nov 2015
- views: 356
In physical cosmology, the Planck epoch or Planck era is the earliest period of time in the history of the universe, from zero to approximately 10−43 seconds. I...
In physical cosmology, the Planck epoch or Planck era is the earliest period of time in the history of the universe, from zero to approximately 10−43 seconds. It is believed that, due to the extraordinarily small scale of the universe at that time, quantum effects of gravity dominated physical interactions. During this period, approximately 13.79 billion years ago, gravitation is believed to have been as strong as the other fundamental forces, and all the forces may have been unified. Inconceivably hot and dense, the state of the universe during the Planck epoch was unstable. As it expanded and cooled, the familiar manifestations of the fundamental forces arose through a process known as symmetry breaking.
Modern cosmology now suggests that the Planck epoch may have inaugurated a period of unification, known as the grand unification epoch, and that symmetry breaking then quickly led to the era of cosmic inflation, the Inflationary epoch, during which the universe greatly expanded in scale over a very short period of time.
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video
https://wn.com/Planck_Epoch
In physical cosmology, the Planck epoch or Planck era is the earliest period of time in the history of the universe, from zero to approximately 10−43 seconds. It is believed that, due to the extraordinarily small scale of the universe at that time, quantum effects of gravity dominated physical interactions. During this period, approximately 13.79 billion years ago, gravitation is believed to have been as strong as the other fundamental forces, and all the forces may have been unified. Inconceivably hot and dense, the state of the universe during the Planck epoch was unstable. As it expanded and cooled, the familiar manifestations of the fundamental forces arose through a process known as symmetry breaking.
Modern cosmology now suggests that the Planck epoch may have inaugurated a period of unification, known as the grand unification epoch, and that symmetry breaking then quickly led to the era of cosmic inflation, the Inflationary epoch, during which the universe greatly expanded in scale over a very short period of time.
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video
- published: 11 Nov 2015
- views: 356
Explaining The Big Bang One TRILLIONTH Of A Second At A Time
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:21
- Updated: 21 Apr 2016
- views: 78051
Episode 4 of 5
Check us out on iTunes! http://testtube.com/podcast
Please Subscribe! http://testu.be/1FjtHn5
The universe is everything we can see and ...
Episode 4 of 5
Check us out on iTunes! http://testtube.com/podcast
Please Subscribe! http://testu.be/1FjtHn5
The universe is everything we can see and as far as we can see. For years we've been trying to figure out how it all began, but have we finally figured out how everything came to be?
+ + + + + + + +
Previous Episode:
What Is Dark Matter’s Role In The Formation Of Galaxies?: https://youtu.be/vkMlH-6msfQ?list=PLwwOk5fvpuuLUsdHbX81DIAsiBqQrilX_
+ + + + + + + +
Sources:
Brief History Of The Universe:
http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/BBhistory.html
“The Planck time: 10-43 seconds. After this time gravity can be considered to be a classical background in which particles and fields evolve following quantum mechanics."
What Is the Big Bang Theory?:
http://www.space.com/25126-big-bang-theory.html
“The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation about how the universe began. At its simplest, it talks about the universe as we know it starting with a small singularity, then inflating over the next 13.8 billion years to the cosmos that we know today."
How Are Light And Heavy Elements Formed?:
http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/84-the-universe/stars-and-star-clusters/nuclear-burning/402-how-are-light-and-heavy-elements-formed-advanced
“The lightest elements (hydrogen, helium, deuterium, lithium) were produced in the Big Bang nucleosynthesis. According to the Big Bang theory, the temperatures in the early universe were so high that fusion reactions could take place."
Planck Mission Brings Universe Into Sharp Focus:
http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2013/mar/HQ_13-079_Planck_Mission.html
“The Planck space mission has released the most accurate and detailed map ever made of the oldest light in the universe, revealing new information about its age, contents and origins."
How the Big Bang Theory Works:
http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/astronomy-terms/big-bang-theory4.htm
“Because of the limitations of the laws of science, we can't make any guesses about the instant the universe came into being. Instead, we can look at the period immediately following the creation of the universe."
