Iran–Israel proxy conflict
![]() |
This article possibly contains original research. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) |
Iran–Israel proxy conflict | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() Israel (Orange) and Iran (Dark Green) in the Middle East |
|||||||
|
|||||||
Belligerents | |||||||
Proxies: |
Proxies: |
||||||
Supported by: |
Supported by: |
||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
![]() (Supreme Leader of Iran) ![]() (President of Iran) ![]() (2005-2013) (Secretary-General of Hezbollah) ![]() (Hamas leader) |
![]() (Prime Minister of Israel) ![]() |
The Israel–Iran proxy conflict[28] or Israeli–Iranian proxy war[29] is the ongoing indirect conflict between Israel and Iran. The conflict is bound in the political struggle between Iranian leadership and Israel, with the counter aim of Israel to prevent alleged nuclear weapons from the Iranian government and downgrading its allies and proxies such as Hezbollah party in Lebanon. Iranian forces are operating in Syria in support of Bashar al-Assad's government.[30][31]
According to Mossad chief Yossi Cohen, "As long as the current regime exists, with the nuclear agreement or without it, Iran will continue to serve as the main threat to Israel's security".[32]
Israel suspects Teheran is pursuing the goal of forming a continuous land bridge from Iran (through Iraq and Syria) to Lebanon, and if Tehran succeeds “it would be a strategic game-changer.”[33][34][35] In the Syrian Civil War, hoping to bolster its logistics and force projection capabilities in the area, Tehran aims to clear a path from the Iranian capital to Damascus and the Mediterranean coast.[36][37]
Israel and Syria have observed a truce since Israel reaffirmed its control over most of the Golan Heights in the 1973 war, but the Syrian Civil War, which began in 2011, has led to several incidents of fire exchange across the once-peaceful borders. The Israeli military is reportedly preparing itself for potential threats should there be a power vacuum in Syria. "After Assad and after establishing or strengthening their foothold in Syria they are going to move and deflect their effort and attack Israel," an Israeli official told The Associated Press in January 2014. Some experts say that while the encroaching militant forces on Israel's border will heighten security measures, the advancements are not likely to create significant changes to Israel's policy disengagement in the Syria crisis.[38]
On the course of the Syrian Civil War, in a number of incidents Israel has allegedly clashed with Hezbollah and Iranian forces in the region. On several occasions, Israel was suspected of perpetrating or supporting attacks on Hezbollah and Iranian targets within Syrian territories or Lebanon. The first incident of this kind took place on January 30, 2013, when Israeli aircraft were accused of allegedly striking a Syrian convoy transporting Iranian weapons to Hezbollah.[39] More incidents were attributed to IAF on May 2013, December 2014, April 2015. Some of those reports were confirmed by the Syrian Arab Republic, whereas others denied. Israel systematically refused to comment on alleged targeting of Hezbollah and Ba'athist Syrian targets in Syrian territory. In 2015, suspected Hezbollah militants launched an attack on Israeli forces in Shebaa farms. On March 2017, Syria launched anti-aircraft missiles towards Israeli-controlled part of the Golan Heights, allegedly targeting Israeli IAF aircraft, which Syria claimed were on their way to attack targets in Palmyra (Syria). After the incident, the State of Israel has stated it was targeting weapons shipments headed toward anti-Israeli forces, specifically Hezbollah, located in Lebanon.[40] Israel denied Syria's claim that one jet fighter was shot down and another damaged. Israel has not reported any pilots or aircraft missing in Syria, or anywhere else in the Middle East following the incident. According to some sources, the incident was the first time Israeli officials clearly confirmed an Israeli strike on a Hezbollah convoy during the Syrian Civil War.[41]
Iran declares its foreign policy is based on aiding the oppressed vulnerables around the world- not for material gains, but as a humanitarian religious positive action.[42] In Iran's foreign policy Israel is conceptualized as a Zionist regime that threatens vulnerable people and Islamic religion itself.[42] It is known as ideological enemy for Iran.[43] Iran, in contact with the U.S. over the fight against Islamic State in Iraq and Syria has said that Israel would be at risk if the U.S. and its coalition sought to topple Assad.[44] Hezbollah’s October 7, 2014 attack on Israeli forces, its first declared such operation since 2006, proved the seriousness of the threat.[45] Though the Islamic Republic of Iran has been known for its anti-Israeli stance from the very beginning, its continuous support for Hezbollah evolved into almost a direct confrontation with Israel, as Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps have allegedly infiltrated Lebanon and directly supported Hezbollah during the past decade. The Hamas-dominated Gaza had also been considered a proxy of Iran.[46]
Contents
Background
Iranian–Israeli relations have shifted from close ties between Israel and Iran during the era of the Pahlavi dynasty to hostility since the Islamic Revolution. Iran has severed all diplomatic and commercial ties with Israel, and its government has not recognized Israel as a state, referring to its government as the "Zionist regime".
The 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon resulted in the Palestine Liberation Organization's (PLO) departure from Lebanon. The following creation of Security Zone in South Lebanon has benefited Israeli allies in Lebanon and civilian Israeli population, as Galilee suffered less violent attacks by Hezbollah, than previously by PLO in the 1970s (hundreds of Israeli civilian casualties). Despite this Israeli success in eradicating PLO bases and partial withdraw in 1985, the Israeli invasion had actually increased the severity of conflict with local Lebanese militias and resulted in the consolidation of several local Shia Muslim movements in Lebanon, including Hezbollah and Amal, from a previously unorganized guerrilla movement in the south. Over the years, military casualties of both sides grew higher, as both parties used more modern weaponry, and Hezbollah progressed in its tactics.
Iran supplied the militant organization Hezbollah with substantial amounts of financial, training, weapons, explosives, political, diplomatic, and organizational aid while persuading Hezbollah to take an action against Israel.[47][48][49] Hezbollah's 1985 manifesto listed its four main goals as "Israel's final departure from Lebanon as a prelude to its final obliteration"[50] According to reports released in February 2010, Hezbollah received $400 million from Iran.[48] By the early 1990s, Hezbollah, with support from Syria and Iran, emerged as the leading group and military power, monopolizing the directorship of the guerrilla activity in South Lebanon.
In January 2014 Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu warned that Iran's nuclear program would only be set back six weeks as a result of its interim agreement with the international community.[51] In one of the region's oddest pairings, Israel and the Gulf Arab states led by Saudi Arabia increasingly are finding common ground — and a common political language — on their mutual dismay over the prospect of a nuclear deal in Geneva that could curb Tehran's atomic program but leave the main elements intact, such as uranium enrichment.[52] In June 2017, former Israeli Defense Minister Moshe Ya’alon stated that “We and the Arabs, the same Arabs who organized in a coalition in the Six-Day War to try to destroy the Jewish state, today find themselves in the same boat with us … The Sunni Arab countries, apart from Qatar, are largely in the same boat with us since we all see a nuclear Iran as the number one threat against all of us,”.[53]
History
Alleged Iranian aid to Hezbollah and Hamas
2005
With the election of Iranian hardliner Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in 2005, relations between Iran and Israel became increasingly tense as the countries engaged in a series of proxy conflicts and covert operations against each other.
2006–2007
![](http://web.archive.org./web/20170705115941im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Iranian_RPG_Found_in_Lebanon_%281%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Iranian_RPG_Found_in_Lebanon_%281%29.jpg)
During the 2006 Lebanon War, Iranian Revolutionary Guards were believed to have directly assisted Hezbollah fighters in their attacks on Israel. Multiple sources suggested that hundreds of Revolutionary Guard operatives participated in the firing of rockets into Israel during the war, and secured Hezbollah's long-range missiles. Revolutionary Guard operatives were allegedly seen operating openly at Hezbollah outposts during the war. In addition, Revolutionary Guard operatives were alleged to have supervised Hezbollah's attack on the INS Hanit with a C-802 anti-ship missile. The attack severely damaged the warship and killed four crewmen. It is alleged that between six and nine Revolutionary Guard operatives were killed by the Israeli military during the war According to the Israeli media their bodies were transferred to Syria and from there, flown to Tehran.[54] On 6 September 2007, Israeli Air Force destroyed a suspected nuclear reactor in Syria, with ten North Koreans reportedly killed.
