In urban planning, a Notified area is any land area earmarked by legal provision for future development. The term is used in the Hindi belt region of North India.^[1]

The term also describes a village or settlement with a population between 10,000 and 20,000. A community of over 20,000 is considered a town under Indian law. Each notified area elects a notified area committee for its administration, which function like municipality. ^[2]

References[link]

External links[link]

• The Notified area manual, Uttar Pradesh, Superintendent, Print. and Stationery, Uttar Pradesh, 1964.

Many large local government councils in the United Kingdom have a system of area committees, with responsibility for services in a particular part of the area covered by the council.

In the county council areas of England, for example, there is typically an area committee for each district within the county.

Examples[link]

• In England:
  • Birmingham - district committees for 11 areas similar to Birmingham's parliamentary constituencies.
  • Bradford - has 5 area committees made up of the wards that (roughly) make up the 5 parliamentary constituencies namely Bradford North, Bradford South, Bradford West, Keighley and Shipley. Before the 2004 ward boundary review the wards fitted exactly within the constituencies and the committees were therefore known as constituency committees.
  • Cumbria - has 6 local committees one for each of its district council areas.
  • Leicester - 9 area committees containing between 2 and 3 wards. The city centre is considered outside any area.
  • Kirklees - 7 area committees
  • Kingston upon Hull - 7 area committees
  • Oxford - 6 area committees
  • Shropshire - 3 area committees (North, Central and South)

• In Scotland:
  • Aberdeenshire council has devolved power to six area committees:
    • Banff & Buchan
    • Buchan
    • Formartine
    • Garioch
    • Marr
    • Kincardine & Mearns
  • Argyll and Bute - 4 area committees:
    • Bute & Cowal
    • Helensburgh & Lomond
    • Mid Argyll, Kintyre & Islay
    • Oban, Lorn & Mull
  • Dumfries and Galloway - 4 area committees:
    • Annandale and Eskdale
    • Nithsdale
    • Stewartry
    • Wigtown
  • East Ayrshire - 7 area committees:
    • Northern
    • Kilmarnock North
    • Kilmarnock Central
    • Kilmarnock South
    • Irvine Valley
    • Cumnock Area
    • Doon Valley
  • Glasgow - 11 area committees [1]:
    • Bishops Wood
    • Central
    • Drumchapel and West
    • East (centre)
    • East
    • North
    • North West
    • South
    • South East
    • South West
    • West End
  • Highland:
    • In 1996, the then new unitary Highland Council adopted the areas of the eight districts of the former two-tier Highland region as management areas, and each management area was represented, initially, by area committees consisting of councillors elected from areas (groups of wards) corresponding to the management areas, but changes to ward boundaries in 1999 created a mismatch between committee areas and management areas. In 2007, following further changes to ward boundaries, the area committees were abolished and the council created a new more centralised management structure. The former districts were: Badenoch and Strathspey, Caithness, Inverness, Lochaber, Nairn, Ross and Cromarty, Skye and Lochalsh, and Sutherland
  • Scottish Borders [2]:
    • Berwickshire
    • Eildon
    • Tweeddale
    • Cheviot
    • Teviot and Liddesdale
• In Wales:
  • Gwynedd - area committees for Arfon, Dwyfor, Meirionnydd - the former districts.
  • Monmouthshire - four area committees
  • Powys - area committees for Brecknockshire, Montgomeryshire and Radnorshire.

PHASE 2 (aka Lonny Wood)^[1] is one of the most influential and well known New York City aerosol artists. Mostly active in the 1970s, Phase 2 is generally credited with originating the "bubble letter" style of aerosol writing, also known as "softies".^[2] He was also influential in the early hip-hop scene.