The Universe Is 13.82 Billion Years Old:
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/03/21/age_of_the_universe_planck_results_show_universe_is_13_82_billion_years.html
“The Universe is a wee bit older than we thought. Not only that, but turns out the ingredients are a little bit different, too. And not only that, but the way they’re mixed isn’t quite what we expected, either."
The Big Bang:
http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang/
“Astronomers combine mathematical models with observations to develop workable theories of how the Universe came to be."
First Light & Reionization:
http://jwst.nasa.gov/firstlight.html
“Why is a powerful infrared observatory key to seeing the first stars and galaxies that formed in the universe? Why do we even want to see the first stars and galaxies that formed?"
Our Expanding Universe: Age, History & Other Facts:
http://www.space.com/52-the-expanding-universe-from-the-big-bang-to-today.html
“The universe was born with the Big Bang as an unimaginably hot, dense point. When the universe was just 10-34 of a second or so old — that is, a hundredth of a billionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second in age — it experienced an incredible burst of expansion known as inflation, in which space itself expanded faster than the speed of light."
+ + + + + + + +
DNews Plus is built for enthusiastic science fans seeking out comprehensive conversations on the geeky topics they love. Host Trace Dominguez digs beyond the usual scope to deliver details, developments and opinions on advanced topics like AI, string theory and Mars exploration. DNews Plus is also offered as an audio podcast on iTunes.
+ + + + + + + +
Trace Dominguez on Twitter https://twitter.com/TraceDominguez
DNews on Facebook https://facebook.com/discoverynews
DNews on Twitter http://twitter.com/DNews
+ + + + + + + +
https://wn.com/Explaining_The_Big_Bang_One_Trillionth_Of_A_Second_At_A_Time
Episode 4 of 5
Check us out on iTunes! http://testtube.com/podcast
Please Subscribe! http://testu.be/1FjtHn5
The universe is everything we can see and as far as we can see. For years we've been trying to figure out how it all began, but have we finally figured out how everything came to be?
+ + + + + + + +
Previous Episode:
What Is Dark Matter’s Role In The Formation Of Galaxies?: https://youtu.be/vkMlH-6msfQ?list=PLwwOk5fvpuuLUsdHbX81DIAsiBqQrilX_
+ + + + + + + +
Sources:
Brief History Of The Universe:
http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/BBhistory.html
“The Planck time: 10-43 seconds. After this time gravity can be considered to be a classical background in which particles and fields evolve following quantum mechanics."
What Is the Big Bang Theory?:
http://www.space.com/25126-big-bang-theory.html
“The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation about how the universe began. At its simplest, it talks about the universe as we know it starting with a small singularity, then inflating over the next 13.8 billion years to the cosmos that we know today."
How Are Light And Heavy Elements Formed?:
http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/84-the-universe/stars-and-star-clusters/nuclear-burning/402-how-are-light-and-heavy-elements-formed-advanced
“The lightest elements (hydrogen, helium, deuterium, lithium) were produced in the Big Bang nucleosynthesis. According to the Big Bang theory, the temperatures in the early universe were so high that fusion reactions could take place."
Planck Mission Brings Universe Into Sharp Focus:
http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2013/mar/HQ_13-079_Planck_Mission.html
“The Planck space mission has released the most accurate and detailed map ever made of the oldest light in the universe, revealing new information about its age, contents and origins."
How the Big Bang Theory Works:
http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/astronomy-terms/big-bang-theory4.htm
“Because of the limitations of the laws of science, we can't make any guesses about the instant the universe came into being. Instead, we can look at the period immediately following the creation of the universe."
The Universe Is 13.82 Billion Years Old:
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/03/21/age_of_the_universe_planck_results_show_universe_is_13_82_billion_years.html
“The Universe is a wee bit older than we thought. Not only that, but turns out the ingredients are a little bit different, too. And not only that, but the way they’re mixed isn’t quite what we expected, either."
The Big Bang:
http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang/
“Astronomers combine mathematical models with observations to develop workable theories of how the Universe came to be."