2008–2009
During and immediately after the Gaza War, the Israeli Air Force, with the assistance of Israeli commandos, was reported to have allegedly carried out three airstrikes against Iranian arms being smuggled to Hamas through Sudan, as Iran launched an intensive effort to supply Hamas with weapons and ammunition. Israel hinted that it was behind the attacks. Two truck convoys were destroyed, and an arms-laden ship was sunk in the Red Sea.[16][55]
On 4 November 2009, Israel captured a ship in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and its cargo of hundreds of tons of weapons allegedly bound from Iran to Hezbollah.
2010
In 2010, a wave of assassinations targeting Iranian nuclear scientists began. The assassinations were widely believed to be the work of Mossad, Israel's foreign intelligence service. According to Iran and global media sources, the methods used to kill the scientists is reminiscent of the way Mossad had previously assassinated targets. The assassinations were alleged to be an attempt to stop Iran's nuclear program, or to ensure that it cannot recover following a strike on Iranian nuclear facilities.[56] In the first attack, particle physicist Masoud Alimohammadi was killed on 12 January 2010 when a booby-trapped motorcycle parked near his car exploded. On 12 October 2010, an explosion occurred at an IRGC military base near the city of Khorramabad, killing 18 soldiers.[57] On 29 November 2010, two senior Iranian nuclear scientists, Majid Shahriari and Fereydoon Abbasi, were targeted by hitmen on motorcycles, who attached bombs to their cars and detonated them from a distance. Shahriari was killed, while Abbasi was severely wounded. On 23 July 2011, Darioush Rezaeinejad was shot dead in eastern Tehran. On 11 January 2012, Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan and his driver were killed by a bomb attached to their car from a motorcycle.[58]
In June 2010 Stuxnet, an advanced computer worm was discovered. It is believed that it had been developed by US and Israel to attack Iran's nuclear facilities.[59] In a study conducted by ISIS it is estimated that Stuxnet might have damaged as many as 1,000 centrifuges (10% of all installed) in the Natanz enrichment plant.[60] Other computer viruses and malware, including Duqu and Flame, were reportedly related to Stuxnet.[61][62] Iran claims that its adversaries regularly engineer sales of faulty equipment and attacks by computer viruses to sabotage its nuclear program.[63][64][65]
2011
On 15 March 2011, Israel seized a ship from Syria bringing Iranian weapons to Gaza.[66] In addition, the Mossad was also suspected of being responsible for an explosion that reportedly damaged the nuclear facility at Isfahan. Iran denied that any explosion had occurred, but The Times reported damage to the nuclear plant based on satellite images, and quoted Israeli intelligence sources as saying that the blast indeed targeted a nuclear site, and was "no accident".[67] Hours after the blast took place, Hezbollah fired two rockets into northern Israel. The Israel Defense Forces reacted by firing four artillery shells at the area from where the launch originated. It was speculated that the attack was ordered by Iran and Syria as a warning to Israel.[68] The Israeli attack was reported to have killed 7 people, including foreign nationals.[69] Another 12 people were injured, of whom 7 later died in hospital.[69][70]
2011
The Mossad was suspected of being behind an explosion at a Revolutionary Guard missile base in November 2011. The blast killed 17 Revolutionary Guard operatives, including General Hassan Moqaddam, described as a key figure in Iran's missile program.[71] Israeli journalist Ron Ben-Yishai wrote that several lower-ranked Iranian missile experts had probably been previously killed in several explosions at various sites.[56]
In response to Israeli covert operations, Iranian agents reportedly began trying to hit Israeli and Jewish targets; potential targets were then placed on high alert. Yoram Cohen, the head of Shin Bet, claimed that three planned attacks in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Thailand were thwarted at the last minute.[72] On 11 October 2011, the United States claimed to have foiled an alleged Iranian plot that included bombing the Israeli and Saudi embassies in Washington DC and Buenos Aires.[73]
2012
On 13 February 2012, Israeli embassy staff in Georgia and India were targeted. In Georgia, a car bomb failed to explode near the embassy and was safely detonated by Georgian police. In India, the car bomb exploded, injuring four people. Amongst the wounded was the wife of an Israeli Defense Ministry employee.[74] Israel accused Iran of being behind the attacks.[75][76] The following day, three alleged Iranian agents were uncovered in Bangkok, Thailand, thought to have been planning to kill Israeli diplomatic officials, including the ambassador, by attaching bombs to embassy cars. The cell was uncovered when one of their bombs exploded. Police responded, and the Iranian agent present at the house threw an explosive device at officers that tore his legs off, and was subsequently taken into custody. A second suspect was arrested as he tried to catch a flight out of the country, and the third escaped to Malaysia, where he was arrested by Malaysian Federal Police.[77] Thai police subsequently arrested two people suspected of involvement.[78][79] Indian police arrested a Delhi-based journalist in connection with February’s car bomb, which injured four Israelis including the wife of an Israeli diplomat. Syed Mohammed Kazmi the journalist was arrested on 6 March 2012, he is said to have been in contact with a suspect police believe might have stuck a magnetic bomb to the diplomat’s car. It is said Kazmi was an Indian citizen who worked for an Iranian publication.[80]
In late February 2012, WikiLeaks published confidential emails from Stratfor, a US-based private intelligence company, which were stolen by the hacking group Anonymous. Among the information released was a claim that Israeli commandos, in collaboration with Kurdish fighters, destroyed several underground Iranian facilities used for nuclear and defense research projects.[81]
On July 18, 2012, a bus carrying Israeli tourists in Bulgaria was destroyed in a bombing attack that killed five Israeli tourists and the driver, and injured 32 people. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu blamed Iran and Hezbollah for the attack.[82] In July 2012, a senior Israeli defense official stated that since May 2011, more than 20 terrorist attacks planned by Iranians or suspected Hezbollah agents against Israeli targets worldwide had been foiled, including in South Africa, Azerbaijan, Kenya, Turkey, Thailand, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Nepal, Nigeria, and Peru, and that Iranian and Hezbollah operatives were incarcerated in jails throughout the world.[83][84][85][85][86][87]
On October 6, 2012, Israeli airplanes shot down a small UAV as it flew over northern Negev.[88] Hezbollah confirmed it sent the drone and Nasrallah said in a televised speech that the drone's parts were manufactured in Iran.[89]
On October 24, 2012, Sudan claimed that Israel had bombed a munitions factory, allegedly belonging to Iran's Revolutionary Guard, south of Khartoum.[14][15][90]
In November 2012, Israel reported that an Iranian ship was being loaded with rockets to be exported to countries within range of Israel and that Israel "will attack and destroy any shipment of arms".[91]
2013
In January 2013, rumors were released that the Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant had been hit by an explosion. Further reports by IAEA concluded that there had been no such incident.[92]
On April 25, 2013, Israeli aircraft shot down a drone off the coast of Haifa, allegedly belonging to Hezbollah.[93]
On 7 May 2013, residents of Tehran reported hearing three blasts in an area where Iran maintains its missile research and depots. Later, an Iranian website said the blasts occurred at a privately owned chemical factory.[94]
On 10 December, Hamas announced that they have resumed ties with Iran after a brief cut off over the Syrian conflict [95]
2014
A court in Jerusalem has sentenced an Israeli man, Yitzhak Bergel to four-and-a-half years in prison for offering to spy for Iran. Bergel belongs to the anti-Zionist Neturei Karta, an ultra-Orthodox Jewish sect which is vehemently opposed to the State of Israel's existence.[96]
On March 5, 2014, the Israeli navy intercepted the Klos-C cargo ship. Israel stated Iran was using the vessel to smuggle dozens of long-range rockets to Gaza, including Syrian-manufactured M-302 rockets. The operation, named Full Disclosure and carried out by Shayetet 13 special forces, took place in the Red Sea, 1,500 kilometers away from Israel and some 160 kilometers from Port Sudan.[97]
Iranian state media reported that on August 24, 2014, IRGC had shot down an Israeli drone near Natanz fuel enrichment plant. Israeli military did not comment on the reports.[98]