Graffiti career[link]

Phase 2 is from The Bronx, and attended DeWitt Clinton High School along with a number of other early graffiti artists. Many famous graffiti writers of the early 1970s would meet at a doughnut shop across from the school called the Coffee Shop before heading down to the subway station at 149th Street and Grand Concourse to watch tagged trains on the IRT line pass by.^[3] Phase 2 was mentored in graffiti by his friend and neighbor Thomas Lee aka Lee 163d!, one of the pioneers of graf writing in The Bronx.^[2]

He began writing in late 1971 under the name Phase 2, a moniker which had a rather mundane provenance. As Phase 2 would later recall, "the previous year we'd given this party. We were getting ready to give another one and I said, 'We'll call this one Phase Two.' I don't know why, but I was stuck on the name. It had meaning for me. I started writing 'Phase 2.'"^[4]

Part of the appeal of graffiti writing for Phase 2 was that it allowed him to get his "name" known yet remain anonymous.^[5] He noted later that tagging provided disadvantaged urban teens "the only significant vehicle to represent their 'existence.'"^[6]

It was in late 1972 that Phase 2 first used an early version of the "bubble letter" or "softie", a style of graffiti writing which would become extremely influential and is considered a "giant leap" in the art form.^[2] The puffed-out, marshmallow-like letters drawn by Phase 2 were soon copied by other artists who added their own variations. Phase himself quickly embellished on his original form, creating and naming dozens of varieties of softies such as "phasemagorical phantastic" (bubble letters with stars), "bubble cloud", and "bubble drip."^[7] He is also credited with pioneering the use of arrows in graf writing around this same time.^[8] Hip-hop journalist Jeff Chang has noted that Phase 2's canvasses from 1973 have "been widely recognized as defining the early genre."^[9]

Over time Phase's work become more and more complex, moving far away from the simple tags of the early 70s to "hieroglyphical calligraphic abstraction."^[5] Chang points out that much of Phase's work involved "deconstructing the letter", transforming characters in the alphabet "into hard lines, third eyes, horns, drills, spikes, Egyptian pharaohs and dogs, pure geometrics."^[9] Another New York graffiti artist, Vulcan, remarked that "one of the things about Phase is that he was the only person at the time whose name could roll by ten times and each piece was different. That's what you noticed about his [work]."^[5]

In 1974 Phase 2 joined the newly created United Graffiti Artists, a professional graffiti collective which began to attract media attention. He was featured in an important essay on graffiti art by Richard Goldstein which appeared in New York magazine and inspired a new generation of graffiti artists.^[2]

In the 1980s, Phase 2 began publishing International Graffiti Times, the first zine about graffiti writing.^[10]

Influence in hip-hop[link]

Unlike some other pioneers of New York City graffiti, Phase 2 had a prominent role in The South Bronx hip-hop scene in the early 1980s. He also continues to be referenced in hip-hop songs.

Phase participated in the legendary hip-hop shows organized by Kool Lady Blue during the summer of 1982 at the Roxy nightclub in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan. These shows brought together the top DJ's, MC's, breakers, and aerosol artist from The South Bronx and introduced hip-hop music and culture to the downtown punk and new wave scenes. Phase 2 designed the flyers for these events and often did aerosol pieces live on stage.^[11] He was also part of the first "international" hip-hop tour when stars from the Roxy performances toured in England and France in November of that year.^[12]

Phase 2 was one of the few aerosol artists to be involved in the musical side of hip-hop culture as well. He had a background as a DJ in the very early days of hip-hop, though he never made a name for himself in that role.^[13] In 1982, as part of his involvement with the Roxy scene, Phase released two rap singles. "Beach Boy" was a collaboration with Barry Michael Cooper, who would later co-write the script for New Jack City. "The Roxy" featured the Bill Laswell-led group Material and Grandmixer D.ST, though Phase 2 would later remark that he was disappointed in the song and felt that it "wasn't done properly."^[13][14]

Phase was also an early b-boy and claims that his dance crew pioneered the uprock (or "battle rock") style of dance despite claims that it originated in Brooklyn.^[13] He was thus actively involved in all of the traditional "four elements" of hip-hop culture.