First Light & Reionization:
http://jwst.nasa.gov/firstlight.html
“Why is a powerful infrared observatory key to seeing the first stars and galaxies that formed in the universe? Why do we even want to see the first stars and galaxies that formed?"
Our Expanding Universe: Age, History & Other Facts:
http://www.space.com/52-the-expanding-universe-from-the-big-bang-to-today.html
“The universe was born with the Big Bang as an unimaginably hot, dense point. When the universe was just 10-34 of a second or so old — that is, a hundredth of a billionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second in age — it experienced an incredible burst of expansion known as inflation, in which space itself expanded faster than the speed of light."
+ + + + + + + +
DNews Plus is built for enthusiastic science fans seeking out comprehensive conversations on the geeky topics they love. Host Trace Dominguez digs beyond the usual scope to deliver details, developments and opinions on advanced topics like AI, string theory and Mars exploration. DNews Plus is also offered as an audio podcast on iTunes.
+ + + + + + + +
Trace Dominguez on Twitter https://twitter.com/TraceDominguez
DNews on Facebook https://facebook.com/discoverynews
DNews on Twitter http://twitter.com/DNews
+ + + + + + + +
- published: 21 Apr 2016
- views: 78051
Baldwin (Max Planck Inst.) 1: Studying a plant’s ecological interactions in the genomics era
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 45:00
- Updated: 17 May 2017
- views: 574
Part 1: Studying a plant’s ecological interactions in the genomics era (Part 1): Dr. Baldwin reveal the mechanism by which the native tobacco plant, Nicotiana a...
Part 1: Studying a plant’s ecological interactions in the genomics era (Part 1): Dr. Baldwin reveal the mechanism by which the native tobacco plant, Nicotiana attenuata, uses floral metabolites to attract and guide its favorite pollinator.
Part 2: Nicotina attenuata’s responses to attack from a nicotine-tolerant herbivore: Baldwin outlines the evolutionary responses that the Nicotina attenuata has to fight a nicotine-tolerant herbivore, the moth’s caterpillar.
Part 3: Plant’s perspective on seeds, sex, and microbes: Baldwin addresses two different mechanisms by which Nicotiana attenuata can rapidly adapt to the extreme desert environments.
https://www.ibiology.org/ibioseminars/short-biased-history-interdisciplinary-field.html
Talk Overview:
Although plants cannot move, they have developed mechanisms to defend themselves and avoid predators. In his first talk, Dr. Ian Baldwin provides a historical perspective on the study of metabolites in plants and the benefits of combining different disciplines to study how metabolites are used by plants to solve ecological problems. Using this interdisciplinary approach, Baldwin and collaborators reveal the mechanism by which the native tobacco plant, Nicotiana attenuata, uses floral metabolites to attract and guide its favorite pollinator, a moth, Manduca sexta.
Nicotiana attenuata generates toxic levels of nicotine, which protects this plant from predation by most animals. In his second talk, Baldwin outlines the evolutionary responses that this plant has to fight a nicotine-tolerant herbivore, the moth’s caterpillar. The caterpillar is not only able to feed on this nicotine-rich plant, it also uses the nicotine it consumes to protect itself from predators. But the plant evolved a few mechanisms to confront this problem. For example, Baldwin and colleges found that when the plant “senses” the presence of a caterpillar, it turns on signaling pathways that decrease its nicotine content and activates a 6-layered suite of responses that includes attracting the caterpillar’s predators, tolerating the damage caused by caterpillars, and switching its sexual system to avoid future caterpillar attack.
In his third talk, Baldwin addresses two different mechanisms by which Nicotiana attenuata can rapidly adapt to the extreme desert environments and survive the long wait before the next post-fire germination opportunity. The first mechanism involves a rapid haploid selection that occurs during mating. The plant relies on pollinators to transfer pollen from plant to plant and it selects pollinators by producing different types of flowers. It even has the capacity to increase a pollinator’s outcrossing rate by producing flowers with different levels of nicotine, from moderate to toxic levels, pressing the pollinator to visit multiple flowers from different plants while nectaring. The second process involves the recruitment of beneficial microbes from the soil after germination.