Two workers were killed in an explosion that took place at a military explosives factory southeast of Tehran, near the suspected nuclear reactor in Parchin.[99] In what seemed to be a response ordered by Iran,[100] Hezbollah set off an explosive device on the border between Lebanon and the Israeli-controlled side of the Shebaa farms, wounding two Israeli soldiers. Israel responded with artillery fire toward two Hezbollah positions in southern Lebanon.[101]
During the Syrian Civil War
2013
On January 30, 2013, Israeli aircraft allegedly struck a Syrian convoy transporting Iranian weapons to Hezbollah.[39] Other sources stated the targeted site was a military research center in Jamraya responsible for developing biological and chemical weapons.[102]
Two additional air strikes, also attributed to Israel, reportedly took place on May 3 and 5, 2013. Both allegedly targeted long-ranged weapons sent from Iran to Hezbollah.[103][104]
According to anonymous US officials, Israel launched another airstrike or cruise missile attack on 5 July. It allegedly targeted Russian-made Yakhont anti-ship missiles near the city of Latakia, and killed several Syrian troops.[105]
An unidentified U.S. administration official on October 31 said Israeli warplanes struck a Syrian base near the port of Latakia, targeting missiles that Israel thought might be transferred to its Lebanese militia enemy Hezbollah.[106]
The relationship between the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and the Islamic Republic of Iran strengthened as a result of Hamas moving away from Iran due to differing positions on the Syrian Civil War. Iran rewarded the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine's pro-Assad stance with an increase in financial and military assistance. Abu Ahmad Fouad, a PFLP political-bureau member said that the group might retaliate toward Israel if the United States bombs Syria.[107]
On 15 December 2013 a Lebanese sniper opened fire at an Israeli vehicle traveling near the border area of Rosh Hanikra, killing a soldier inside. Several hours later, the Israeli military said it shot two Lebanese soldiers after spotting "suspicious movement" in the same area.[108]
2014
Syrian opposition sources, as well as Lebanese sources, reported that another strike happened in Latakia on January 26, 2014. Explosions were reported in the city and Israeli planes were reported over Lebanon. The target was allegedly S-300 missiles.[109]
It was reported that Israeli aircraft carried out two airstrikes against Hezbollah facilities in Lebanon near the border with Syria on February 24, 2014, killing several militants. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights claimed the attack targeted a Hezbollah missile base.[110]
On December 7, 2014 Israeli jets allegedly bombed areas near Damascus international airport and in the town of Dimas, near the border with Lebanon. According to foreign reports the attack targeted a warehouse of advanced S-300 missiles, which were en route from Syria to Hezbollah in Lebanon.[111] Al Arabiya reported that two Hezbollah militants were killed in the strikes, including a senior military official.[112]
2015
On 18 January 2015, Israeli helicopters allegedly attacked a Hezbollah's convoy in the Syrian-controlled part of Golan Heights, killing six prominent members of Hezbollah and six IRGC commanders, including a General.[113][114] On January 28, Hezbollah fired an anti-tank missile at an Israeli military convoy in the Shebaa farms, killing two soldiers and wounding seven.[115] Israel responded with at least 50 artillery shells across the border into southern Lebanon, in which a Spanish UN peacekeeper was killed.[116]
On 25 April 2015, a series of attacks attributed to the Israeli Air Force were made in the al-Qalamoun region of Syria against Hezbollah camps and weapons convoys in two brigade bases.[117] Al-Nusra Front, however, has also claimed the attacks.[118]
On 29 July 2015, Israeli airplanes reportedly struck a vehicle located in a Druse village in southwestern Syria, killing Hezbollah men and a pro-Assad militiaman.[119] A second airstrike targeted a military base along the Syrian-Lebanese border belonging to a pro-Syrian Palestinian faction.[120]
On 20 and 21 August 2015, after four rockets hit the Golan Heights and Upper Galilee, Israel allegedly launched airstrikes in Syria, killing several militants.[121]
According to Syrian media, on October 31, 2015, Israeli aircraft attacked numerous Hezbollah targets in southern Syria, close to the border with Lebanon in the Qalamoun Mountains region. Estimated targets included a weapons convoy destined for Hezbollah.[122] It was reported another Israeli airstrike near Damascus airport on November 11[123] that targeted Hezbollah weapons warehouses.[124]
The Syrian opposition reported an Israeli airstrike in the Qualamoun area of the Syria-Lebanon border on 23 November 2015. According to these sources, the strike killed 13 Syrian troops and Hezbollah fighters, and left dozens wounded, including four seriously. The Qualamoun region has been a major transit point for Hezbollah fighters and other logistical equipment to and from Syria.[125] According to Syrian sources, Israeli aircraft attacked again Syrian army and Hezbollah targets in the area around Qalamoun on November 28, causing dead and wounded among Hezbollah fighters.[126]
On December 19, 2015, eight people, including Samir Kuntar and other Hezbollah commanders were killed by an explosion in the outskirts of Damascus. According to official Syrian sources, Kuntar was killed by a "terrorist rocket attack".[127] On 20 December 2015, Syrian Information Minister Omran al-Zoubi described the incident as a terrorist operation "plotted beforehand", noting that Syrian authorities were carrying out an investigation to find out how the operation happened.[127] Hezbollah claimed that the building was destroyed by an air-to-surface missile launched by Israeli Air Force jets.[128][129][130] On 21 December, the Free Syrian Army released a video clip claiming responsibility for killing Kuntar.[131][132]
2016
Arab media reported that on November 30, 2016, Israeli jets allegedly struck a Syrian military compound in Damascus and a Hezbollah weapons convoy in the Damascus-Beirut highway.[133]
On December 7, 2016, Syria and Hezbollah accused Israel of launching surface-to-surface missiles targeting the Mezzeh airbase near Damascus. Unnamed Syrian sources told Lebanese newspaper Elnashra that the strikes targeted the airport's runway and operations command center, while another unnamed source said that the strikes targeted the regime's 4th division operations center at the airport.[134] A Syrian opposition group said the target was a convoy of chemical weapons en route to Hezbollah.[135]
2017
On January 12, 2017, Israeli warplanes were blamed for striking the Mezzeh Airbase in rural Damascus. According to Al-Masdar field correspondent, the target was an ammunition depot, causing a massive explosion that could be heard from the Syrian capital.[136]
The March 2017 Israel–Syria incident took place on March 17, 2017, when several Syrian S-200 missiles were fired at Israeli Air Force jets, allegedly aiming to attack targets in Syria, near a military installation in Palmyra, and one missile was shot down by an "aerial defense system", likely an Arrow missile.[40][137][138] The State of Israel has stated it was targeting weapons shipments headed toward anti-Israeli forces, specifically Hezbollah, located in Lebanon.[40] Israel denied Syria's claim that one jet fighter was shot down and another damaged. Israel has not reported any pilots or aircraft missing in Syria, or anywhere else in the Middle East following the raids. Also, neither Syria nor Hezbollah have shown photos or video of downed Israeli aircraft or personnel. According to some sources, the incident was the first time Israeli officials clearly confirmed an Israeli strike on Syrian territory during the Syrian Civil War, though IDF declined any comment concerning the location of targets.[139]
Iranian supporters and alleged proxies
Syria
Hezbollah
Hezbollah has grown to an organization with seats in the Lebanese government, a radio and a satellite television-station, programs for social development and large-scale military deployment of fighters beyond Lebanon's borders.[140][141][142] The organization has been called a "state within a state".[143] Hezbollah is part of the March 8 Alliance within Lebanon, in opposition to the March 14 Alliance. Hezbollah maintains strong support among Lebanon's Shi'a population,[144] while Sunnis have disagreed with the group's agenda.[145][146] Following the end of the Israeli occupation of South Lebanon in 2000, its military strength grew significantly,[147][148] such that its paramilitary wing is considered more powerful than the Lebanese Army.[149][150] Hezbollah receives military training, weapons, and financial support from Iran, and political support from Syria.[151] Hezbollah also fought against Israel in the 2006 Lebanon War.