Though he did not have a role in the production, Phase 2 did apparently influence the classic early hip-hop movie Wild Style. In the DVD commentary for the film, director Charlie Ahearn explained that, when thinking about the key character named "Phade", he had Phase 2 in mind (either to actually play the part or simply as a model) because Phase was a legendary graffiti writer from the past who was also involved in the hip-hop scene, as was the character of Phade. The role would ultimately be played by Fab 5 Freddy, himself a graffiti artist who along with Ahearn was the major creative force behind Wild Style. Phase 2 did take on an official role in another early hip-hop film when he worked as a graffiti consultant on the 1984 movie Beat Street.^[15]

In his 1995 song "Out for Fame" - an homage to graffiti artists and culture - KRS-One implores his audience "in the name of Phase 2" and fellow Bronx graffiti legend Stay High to "grab your cans and hit the streets." Several years later Mos Def mentioned Phase 2 on his widely respected debut album Black on Both Sides, specifically on the track "Hip Hop", in which he noted that hip-hop itself was "all city like Phase 2" - presumably a reference to the ubiquity of Phase 2's graffiti pieces on trains throughout the city during the early 1970s. In 1996, he appeared in the song I Messaggeri Pt.I contained in italian artist Neffa's album I Messaggeri della Dopa.

References[link]

Works cited[link]

• George, Nelson Buppies, B-boys, Baps & Bohos: Notes on Post-Soul Black Culture. Da Capo Press. 2001. ISBN 0-306-81027-1. 
• Chang, Jeff (2005). Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation. Picador. ISBN 0-312-42579-1.
• Castleman, Craig (1982). Getting Up: Subway Graffiti in New York. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-53051-1. 

External links[link]

• Adam Mansbach interview with PHASE 2
• "Writer of the Storm", Raw Vision interview with PHASE 2

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Malika Pukhraj
Malika Pukhraj in 1920s in Kashmir
Background information
Born	1912 Jammu, British India
Died	2004 (aged 92) Lahore, Pakistan
Genres	Folk music and Ghazal
Occupations	Voclalist

Malika Pukhraj (Urdu: ملكہ پکھراج ) (b1912 - 2004) was a highly popular Ghazal and folk singer of Pakistan. She was generally called as "Malika" meaning "The Queen." She is extremely popular for her rendition of Hafeez Jalandhri's song, Abhi to main jawan hoon ("I am still youthful"), which is enjoyed by millions not only in Pakistan, but also in India.^[1] Her popular numbers were,Lo phir basant aaya and Quli Qutub's Piya baaj piyale piya jaye na and Faiz Ahmed Faiz's Mere qatil mere dildar mere paas raho.

Early life[link]

Malika Pukhraj, was born in village Mirpur, on the banks of the River Akhnoor, 16 miles from Jammu, British India,^[2] and as she grew up her mother moved to Rajinder Bazar, Kanak Mandi area of Jammu, where she spent early years of her life. She was given the name "Malika" at birth, by 'Majzoob', 'Baba Roti Ram, a spiritualist, in Akhnoor area,^[3] and named Pukhraj by her Aunt ^[2]

Malika Pukhraj received her training from Ustad Ali Baksh Kasuri, father of legendary singer Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan.

Performing career[link]

At age nine, At nine she visited Jammu and performed at the coronation ceremony of Maharaja Hari Singh, who was so impressed by her voice that he appointed her as a court singer in his Durbar,^[4] and she stayed there for another nine years.^[2]

She was among the greatest singers of British India in the 1940s, and after Partition of India in 1947, she migrated to Lahore, Pakistan,^[5] where she received further fame, through her radio performances with composer, Kale Khan.^[6]

In 1980, she received the Presidential Pride of Performance Award, Pakistan.^[7] In 1977, when All India Radio, for which she sang until Partition, was celebrating its Golden Jubilee, she was invited to India, and awarded with the 'legend of Voice' award.^[8] Malika Pukhraj also recorded her memoirs in the novel Song Sung True.

Malika Pukhraj, died in Lahore on February 4, 2004.^[6] Her funeral procession started from her residence West Canal bank, and she was buried at her ancestral 'Shah Jamal' graveyard in Lahore.^[7]

Personal life[link]

Malika Pukhraj was married to Syed Shabbir Hussain Shah, a Government Officer and had 6 children,including Tahira Syed, one of her two daughters, emerged as a well-known singer. Her other daughter, Tasneem, is married to famous lawyer and senator S.M. Zafar. She has 4 sons Tarique, Tauqeer, Tanveer and Tasvir.