Speaker Biography:
Dr. Ian Baldwin is a professor and director of the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology where he studies the Nicotiana attenuata as a model organism to understand how plants solve ecological problems. Baldwin received his AB in Chemistry and Biology from Dartmouth College in 1981 and started his graduate studies at Cornell University where he joined the Section of Neurobiology and Behavior. After graduating in 1989, he became a professor in the Department of Biology at SUNY Buffalo. He foresaw the importance of combining multiple disciplines to study plant ecology and in 1996, he co-founded the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, a multi-disciplinary center to study the chemically-mediated interactions of plants.
For his scientific contributions, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences (2013), and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2016). Learn more about Dr. Baldwin’s research here:
http://www.ice.mpg.de/ext/index.php?id=molecular-ecology&L;=0
https://wn.com/Baldwin_(Max_Planck_Inst.)_1_Studying_A_Plant’S_Ecological_Interactions_In_The_Genomics_Era
Part 1: Studying a plant’s ecological interactions in the genomics era (Part 1): Dr. Baldwin reveal the mechanism by which the native tobacco plant, Nicotiana attenuata, uses floral metabolites to attract and guide its favorite pollinator.
Part 2: Nicotina attenuata’s responses to attack from a nicotine-tolerant herbivore: Baldwin outlines the evolutionary responses that the Nicotina attenuata has to fight a nicotine-tolerant herbivore, the moth’s caterpillar.
Part 3: Plant’s perspective on seeds, sex, and microbes: Baldwin addresses two different mechanisms by which Nicotiana attenuata can rapidly adapt to the extreme desert environments.
https://www.ibiology.org/ibioseminars/short-biased-history-interdisciplinary-field.html
Talk Overview:
Although plants cannot move, they have developed mechanisms to defend themselves and avoid predators. In his first talk, Dr. Ian Baldwin provides a historical perspective on the study of metabolites in plants and the benefits of combining different disciplines to study how metabolites are used by plants to solve ecological problems. Using this interdisciplinary approach, Baldwin and collaborators reveal the mechanism by which the native tobacco plant, Nicotiana attenuata, uses floral metabolites to attract and guide its favorite pollinator, a moth, Manduca sexta.
Nicotiana attenuata generates toxic levels of nicotine, which protects this plant from predation by most animals. In his second talk, Baldwin outlines the evolutionary responses that this plant has to fight a nicotine-tolerant herbivore, the moth’s caterpillar. The caterpillar is not only able to feed on this nicotine-rich plant, it also uses the nicotine it consumes to protect itself from predators. But the plant evolved a few mechanisms to confront this problem. For example, Baldwin and colleges found that when the plant “senses” the presence of a caterpillar, it turns on signaling pathways that decrease its nicotine content and activates a 6-layered suite of responses that includes attracting the caterpillar’s predators, tolerating the damage caused by caterpillars, and switching its sexual system to avoid future caterpillar attack.
In his third talk, Baldwin addresses two different mechanisms by which Nicotiana attenuata can rapidly adapt to the extreme desert environments and survive the long wait before the next post-fire germination opportunity. The first mechanism involves a rapid haploid selection that occurs during mating. The plant relies on pollinators to transfer pollen from plant to plant and it selects pollinators by producing different types of flowers. It even has the capacity to increase a pollinator’s outcrossing rate by producing flowers with different levels of nicotine, from moderate to toxic levels, pressing the pollinator to visit multiple flowers from different plants while nectaring. The second process involves the recruitment of beneficial microbes from the soil after germination.
Speaker Biography:
Dr. Ian Baldwin is a professor and director of the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology where he studies the Nicotiana attenuata as a model organism to understand how plants solve ecological problems. Baldwin received his AB in Chemistry and Biology from Dartmouth College in 1981 and started his graduate studies at Cornell University where he joined the Section of Neurobiology and Behavior. After graduating in 1989, he became a professor in the Department of Biology at SUNY Buffalo. He foresaw the importance of combining multiple disciplines to study plant ecology and in 1996, he co-founded the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, a multi-disciplinary center to study the chemically-mediated interactions of plants.