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Sudan (2005–2015)
In 2008, Sudan and Iran signed a military cooperation agreement. The agreement was signed by Iran's Defense Minister Mostafa Mohammad-Najjar and his Sudanese counterpart Abdelrahim Mohamed Hussein.[152]
In 2011, however, Sudan reduced the cooperation with Iran because of the Start of the Syrian Civil War.
In 2015, Sudan completely severed its ties with Iran, by participating in the Saudi led intervention in the Yemeni Crisis on behalf of the Sunni Arab alliance.[153]
Hamas (2005–2011)
Between 2005 and 2011, Iran was one of the main funders and suppliers of Hamas. Israel estimates the Hamas' Brigades have a core of several hundred members, who received military style training, including training in Iran and in Syria (before the Syrian Civil War).[154] In 2011, after the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War, Hamas distanced itself from the Syrian government and its members began leaving Syria. Since 2012, Hamas ceased receiving any support from Iran due to Hamas' support of the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria. In a speech for the spokesman of the Qassam brigades in 2014 on Hamas's 27 anniversary he thanked Iran for aid in finance and weapons.[155][156][157][158] Following the Israeli and Egyptian squeeze on Hamas in early 2014, PIJ has seen its power steadily increase with the backing of funds from Iran.[159] Its financial backing is believed to also come from Syria.
Israeli supporters and alleged proxies
USA
Azerbaijan
Alleged People's Mujahedin of Iran/Mujahideen-e-Khalq involvement
- US officials confirm that MEK was financed, trained, and armed by Israel in killing Iranian nuclear scientists.[160]
- According to a New Yorker report, members of the Mujahideen-e-Khalq received training in the U.S. and Israeli funding for their operations against the Iranian government.[161]
Alleged Jundallah involvement
Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has accused Israel of helping Jundallah to carry out attacks in Iran.[162]
Alleged PJAK involvement
Alleged support to Syrian rebels
Israel has provided medical treatment for Syrian civilians and rebels. Reports on alleged hospitalization of some members of al-Nusra Front caused strife amongst the Israeli Druze community.[163][164][165][166][167]
In late April 2016, the security forces of the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) apprehended a vehicle, they claimed was loaded with a large amount of Israeli-manufactured weapons in Syria’s southern Al-Swaida’a governorate. The weapons are very old and as seen most of them were made in the 70s and 80s and from the look of the ammunition it has been stolen as it suffers from neglect and poor condition.[168]
International responses
Russia
Russian foreign policy in the Middle East during the early 2000s, in light of the Iran–Israel proxy conflict.
After 2001 the government of Vladimir Putin intensified Russia's involvement in the region, supporting Iran's nuclear programs and forgiving Syria 73% of its $13 billion debt.[169]
In his September 10, 2004 article Middle East Horizons of Russian Foreign Politics: Russia returns to one of the world's key regions, Mikhail Margelov, the Head of the Foreign Relations Council of the Russian Federation, wrote:
"President Putin called for the renewal of contacts with the countries with which Russia maintained long friendly relations and invested a lot of material and intellectual resources. The Arab countries constitute a large part of those counties. ... In general, the positions of Russia and the majority of Arab countries on key issues of development of the political situation in the region coincide."[170]
According to March 2007 brief entitled Russia's New Middle Eastern Policy: Back to Bismarck? by Ariel Cohen (Institute for Contemporary Affairs),
"Syria ... was supplying Hizbullah with Russian weapons. In 2006, Israeli forces found evidence of the Russian-made Kornet-E and Metis-M anti-tank systems in Hizbullah's possession in southern Lebanon. The Russian response to accusations that it was supplying terrorist groups with weapons was an announcement, in February 2007, that Russia's military will conduct inspections of Syrian weapons storage facilities with the goal of preventing the weapons from reaching unintended customers. Predictably, such developments placed considerable strain on the already-deteriorating relations between Russia and Israel...
For several years Russia has been attempting to engage in military cooperation with both Israel and Syria. However, the levels of cooperation with the two states are inversely related and an escalation of arms sales to Syria can only damage the relationship with Israel. Russian-Syrian military cooperation has gone through numerous stages: high levels of cooperation during the Soviet era, which was virtually halted until 2005, and now Russia's attempt to balance its relationship with both Israel and Syria. However, Russia's recent eastward leanings might indicate that Moscow is prepared to enter a new stage in its military cooperation with Syria, even if this is to the detriment of its relationship with Israel.[171]
Timeline
Russian-Hamas talks, 2006
The Russia-Hamas talks of 2006 began on March 3, 2006, when Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov met with Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal to discuss the future of the Israeli–Palestinian peace process after Hamas became the majority party of the Palestinian National Authority Legislative Council, having won a majority of seats in the Palestinian elections. Hamas is listed as a terrorist organization by Australia,[172] Canada,[173][174] the European Union,[175] Israel,[176] Japan,[177] the United Kingdom,[178] and the United States,[179] and is banned in Jordan.[180]
On February 10, 2006 Spanish parliament member told Russian President Vladimir Putin, according to Kommersant journalist Andrey Kolesnikov, that Putin does not consider Hamas a terrorist organization.[181]
The perspective of giving legitimacy to Hamas have angered some Israeli officials.[182] A cabinet minister Meir Sheetrit accused Putin of "stabbing Israel in the back". After the interim Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert communicated with Putin, the Israeli position somewhat softened.[183]
In an interview in Russian newspaper Nezavisimaya Gazeta published on February 13, 2006, Mashal said that Hamas would temporarily stop armed struggle against Israel if it recognized the "1967 borders" and withdrew itself from all "Palestinian territories" (including the West Bank and East Jerusalem). He refused to acknowledge the Road map for peace, adopted by the Quartet in June 2003, "since nobody respects it". The Road map projected the establishment of an independent Palestinian state in 2005.
Following Hamas' victory in January 2006, the EU announced that future aid to the Palestinians is tied to "Three Principles" outlined by the international community:
- Hamas must renounce violence
- Hamas must recognize Israel's right to exist
- Hamas must express clear support for the Middle East peace process, as outlined in the Oslo accords.
During the talks in March 2006, Lavrov called on the Hamas to comply with the earlier commitments signed by the PLO, and reiterated these three requirements but Hamas refused.[184]
On March 7, Russia expressed hope that Hamas would consider supporting the Road map for peace and peace plan proposed by Saudi Arabia, but it did not materialize. Israeli spokesman stated: "They (Hamas) did not accept any of those principles ... therefore I don't know where they (Russia) draw their optimism from Hamas changing its ways."[185]
President Mahmoud Abbas of the Palestinian National Authority said that he would oppose the creation of a Palestinian state with temporary borders and further Israel's unilateral withdrawals.