References[link]

1. ^ .Abhi to main jawan hoon
2. ^ ^{a b c} Biography
3. ^ Malika Pukhraj’s memory still ‘jawan’ in Jammu The Tribune, February 8, 2004.
4. ^ Unparalleled queen of gayaki The Hindu, June 4, 2004.
5. ^ Obituary -2004 - मलिका पुखराज BBC Hindi.
6. ^ ^{a b} Pakistani folk music doyenne dies BBC News, February 4, 2004.
7. ^ ^{a b} Renowned Classical Singer Malika Pukhraj Pakistan Times.
8. ^ Malika takes a final bow Dawn, February 15, 2004.

External links[link]

• Malika takes a final bow - Daily Dawn

Parkash Singh Badal (Punjabi: ਪਰਕਾਸ਼ ਸਿੰਘ ਬਾਦਲ) is an Indian politician who has been Chief Minister of the state of Punjab since 2007.^[1] He previously served as Chief Minister from 1970 to 1971, from 1977 to 1980, and from 1997 to 2002.

Personal life[link]

He was born December 8, 1927 in the village of Abul Khurana, near Malwa (Punjab), to Raghuraj Singh and Sundri Kaur in a Jatt Sikh family.^[2] In 1959 he married Surinder Kaur, they have two children, Sukhbir Singh Badal and Parneet Kaur. His wife died in 2011.^[3]

Political career[link]

He entered politics in 1947 and was first elected to Punjab Vidhan Sabha in 1957.^[4] He was re-elected in 1969 serving as Minister for Community Development, Panchayati Raj, Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries.^[4] He has served as Punjab Chief Minister for three terms the first time in 1969 when he became the youngest Chief Minister of an Indian state. He was Leader of the Opposition in 1972, 1980 and 2002. He was first detained in the Karnal jail in connection with Civil Liberties Agitation later under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act during the Indian Emergency.^[4] He was President of the Akali Dal from 1996 to 2008.^[5]

According to the results of the 2012 election, announced on 6 March 2012, his party, SAD, won 68 seats out of 117, together with the BJP. Winning the 2012 assembly election comfortably, he was set to become Chief Minister of Punjab for a record-breaking fifth time; he was also Punjab's oldest chief minister. On 14 March 2012, he was sworn in for another term as Chief Minister by the Governor of Punjab, Shivraj Patil.^[6]

Presidential Elections 2012[link]

As one of the senior most leader of the India, he is the likely candidate of the NDA and a front runner for the President of India for the term 2012-2017 for which elections are due 12 July 2012.^{[citation needed]}

References[link]

v t e Current Chief Ministers of Indian states (list)     Andhra Pradesh: Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy Arunachal Pradesh: Nabam Tuki Assam: Tarun Gogoi Bihar: Nitish Kumar Chhattisgarh: Raman Singh Goa: Manohar Parrikar Gujarat: Narendra Modi Haryana: Bhupinder Singh Hooda Himachal Pradesh: Prem Kumar Dhumal Jammu and Kashmir: Omar Abdullah Jharkhand: Arjun Munda Karnataka: D. V. Sadananda Gowda Kerala: Oommen Chandy Madhya Pradesh: Shivraj Singh Chauhan Maharashtra: Prithviraj Chavan Manipur: Okram Ibobi Singh Meghalaya: Mukul Sangma Mizoram: Pu Lalthanhawla Nagaland: Neiphiu Rio Orissa: Naveen Patnaik Punjab: Parkash Singh Badal Rajasthan: Ashok Gehlot Sikkim: Pawan Kumar Chamling Tamil Nadu: Jayalalithaa Tripura: Manik Sarkar Uttar Pradesh: Akhilesh Yadav Uttarakhand: Vijay Bahuguna West Bengal: Mamata Banerjee Delhi: Sheila Dikshit Pondicherry: N. Rangaswamy