For his scientific contributions, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences (2013), and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2016). Learn more about Dr. Baldwin’s research here:
http://www.ice.mpg.de/ext/index.php?id=molecular-ecology&L;=0
- published: 17 May 2017
- views: 574
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9:19
The Early Universe: The Planck Era, The GUT Era & the Electroweak Era
This is a video from Chavis von Bradford on the chronology of the universe, which describe...
published: 09 Nov 2014
The Early Universe: The Planck Era, The GUT Era & the Electroweak Era
The Early Universe: The Planck Era, The GUT Era & the Electroweak Era
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- published: 09 Nov 2014
- views: 3478
4:04
The First Few Moments That Physics Can't Explain
Although science has provided astounding insights into the origins of the universe, we're ...
published: 15 Dec 2015
The First Few Moments That Physics Can't Explain
The First Few Moments That Physics Can't Explain
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- published: 15 Dec 2015
- views: 339311
1:05
Teach Astronomy - Planck Era
http://www.teachastronomy.com/
Given our knowledge of the fundamental forces of nature, co...
published: 10 Jul 2010
Teach Astronomy - Planck Era
Teach Astronomy - Planck Era
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- published: 10 Jul 2010
- views: 1192
6:20
Cravagoide - Planck Epoch
In physical cosmology, the Planck epoch (or Planck era), named after Max Planck, is the ea...
published: 01 Apr 2010
Cravagoide - Planck Epoch
Cravagoide - Planck Epoch
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- views: 5185
8:08
Przemek Rudź - THROUGH THE PLANCK ERA
published: 29 Mar 2015
Przemek Rudź - THROUGH THE PLANCK ERA
Przemek Rudź - THROUGH THE PLANCK ERA
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- published: 29 Mar 2015
- views: 268
13:20
Unit 12 Minilecture 2: The First 100 Seconds
This minilecture gives a history of the first 100 seconds of the Universe, a time when unf...
published: 18 Nov 2014
Unit 12 Minilecture 2: The First 100 Seconds
Unit 12 Minilecture 2: The First 100 Seconds
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- published: 18 Nov 2014
- views: 1106
4:07
Planck epoch
In physical cosmology, the Planck epoch or Planck era is the earliest period of time in th...
published: 11 Nov 2015
Planck epoch
Planck epoch
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- published: 11 Nov 2015
- views: 356
14:21
Explaining The Big Bang One TRILLIONTH Of A Second At A Time
Episode 4 of 5
Check us out on iTunes! http://testtube.com/podcast
Please Subscribe!...
published: 21 Apr 2016
Explaining The Big Bang One TRILLIONTH Of A Second At A Time
Explaining The Big Bang One TRILLIONTH Of A Second At A Time
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- published: 21 Apr 2016
- views: 78051
45:00
Baldwin (Max Planck Inst.) 1: Studying a plant’s ecological interactions in the genomics era
Part 1: Studying a plant’s ecological interactions in the genomics era (Part 1): Dr. Baldw...
published: 17 May 2017
Baldwin (Max Planck Inst.) 1: Studying a plant’s ecological interactions in the genomics era
Baldwin (Max Planck Inst.) 1: Studying a plant’s ecological interactions in the genomics era
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- published: 17 May 2017
- views: 574
The Early Universe: The Planck Era, The GUT Era & ...
The First Few Moments That Physics Can't Explain...
Teach Astronomy - Planck Era...
Cravagoide - Planck Epoch...
Przemek Rudź - THROUGH THE PLANCK ERA...
Unit 12 Minilecture 2: The First 100 Seconds...
Planck epoch...
Explaining The Big Bang One TRILLIONTH Of A Second...
Baldwin (Max Planck Inst.) 1: Studying a plant’s e...
The Planck Era...