The invitation and the talks have caused controversy wherein Russia's intentions in changing its views towards the Israeli–Palestinian conflict were questioned in the West.
Russian technical, military, and diplomatic aid to Iran
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) |
Currently, there are concerns that Israel will attack Iran pre-emptively because the nuclear program of Iran could be used eventually to produce nuclear weapons.[186] Russia provides technical assistance to Iran's nuclear program, supplies it with weapons, and gives it diplomatic support at the United Nations.[187]
In January 2007, Israeli officials voiced "extreme concern" over Russia's sale of advanced anti-aircraft missiles to Iran. They warned: "We hope they understand that this is a threat that could come back to them as well."[188] Before Prime Minister Ehud Olmert's trip to Russia, Israel's Cabinet voted to recognize Russia's claim to Sergei's Courtyard in central Jerusalem. Russia laid claim to the site, named for the son of a Russian czar, on behalf of the Russian Orthodox Church. In an overture before the trip, Israel's Cabinet voted to recognize Russia's claim to property in Jerusalem. Russia laid claim to the site, named for the son of a Russian czar, on behalf of the Russian Orthodox Church. Olmert said he would urge Moscow not to sell sophisticated weapons to Israel's enemies. Iran is interested in buying anti-aircraft missiles that could cripple any military strike against its nuclear program. Israel is also afraid Moscow would sell Syria the same missile defense system. Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has frequently called for Israel's destruction, and Israel suspects he means to carry out that objective by developing nuclear bombs with the help of a Russian-built nuclear power plant. Iran says its nuclear program is for peaceful purposes. Iran says it plans to buy from Russia advanced S-300 anti-aircraft missiles that could detect aircraft sent to destroy its nuclear facilities. Syria, which backs Hezbollah guerrillas who battled Israel in Lebanon in 2006, reportedly has asked to buy them, too. Russia has not confirmed the reports. But recently, Russia's foreign minister, Sergey Lavrov, said his government was prepared to sell Syria arms with a "defensive character." Israel claims Russian missiles sold to Syria made their way into the Hezbollah's hands in the 2006 war, though it has not accused Russia of directly arming the guerrilla group. After four decades of Cold War animosity, ties between Moscow and Israel improved significantly after the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991. Israel is also home to more than 1 million Soviet emigres.
But Moscow's position on Iran and arms sales to Syria have seemingly strained ties, as did Israeli weapons sales to Georgia. In reality, while Russia attacked Georgia in August 2008, Russians had access to the communication secrets of the Israeli drones sold to Georgia before, suggesting pre-planned military cooperation between IL-RU.[189]
Contacts with Hezbollah
Russian intelligence agencies have a history of contacts with Lebanese Shia organizations, such as Amal Movement and Hezbollah[190][191][192][193] Russian-made anti-tank weapons played significant role in Hezbollah operations against Israel Defense Forces during the 2006 Lebanon War. It was claimed that "Russian Fajr-1 and Fajr-3 rockets, Russian 9M113 Konkurs antitank missiles and Kornet antitank rockets"[194] have been supplied to Hezbollah through Syria and Iran[195] Muslim GRU detachments from Chechnya were transferred to Lebanon independently of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon to guard the Russian military engineers (sent to Lebanon to restore the damaged roads) and "to improve Moscow'’s image in the Arab and Muslim world".[196]
List of international terror groups assembled by Russia
Russian list of international terrorism published in the official daily Rossiyskaya Gazeta on July 28, 2006 contained seventeen terror groups. It included al-Qaeda, Taliban, Lashkar-e-Tayyaba and Egypt's banned Muslim Brotherhood, as well as groups linked to separatist militants in Chechnya and Islamic radicals in Central Asia but omitted both Hamas and Hezbollah. Yury Sapunov, the top official of Russian Federal Security Service in charge of fighting international terrorism, said that the list "Includes only those organizations which represent the greatest threat to the security of our country."[197]
Russian military and diplomatic relations with Israel
Russian President Vladimir Putin met with leaders of both Israel and the Palestinian National Authority during a visit to the region in June 2012.[198] During the visit, one prominent Israeli host was the country's foreign minister Avigdor Lieberman, known for his popularity amongst the large community of Russian-Israelis[199][200] Arab commentators were also quick to point out how this visit, which carried with it indications of closer Russian-Israeli cooperation in energy and military technology, could usher in a break in a perceived, long-standing Arab-Russian alliance.[201]
See also
- Iran-Israel relations
- List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
- Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
- Arab-Israeli Conflict
- Cold War II
References
- ^ Adam Shatz (April 29, 2004). "In Search of Hezbollah". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved August 14, 2006.
- ^ [1] "Iran’s annual financial aid to Hamas is believed to be around $20 million, which helps the group run its government in the Gaza Strip. Both parties enjoyed warm ties since 2006 when Hamas won an election against the Western-backed Fatah movement. But the crisis in Syria has led to problems between them. In 2014 "First among which is the Islamic Republic of Iran which did not skimp on money, weapons and other things and provided the resistance with rockets." Abu Ubaidah, the spokesman of the Palestinian Al-Qassam Brigades: "(2006–present)
- ^ "Iran Strengthens Ties To Palestinian Islamic Jihad". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ "Palestinian Islamic Jihad". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ "Iran Increases Aid to PFLP Thanks to Syria Stance - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ Mark Perry (13 January 2012). "False Flag". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ "'Israeli Mossad Agents Posed as CIA Spies to Recruit Terrorists to Fight Against Iran'". Haaretz. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ "Israel used “false flag” operation to recruit anti-Iran militants, report alleges (Updated)". yahoo.com. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
- ^ "US Officials: Mossad Backing Iranian 'Terrorists'". Haaretz. September 2, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2014.
- ^ "Le Figaro: Israel's Mossad recruiting Iranian dissidents to work against Tehran regime". Haaretz. January 11, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
- ^ "New book claims Mossad assassination unit killed Iranian nuclear scientists". The Guardian. July 11, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
- ^ "Envoy: Israel Supporting PJAK, PKK through Southern Cyprus". Fars News. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ "Why Is Israel Watching the PKK?". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ a b Ian Black. "'Israeli attack' on Sudanese arms factory offers glimpse of secret war". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ a b "Israeli jets 'bombed weapons factory in Khartoum', Sudan claims". Daily Telegraph. 24 Oct 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
- ^ a b "Three Israeli Airstrikes Against Sudan", ABC news, Go, Mar 2009.
- ^ "Iran and Sudan rift could pose a problem for Hamas". ynet. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ Saudi Research & Marketing (uk) Ltd. "Omar Al-Bashir: We cannot allow Shi'ite presence in Sudan". Asharq al-Awsat. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ Jordan, Will; Radhakrishnan, Rahul (23 February 2015). "Mossad contradicted Netanyahu on Iran nuclear programme". Al Jazeera.
- ^ Katzman, Kenneth (2008). "Iran's Influence in Iraq". In Costel, Steven J. Surging Out of Iraq?. Nova Publishers. pp. 169–175. ISBN 978-1-60456-023-7.
- ^ Mudallali, Amal (8 October 2014). "The Iranian Sphere of Influence Expands Into Yemen". Foreign Policy.
- ^ Elhadj, Elie (8 April 2015). "The Shi'i Crescent's Push for Regional Hegemony and the Sunni Reaction". Rubin Center, IDC Herzliya.
- ^ "The Emerging Hegemony of Iran". i24news. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ "Iran's Hegemonic Ambitions". Iran Intelligence. Retrieved 18 May 2016.[unreliable source?]
- ^ Saul, Jonathan; Hafezi, Parisa (21 February 2014). "Iran boosts military support in Syria to bolster Assad". Reuters.
- ^ "The long arm of Iran in the Middle East". Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ Saudi Research & Marketing (uk) Ltd. "Tehran’s Political and Military Hegemony Over Baghdad". Asharq al-Awsat. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ Bell, John; Zada, John (10 November 2011). "Israel's self-fulfilling prophecy on Iran". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
...proxy conflict between Israel and Iran...
- ^ Gerges, Fawas (5 May 2013). "Israel attacks show Syria's conflict becoming a regional proxy war". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ Saeed Kamali Dehghan (28 May 2012). "Syrian army being aided by Iranian forcesDehghan". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
- ^ Daftari, Lisa (28 August 2012). "Iranian general admits 'fighting every aspect of a war' in defending Syria's Assad". Fox News. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
- ^ http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Iran-News/Mossad-chief-Iran-is-main-threat-to-Israel-with-or-without-nuclear-deal-484766
- ^ "Top Israeli intel official: Threat of Iran's Mideast dominance ‘immediate’". jpost.com. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
- ^ http://jordantimes.com/opinion/osama-al-sharif/tehran%E2%80%99s-land-corridor-through-syria-reality
- ^ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4975696,00.html
- ^ https://www.stratfor.com/weekly/race-iraqi-border-begins
- ^ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/16/iran-changes-course-of-road-to-mediterranean-coast-to-avoid-us-forces
- ^ "Golan unrest spells militant threat for Israel's Syria borders". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ a b "Israel strikes Syrian weapons en route to Hezbollah". The Jerusalem Post. January 30, 2013.
- ^ a b c "Israeli jets strike inside Syria; evade anti-aircraft missiles". CNN. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
|first1=
missing|last1=
in Authors list (help) - ^ "IDF denies claim that Syria shot down Israeli jet". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
- ^ a b "Palestine from the viewpoint of Imam Khomeini". imam khomeini.
- ^ "Palestine from the viewpoint of Imam Khomeini".
- ^ The Guardian, 11 October 2014 isis assad
- ^ mosaicmagazine the silent partnership
- ^ Richard Horowitz. "Why Is Iran Shipping Arm to Hamas and Hezbollah?". The Blaze. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ Goldberg, Jeffrey (October 14, 2002). "In the Party of God: Are terrorists in Lebanon preparing for a larger war?". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2007-03-03.
- ^ a b "Iran Massively Rearming Hezbollah in Violation of UN Security Council Resolution". American Chronicle. March 28, 2010. Archived from the original on 19 September 2011.
- ^ Background Information on Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations (PDF) (Report). United States Department of State.
- ^ Norton, Augustus (1987). Amal and the Shi'a: the struggle for the Soul of Lebanon. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 167–187. ISBN 0-292-73040-3.
- ^ "Israel's Netanyahu says Iran nuclear program delayed six weeks by deal". Fox News. January 29, 2014.
- ^ Murphy, Brian (November 20, 2013). "Israel, Gulf in 'Strange Alliance' Against Iran". Associated Press – via Yahoo News.
- ^ JNi.Media. "Ya’alon: No More Arab Coalition Against Us, Also Containment Is VictoryThe Jewish Press - JNi.Media - 11 Sivan 5777 – June 5, 2017 - JewishPress.com". www.jewishpress.com. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
- ^ "Iranian soldiers join Hizbullah in fighting", Ynetnews.
- ^ "Israel carried out 3 attacks on Sudan arms smugglers", Haaretz.
- ^ a b Ben-Yishai, Ron (January 12, 2012). "Killing the brains". Ynetnews. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
- ^ Yong, William (October 13, 2010). "18 Iran Guards Killed by Blast at Their Base". The New York Times.
- ^ Meikle, James (January 11, 2012). "Iran: timeline of attacks". The Guardian. Retrieved September 23, 2012.
- ^ "Legal Experts: Stuxnet Attack on Iran Was Illegal 'Act of Force'". Wired. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 2013-05-07.
- ^ "Did Stuxnet Take Out 1,000 Centrifuges at the Natanz Enrichment Plant?" (PDF). Institute for Science and International Security. 22 December 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
- ^ "Spotted in Iran, trojan Duqu may not be "son of Stuxnet" after all". Ars technica. Oct 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ Lee, Dave (4 June 2012). "Flame: Attackers 'sought confidential Iran data'". BBC News. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ^ "Iran: Israel, US are behind attempt to sabotage Arak reactor". Ynetnews. 17 March 2014.
- ^ "Iran Says Nuclear Equipment Was Sabotaged". The New York Times. 22 September 2012.
- ^ "Iran official: German firm planted bombs in parts meant for nuclear program". Haaretz. 22 September 2012.
- ^ "Navy intercepts ship with Iranian arms bound for Hamas". The Jerusalem Post. March 15, 2011.
- ^ "Blast at Isfahan damaged nuclear facility", Ynetnews.
- ^ Nisman, Daniel (November 29, 2011). "A message from Iran". Ynetnews. Retrieved September 23, 2012.
- ^ a b "Iran: 7 killed in steel factory blast". ynet. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ "Iran: Factory blast death toll reaches 16", Ynetnews.
- ^ "Iranian missile expert killed in explosion". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ Harriet Sherwood. "Iran 'trying to attack Israeli targets in retaliation for scientists' deaths'". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ Stevens, John; Tree, Oliver (13 October 2011). "This is an act of war': U.S. vows action over bizarre Iranian plot to hire Mexican drugs cartel to kill Saudi ambassador in D.C. restaurant blast". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- ^ "Israeli missions in India, Georgia targeted". Ynet. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ "Netanyahu: Iran responsible for attacks on Israeli embassies". Ynet. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ "Israel embassy car blast: Indian intelligence hints at Iran's hand". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ "Malaysia police arrest suspect in Bangkok blasts". Ynet. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ "Thai police: 2 more suspects in terror case". Ynet. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ "Thai official: Iran terrorists targeted Israeli diplomats". Ynet. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ BBS News India (7 March 2012). "Indian journalist held for attack on Israeli envoy". BBC News India.
- ^ "ISRAEL/IRAN – Barak hails munitions blast in Iran". Global Intelligence Files. WikiLeaks. February 27, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-27.
- ^ "PM Netanyahu's Remarks Following Terror Attack in Bulgaria". Yeshiva World News. July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-27.
- ^ Eichner, Itamar (July 20, 2012). "PM reveals: South Africa attack against Israelis thwarted". Ynetnews. Retrieved 2012-07-27.
- ^ Tait, Robert (April 23, 2013). "Iranian travelling on fake Israeli passport 'arrested in Nepal'". The Telegraph.
- ^ a b "Nigeria nabs terrorists planning attacks on Israelis". Jerusalem Post. February 21, 2013.
- ^ "Nigeria foils latest Hezbollah plot to attack Israelis". Jerusalem Post. May 30, 2013.
- ^ "Hezbollah member held in Peru for planning terror attack". Haaretz. October 30, 2014.
- ^ "IAF shoots down UAV in northern Negev". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ "Hezbollah confirms it sent drone downed over Israel". Reuters. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ "Khartoum fire blamed on Israeli bombing". Al Jazeera. 25 October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
- ^ "Report: Israeli spy satellites spot Iranian ship being loaded with rockets for Gaza". Haaretz. 25 November 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ "The IAEA Says It Has Inspectors At Iran's Fordo Nuclear Site And There Has Been No Explosion". Business Insider. 2013-01-30. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
- ^ "IAF shoots down drone from Lebanon off Haifa". The Jerusalem Post. April 25, 2013.
- ^ Lappin, Yakkov (May 8, 2013). "Triple explosion reportedly shakes western Tehran". The Jerusalem Post.