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Just Ask Britain’s Elite SAS Units If Lengthy Wars And Wartime Frustration Equals Atrocities
Edit WorldNews.com 07 Jul 2017
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas DarlingWhat happens when imperial fanaticism meets religious fanaticism? . If you answered a very long war without a beginning and end, and in which both sides commit numerous war crimes due to wartime frustration setting in, you were right ... Evidently, special forces soldiers murdered Afghans during raids on their homes and then planted guns to make it appear they were part of Taliban forces ... ....
back
Striking North Korea first could be 'catastrophic'
Edit Longview News Journal 07 Jul 2017
WASHINGTON (AP) — A pre-emptive military strike may be among the "pretty severe things" President Donald Trump says he is considering for North Korea, but it's a step so fraught with risk it ranks as among the unlikeliest options ... An all-out conflict could then ensue. And while Trump's Pentagon chief, Jim Mattis, says the U.S. would prevail, he believes it would be "a catastrophic war." ... "That doesn't mean we're going to do them." ... soil ... ....
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Russia and US Reach New Cease-Fire Agreement in Syria
Edit WorldNews.com 07 Jul 2017
While United States President and Russian President Vladimir Putin were holding their first meeting in Hamburg on Friday, officials from the two countries announced they reached a cease-fire deal in southwest Syria, according to The Associated Press. The deal is a milestone for the involvement for the U.S ... The officials said that Jordan and Israel are part of the agreement since the U.S ... from their talks ... The U.S ... The U.S....
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Trump meets Putin: Talk of positive results, not of election
Edit The Associated Press 07 Jul 2017
HAMBURG, Germany (AP) -- At long last face to face, President Donald Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin voiced confidence Friday that their historic first meeting would pave the way for a positive trajectory for their two countries. If thornier issues like election meddling came up, they discussed them only in private ... "Phone conversations are never enough definitely," Putin said ... The U.S ... Mrs ... Russia wants the U.S ... The U.S ... --- ... ....
Quantum sensor with improved resolution can now identify individual atoms in biomolecules
Edit PhysOrg 07 Jul 2017
Nuclear magnetic resonance scanners, as are familiar from hospitals, are now extremely sensitive. A quantum sensor developed by a team headed by Professor Jörg Wrachtrup at the University of Stuttgart and researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research in Stuttgart, now makes it possible to use nuclear magnetic resonance scanning to even investigate the structure of individual proteins atom by atom ... ....
Lab Notes: Toxic Mars, mission to Mercury and string theory
Edit The Guardian 07 Jul 2017
Science. Lab notes. Lab Notes. Toxic Mars, mission to Mercury and string theory ... There’s more space news. A paper published by scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics in Potsdam, Germany, claims to shed new light on the fabulous string theory – the idea that the universe/multiverse is made of one-dimensional cosmic strings which could reconcile quantum physics with gravity ... Fascinating hypothesis ... Twitter ... Twitter ... ....
Tracking humans in 3-D with off-the-shelf webcams
Edit PhysOrg 06 Jul 2017
Many applications require that people and their movements are captured digitally in 3-D in real-time. Until now, this was possible only with expensive systems of several cameras, or by having people wear special suits. Computer scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Computer Science have developed a system that requires only a single video camera ... ....
A unique data center for cosmological simulations
Edit SpaceDaily 06 Jul 2017
Munich, Germany (SPX) Jul 06, 2017. With current telescopes, scientists can observe our Universe's galaxies and galaxy clusters and their distribution along an invisible cosmic web. From the exact measurement of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with the Planck space observatory and many other measurements for example with the Hubble space telescope, the scientists were able to develop a precise model of our Universe. Ho ... ....
Radioactive Elements in Cas A Suggest Neutrino-Driven Explosion
Edit SpaceDaily 06 Jul 2017
Garching, Germany (SPX) Jun 28, 2017. Stars exploding as supernovae are the main sources of heavy chemical elements in the universe. In particular, radioactive atomic nuclei are synthesized in the hot, innermost regions during the explosion and can thus serve as probes of the unobservable physical processes that initiate the blast. Using elaborate computer simulations, a team of researchers from the Max Planck Institute for As ... ....