- ^ "Hamas says it has resumed ties with Iran", The Tower
- ^ "Israel jails anti-Zionist for offering to spy for Iran". BBC News. 2014-01-28.
- ^ "Israel Navy intercepts Gaza-bound Iranian rocket ship near Port Sudan". Jerusalem Post. 2014-03-05.
- ^ "A downed Israeli drone could advance Iran's own drone program". 2014-08-25.
- ^ "Report: Two dead after explosion in Iranian nuclear facility". Jerusalem Post. 2014-10-06.
- ^ "Report: Hezbollah attack on Har Dov ordered by Iran following explosion at nuclear facility". Jerusalem Post. 2014-10-10.
- ^ "Hezbollah Attack Along Border With Lebanon Wounds Two Israeli Soldiers". New York Times. 2014-10-07.
- ^ "Analysis: Syria center long been on Israel's radar". The Jerusalem Post. January 31, 2013.
- ^ "IAF strike in Syria targeted arms from Iran". The Jerusalem Post. May 4, 2013.
- ^ Cohen, Gili (May 5, 2013). "Israel overnight strike targeted Iranian missile shipment meant for Hezbollah". Haaretz. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
- ^ "Report: Israel behind recent strike on Syria missile depot, U.S. officials say". Haaretz. 12 July 2013.
- ^ Syria military base blasts said to be Israeli strike, Reuters, Oct 31, 2013.
- ^ "Iran Increases Aid to PFLP Thanks to Syria Stance - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ "Israel, Lebanon move to ease tensions after sniper kills soldier", Chicago Sun-Times, December 17, 2013.
- ^ Israeli planes said to hit missile site in Syria The Times of Israel. 27 January 2014
- ^ Report: Hezbollah militants killed in Israeli strike Yedioth Ahronoth. 24 February 2014
- ^ "Syria: Israeli warplanes strike targets near Damascus". The Jerusalem Post. 2014-12-07.
- ^ "Report: Two Hezbollah operatives killed in Sunday's alleged IAF strikes in Syria". The Jerusalem Post. 2014-12-08.
- ^ "Region on edge after Israel's deadly strike". Daily Star. 2015-01-19.
- ^ "Report: Six Iranians killed in Israeli strike in Syria, including Revolutionary Guards general". Jerusalem Post. 2015-01-19.
- ^ Nicholas Casey in Tel Aviv and Raja Abdulrahim in Beirut (29 January 2015). "Two Israeli Soldiers Killed in Attack Claimed by Lebanon’s Hezbollah". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ "Two Israeli soldiers killed in Hezbollah missile attack". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ "Israel reportedly hits Hezbollah, Assad targets in Syria". The Times of Israel.
- ^ "Sources: Israel not behind second attack on Syria-Lebanon border". Ynet. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
- ^ "Report: IAF strike in Syria targeted Hezbollah members and fighters under Lebanese terrorist Kuntar". Jerusalem Post.
- ^ "Second reported IAF strike: Damascus says Israel strikes pro-Syrian Palestinian militia". Jerusalem Post.
- ^ "IAF strikes in Syria, kills rocket launchers". Ynet News.
- ^ "Report: Israeli Air Force attacked Hezbollah targets in Syria". Jerusalem Post.
- ^ "Syrian media reports Israeli airstrike near Damascus airport". Jerusalem Post.
- ^ "'Hezbollah weapons warehouses were the target of Wednesday's Israeli airstrikes in Syria'". Jerusalem Post.
- ^ "Syrian opposition: IAF struck Hezbollah, regime targets near Syria-Lebanon border". Jerusalem Post.
- ^ "Report: Israel Air Force strikes targets in Syria near Lebanese border". Jerusalem Post.
- ^ a b Barry Temmo. "Liberated prisoner from Israeli jails Samir Kuntar killed in terrorist shelling attack".
- ^ "Hezbollah: Samir Kuntar killed in Israeli airstrike on Damascus - Middle East News". Haaretz. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
- ^ "Longest-serving Lebanese prisoner in Israel killed in Syria". The Big Story. Retrieved 2015-12-20.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Roi Kais, Yoav Zitun, Liad Osmo, 'Hezbollah: Samir Kuntar, murderer of Haran family, killed in airstrike,' Ynet 20 December 2015.
- ^ "Free Syrian Army rebels claim Samir Kuntar assassination". i24news. 21 December 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
- ^ "Free Syrian Army: Hezbollah is lying, we killed Kuntar, not Israel". Jerusalem Post. 21 December 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
- ^ "Report: Israel hits Syrian military, Hezbollah weapons convoy". Times of Israel. November 30, 2016.
- ^ "Report: Hezbollah accuses Israel of striking targets near Damascus". Jerusalem Post. December 7, 2016.
- ^ "Israeli raid targeted Hezbollah-bound chemical weapons — Syrian opposition spokesman". Times of Israel. December 11, 2016.
- ^ "Israeli warplanes attack Syrian Army in Damascus". Al-Masdar News. January 12, 2017.
- ^ "סוריה: "4 מטוסים תקפו מוצב צבאי. תהיה תגובה ישירה"". Ynet (in Hebrew). 2017-03-17. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
- ^ Opall-Rome, Barbara (2017-03-17). "Israel’s Arrow scores first operational hit — but against what?". Defense News. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
- ^ "IDF denies claim that Syria shot down Israeli jet". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
- ^ Hubbard, Ben (March 20, 2014). "Syrian Fighting Gives Hezbollah New but Diffuse Purpose". New York Times. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
... the fighting has also diluted the resources that used to go exclusively to facing Israel, exacerbated sectarian divisions in the region, and alienated large segments of the majority Sunni population who once embraced Hezbollah as a liberation force... Never before have Hezbollah guerrillas fought alongside a formal army, waged war outside Lebanon or initiated broad offensives aimed at seizing territory.
- ^ Deeb, Lara (July 31, 2006). "Hizballah: A Primer". Middle East Report. Retrieved May 31, 2011.
- ^ Goldman, Adam (May 28, 2014). "Hezbollah operative wanted by FBI dies in fighting in Syria". Washington Post. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
... Hasan Nasrallah has called the deployment of his fighters to Syria a 'new phase' for the movement, and it marks the first time the group has sent significant numbers of men outside Lebanon's borders.
- ^ "Iran-Syria vs. Israel, Round 1: Assessments & Lessons Learned". Defense Industry Daily. September 13, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2013.
- ^ "Huge Beirut protest backs Syria". BBC News. March 8, 2005. Retrieved February 7, 2007.
- ^ "Hariri: Sunnis 'refuse' to join Hezbollah-Al Qaida war". AFP, January 25, 2014.
- ^ The Christian Science Monitor. "Why Hezbollah has openly joined the Syrian fight". The Christian Science Monitor.
- ^ "UN: Hezbollah has increased military strength since 2006 war". Haaretz. October 25, 2007. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
- ^ Frykberg, Mel (August 29, 2008). "Mideast Powers, Proxies and Paymasters Bluster and Rearm". Middle East Times. Retrieved May 31, 2011.
And if there is one thing that ideologically and diametrically opposed Hezbollah and Israel agree on, it is Hezbollah's growing military strength.
- ^ Barnard, Anne (May 20, 2013). "Hezbollah's Role in Syria War Shakes the Lebanese". New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
Hezbollah, stronger than the Lebanese Army, has the power to drag the country into war without a government decision, as in 2006, when it set off the war by capturing two Israeli soldiers
- ^ Morris, Loveday (June 12, 2013). "For Lebanon's Sunnis, growing rage at Hezbollah over role in Syria". Washington Post. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
... Hezbollah, which has a fighting force generally considered more powerful than the Lebanese army.