Taking Stock of the Drosophila Research Ecosystem [Commentary]
Edit Genetics 06 Jul 2017
Abstract. With a century-old history of fundamental discoveries, the fruit fly has long been a favored experimental organism for a wide range of scientific inquiries ... Here, we provide an overview of this “ecosystem” and discuss how to address emerging challenges to ensure its continued productivity ... H. Morgan and H. J ... B. Lewis, C ... ↵Buszczak M., Paterno S., Lighthouse D., Bachman J., Planck J., et al., 2007 The Carnegie protein trap library....
China to work with Japan on magnetic fusion device
Edit People Daily 05 Jul 2017
(photo by CGTN). China has reached an agreement with Japan to build its first quasi-axisymmetric stellarator, the latest move to explore nuclear energy ... Tokamak and stellarator. China had its first tokamak in 2007 ... Germany's stellarator — Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) reactor — is an experimental stellarator built in Greifswald, Germany, by the Max Planck Institute of Plasma Physics (IPP) in 2015. / Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics Photo....
DNA of early Neanderthal gives timeline for new modern human-related dispersal from Africa
Edit PhysOrg 05 Jul 2017
The genetic data recovered by the research team, led by scientists from the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History and the University of ......
DNA tests on prehistoric femur sheds new light on origins of man
Edit The Daily Telegraph 05 Jul 2017
Early humans migrated from Africa and mated with Neanderthals much earlier than previously thought, a new study has claimed ... They had thicker bodies and a heavy brow ... Johannes Krause, the director of the Max Planck Institute for Human History in Germany, has spent more than a decade trying to stitch together the story ... ....
The fossil that rewrites our history: Genetic analysis of 124,000-year-old bone found in Germany suggests Neanderthals and humans split 300,000 years LATER than thought
Edit This is Money 05 Jul 2017
Researchers have taken one step closer to understanding the complex relationship between modern humans and Neanderthals, with the study of an ancient bone ... Scroll down for video ... This graphic shows the possible timeline of events. WHAT DOES THE BONE SHOW? ... Researchers from the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History and the University of Tübingen analysed mitochondrial DNA from the femur bone ... ....
Tying loose ends? Gravitational waves could solve string theory, study claims
Edit The Guardian 05 Jul 2017
New paper suggests that the hotly contested physics thesis, which involves the existence of six ‘extra dimensions’, may be settled by cutting-edge laser detectors. Science ... @hannahdev ... “It would be amazing because general relativity and Einstein do not predict this at all,” said David Andriot, a physicist at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics in Potsdam and lead author of the study ... Twitter ... Gravitational waves ... Read more ... ....
Protons Are Very Slightly Lighter Than We Thought
Edit IFL Science 04 Jul 2017
How heavy is a proton? It might sound like a bit of a stupid question, but we can actually figure it out with some sciency hocus pocus. And some researchers have done just that, finding it to be lighter than we thought. Researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Germany found it was lighter by about one part in 10 billion. The result itself has a precision to about 32 parts per trillion. Yep, that’s pretty small ... ....
Faculty exodus may hit IISER-Tvm
Edit The Times of India 04 Jul 2017
Thiruvananthapuram. The Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Thiruvananthapuram, is on the verge of a virtual brain-drain as several renowned and experienced faculty members of the institution are about to leave the institute ... Pai, one of the earliest faculty members in Physics, will soon join IIT-Bombay ... He heads the partner group of Max Planck institute for gravitational physics, Germany ... RELATED ... TVFrog ... Comments....
Love Island fans, scientists have some very good news for you
Edit Stylist 03 Jul 2017
Which, in turn, makes the ITV2 series the perfect show to watch at 9pm on a Sunday evening ... Read more ... That’s right ... “At first glance, it seems paradoxical that someone should deliberately watch badly made, embarrassing, and sometimes even disturbing films and take pleasure in them,” explains lead author Keyvan Sarkhosh, a postdoctoral fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics ... They explain ... Read more ... ....
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