- ^ Filkins, Dexter (September 30, 2013). "The Shadow Commander". The New Yorker. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
From 2000 to 2006, Iran contributed a hundred million dollars a year to Hezbollah. Its fighters are attractive proxies: unlike the Iranians, they speak Arabic, making them better equipped to operate in Syria and elsewhere in the Arab world.
- ^ "Sudan, Iran sign military cooperation agreement - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan". www.sudantribune.com. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
- ^ Ahmed Feteha and Michael Gunn (27 March 2015). "Sudan Joining Saudi Campaign in Yemen Shows Shift in Region Ties". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ "Hamas's Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades". Government of Australoia. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
- ^ Mannes, Aaron (2004). Profiles in Terror: The Guide to Middle East Terrorist Organizations. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 201.
- ^ "THE TERRORIST CONNECTION – IRAN, THE ISLAMIC JIHAD AND HAMAS". fas.org. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
- ^ Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ) Archived 2014-10-16 at the Wayback Machine.. NCTC.
- ^ "Government: Listing of Terrorism Organisations". nationalsecurity.gov.au. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
- ^ http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21599826-decline-hamas-may-result-new-wave-chaos-whos-charge The Gaza Strip: Who’s in charge?
- ^ Rock Center with Brian Williams (6 December 2014). "Israel teams with terror group to kill Iran's nuclear scientists, U.S. officials tell NBC News". NBC News. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ "Report: U.S., Israel helped train Iranian dissidents". Haaretz. April 7, 2012.
- ^ "Ahmadinejad: US behind terror attacks". Presstv.ir. Archived from the original on 20 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-19.
- ^ "Druze residents in Israel denounce its Syria policy". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ "Report: Israel treating al-Qaida fighters wounded in Syria civil war". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ "WATCH: IDF Soldiers Treating Wounded Syrians on Israel Border". Haaretz. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ "UN Reveals Israeli Links With Syrian Rebels". Haaretz. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ "In enemy care: Syrians treated in Israeli hospitals". France 24. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ "Syria's security forces confiscate huge amount of Israeli ammo". almasdarnews.com. 27 April 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
- ^ Russia, Syria sign agreement for major arms deal World Tribune January 26, 2005
- ^ (in Russian) Middle East Horizons of Russian Politics: Russia returns to one of the World's Key Regions by Mikhail Margelov, The president of the Committee for International Affairs of the Russian Federation
- ^ Russia's New Middle Eastern Policy: Back to Bismarck? by Ariel Cohen. Jerusalem Issue Brief. Institute for Contemporary Affairs. Vol. 6, No. 25. March 20, 2007
- ^ Listing of Terrorist Organisations Archived 2014-02-04 at the Wayback Machine., Australian Government Attorney-General's Department, 27 January 2006. Accessed July 31, 2006.
- ^ Keeping Canadians Safe Archived 2006-11-19 at the Wayback Machine., Public Security and Emergency Preparedness Canada, National Security, Listed entities. Accessed July 31, 2006.
- ^ "Hamas is listed as a terrorist group in the Criminal Code of Canada." Tibbetts, Janice. Canada shuts out Hamas ,The Montreal Gazette, March 30, 2006.
- ^ "Council Decision" Council of the European Union, December 21, 2005
- ^ "2BackToHomePage3". Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ Japan's Diplomatic Bluebook 2005 states that it has frozen the assets of "terrorist organizations, including... Hamas."
- ^ "UK Home Office" Archived 2006-06-30 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Country reports on terrorism", U.S. State Dept., April 27, 2005.
- ^ Karmi, Omar. "What does the Hamas victory mean for nearby Jordan?", The Daily Star, February 18, 2006
- ^ The President Tells Shamil Basaev from Hamas (Kommersant)
- ^ Putin: Hamas not a terror organization (Ynetnews)
- ^ Israel softens Russia criticism over Hamas talks (Washingtonpost)
- ^ land-for-peace arab proposal Daily Star
- ^ Russia hopeful Hamas will support peace road map (Reuters) March 7, 2006[dead link]
- ^ Israel denies planning Iran nuclear attack, U.K. newspaper reports Israel intends to strike up to three targets in Iran, The Associated Press, January 7, 2007; Israel Takes Issue With Iran Weapons[permanent dead link], The Associated Press, September 29, 2004; Tom Baldwin, James Hider, Francis Elliott, US fears Israeli strike against Iran over latest nuclear claim, The Times, November 8, 2007.
- ^ Herb Keinon, "Jerusalem sees Russian interests behind arms sales to Damascus, The Jerusalem Post, August 20, 2007; Michael Jasinski, Russia's Nuclear and Missile Technology Assistance to Iran; Nasser Karimi, Russian Fuel Ready for Iran, Associated Press, September 16, 2007.[dead link]
- ^ Yaakov Katz and Herb Keinon, Israel warns Russia on Iran arms sale[permanent dead link], Jerusalem Post, January 16, 2007
- ^ "Israel Helped Russia Hack Georgian Drones – Wikileaks". RIA. 29 February 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ "Dangerous liaisons: covert "love affair" between Russia and Hezbollah, part 1". axisglobe.com. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
- ^ "Dangerous liaisons: covert "love affair" between Russia and Hezbollah, part 2". axisglobe.com. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
- ^ "Dangerous liaisons: covert "love affair" between Russia and Hezbollah, part 3". axisglobe.com. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
- ^ "Dangerous liaisons: covert "love affair" between Russia and Hezbollah, part 4". axisglobe.com. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
- ^ Russian Footprints – by Ion Mihai Pacepa, National Review Online, August 24, 2006
- ^ Spiegel, Peter; Laura King (August 31, 2006). "Israel Says Syria, Not Just Iran, Supplied Missiles to Hezbollah". Los Angeles Times. "World News". Retrieved 2006-08-31.[dead link]
- ^ "DEBKAfile, Political Analysis, Espionage, Terrorism, Security". Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ "Hamas, Hizbullah not on Russia's terror list". Ynet. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ Marcus, Jonathan (25 June 2012). "President Putin's Middle East gambit". BBC.
- ^ Hounshell, Blake (21 October 2011). "Saadi: the smartest Qaddafi?". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ Sherwood, Harriet (17 August 2011). "Israel's former Soviet immigrants transform adopted country". The Guardian.
- ^ Policy Analysis Unit (24 July 2012). "Russian-Israeli Cooperation: Putin Pays Netanyahu a Visit". Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies.
Further reading
- Rumer, Eugene (2000). Dangerous Drift: Russia's Middle East Policy. Policy Papers no. 54. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. ISBN 0-944029-44-2.
External links
- America, Russia, and the Greater Middle East. Challenges and Opportunities (PDF) by Geoffrey Kemp and Paul Saunders (The Nixon Center) November 2003
- Russia in the Middle East: is Putin undertaking a new strategy? by Dr. Robert Freedman (Middle East Institute) February 10, 2005
- Putin denies Russia destabilising Middle East by James Rose (The Times) April 28, 2005
- Russia in the Middle East (U.S. Library of Congress. Country Studies)
- Past as Prologue. Russia: Moscow presents itself as the new 'middleman' in the Middle East[permanent dead link] by Owen Matthews (Newsweek International) February 27, 2006
- The Bear Is Back. Russia's Middle Eastern adventures by Ilan Berman (National Review) February 18, 2005
- Russia is Ready for Dialogue With HAMAS by Michel Elbaz, Sami Rosen, Pavel Simonov. February 3, 2006
- The Middle East and Russia's New Game February 15, 2006
- Moscow urges Hamas to transform (BBC)
- Russia-Hamas talks anger Israel (BBC)
- Reuters: Russia says Hamas ready to extend ceasefire (with picture)
- ABC: Russia sets up Hamas talks
- (in Russian) Stanislav Belkovsky Riddle of Vladimir Putin
- Russia Might Get Involved in the Middle East Conflict