- published: 05 Feb 2014
- views: 23741
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This video explains the causes and effects of dispersion in optical fibers and the different types of dispersion along with some of the solutions proposed to deal with it .
The index of refraction in a material isn't always the same for every wavelength. This is how prisms split white light into so many colors. Created by David SantoPietro.
Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/mirrors-and-lenses/v/virtual-image?utm_source=YT&utm;_medium=Desc&utm;_campaign=physics
Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/reflection-refraction/v/total-internal-reflection?utm_source=YT&utm;_medium=Desc&utm;_campaign=physics
Physics on Khan Academy: Physics is the study of the basic principles that govern the physical world around us. We'll start by looking at motion itself. Then, we'll learn about forces, momentum, energy, and other concepts in lots of different physical situations. To get the most out of physics, you'll need a solid understanding of algebra and a basic understanding of trigonometry.
About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. We tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Our math missions guide learners from kindergarten to calculus using state-of-the-art, adaptive technology that identifies strengths and learning gaps. We've also partnered with institutions like NASA, The Museum of Modern Art, The California Academy of Sciences, and MIT to offer specialized content.
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- published: 22 Jan 2014
- views: 29172
In this video, I will explain what is Chromatic Dispersion.
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/wordpress/what-is-chromatic-dispersion-material-dispersion-and-waveguide-dispersion/
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/wordpress/
In an optical fiber, different colors of light travels at different speed. The blue light may run faster, and the red light may run slower. As represented by the blue color car and red color car in this picture. Even though they start at the same time in the beginning, they arrive at the destination at different times. This time delay is called chromatic dispersion. Here, "chromatic" stresses the fact that the time delay depends on the color difference, or wavelength difference between the lights.
So what effect does chromatic dispersion have on fiber optic communication systems?
The direct effect is light pulse broadening. A perfect pulse starts at the beginning. After it travels a length of fiber, may it be 100 meters, or 20000 meters, the light pulse becomes wider than the original signal. This is caused by chromatic dispersion. Because in the same pulse, the blue light travels faster, and the red light travels slower, so the total width of the pulse gets stretched wider.
Now let's look at the bottom part of the picture. Two perfect signals start at the beginning, but at the end, since both pulses get wider because of chromatic dispersion, they get overlapped to each other. If the overlap is too big, the detector may not be able to recognize these two signals and you get an error.
So chromatic dispersion causes pulse broadening and bit error.
Chromatic dispersion is actually the sum of two different dispersion types.
The first type is called material dispersion. This is because that the refractive index of silica, the material used to make optical fiber, is frequency dependent. So different frequency components, which means different wavelengths of light, travel at different speeds in silica. This is called material dispersion.
Material Dispersion depends on the material's built-in refractive index and we cannot change that.
The second type is called waveguide dispersion.
To understand waveguide dispersion, we need to know that light pulse travels partly in the core and partly in the cladding of the fiber. Light travels slower at the core, and faster at the cladding. The overall speed depends on the proportion of power that is distributed in the core and cladding.
However, the power distribution itself is a function of the wavelength. The longer the wavelength, the more power in the cladding. So different colors of light travels at different speed because of different power distribution in the core and cladding.
This phenomenon is called waveguide dispersion.
Since we can change the fiber's refractive index profile, we can engineer the waveguide dispersion to make specialty fibers.
The total chromatic dispersion is the sum of material dispersion and waveguide dispersion.
In this figure, we can see the dispersion versus wavelength curves of the material dispersion, shown as the red line, the waveguide dispersion, shown as the blue line, and the total chromatic dispersion, sown as the pink line.
Even though we cannot change material dispersion since it only depends on the optical fiber material itself, we can change the fiber's refractive index profile design to make the waveguide dispersion compensate for the material dispersion so we can get zero chromatic dispersion at a specific wavelength. As shown in this figure, the zero chromatic dispersion point is at 1300nm. This is the chromatic dispersion profile of a standard single mode fiber.
So there you have it. Please leave your comment below if you'd like to see other topics.
Don't forget to visit
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com
for more free fiber optic tutorials. I will see you in the next video!
Colin Yao
Sales Manager
Fiber Optics For Sale Co.
- published: 13 Dec 2011
- views: 32828
For more glossary:http://www.exfo.com/Support-and-Services/Be-an-Expert-Training-Program/Animated-Optical-Glossary/
A variation in the phase velocity of light according to wavelength, which in turn causes laser signals to broaden when traveling through an optical fiber; resulting in pulse overlapping and ultimately bit errors.
EXFO's Be-an-Expert Program has produced the world's first animated glossary of fiber optic terms. Including concise definitions and animated sequences, this tool provides a great reference for anyone that wishes to understand fiber terminology.
- published: 17 Jun 2011
- views: 12206
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- published: 17 Jan 2014
- views: 3137
In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency, or equivalently when the group velocity depends on the frequency. Media having such a property are termed dispersive media. Dispersion is sometimes called chromatic dispersion to emphasize its wavelength-dependent nature, or group-velocity dispersion (GVD) to emphasize the role of the group velocity. Dispersion is most often described for light waves, but it may occur for any kind of wave that interacts with a medium or passes through an inhomogeneous geometry (e.g., a waveguide), such as sound waves. A material's dispersion for optical wavelengths is measured by its Abbe number, V, with low Abbe numbers corresponding to strong dispersion.
This video is targeted to blind users.
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Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video
- published: 03 Oct 2014
- views: 560
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7 Active Technology Solutions Pvt.Ltd. is an educational 3D digital content provider for K-12. We also customise the content as per your requirement for companies platform providers colleges etc . 7 Active driving force "The Joy of Happy Learning" -- is what makes difference from other digital content providers. We consider Student needs, Lecturer needs and College needs in designing the 3D & 2D Animated Video Lectures. We are carrying a huge 3D Digital Library ready to use.
Dispersion by a Prism: If a prism is placed in a room and a narrow beam of white light is allowed to fall on one of its refracting faces, it is found that light coming out from the other face of the prism is split in to seven colors i.e violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. This phenomenon is called dispersion at light. The phenomenon of splitting of white light into its seven constituent colors is called dispersion of light.
Dispersion power: The dispersive power ω of a prism is the ratio of angular dispersion to the deviation of the mean ray u yellow color i.e,
Dispersive power ωat prism depends only on the nature of the material of the prism. However, angular dispersion and mean deviation both depend on nature of prism material and the angle at prism.
- published: 30 Oct 2012
- views: 57554
Total internal reflection, fiber optics, dispersion, and rainbows: how wonderful light can be!
Table of Contents:
00:00 - Total Internal Reflection and Dispersion
06:18 - Fiber Optics
08:03 - Dispersion
09:05 - Dispersion
09:07 - Raindrop
10:31 - Rainbow
13:10 - Rainbow
13:24 - Secondary Rainbow
14:05 - Secondary Rainbow
14:23 - Secondary Rainbow
14:44 - You should take some time to meditate about what you just learned... you can totally, internally reflect!
- published: 23 Mar 2014
- views: 5581
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/p/Corning-250um-Bare-Fiber/SMFLF.html
In order to understand dispersion shifted fiber, we have to know what is chromatic dispersion. Let's look at this graph first. Most glass optical fibers are made of fused silica and this graph shows that the refractive index of silica changes as a function of wavelength, which means that different wavelengths travel at different speeds in silica.
Because of this speed difference, in a light pulse, some light colors travel faster, and some light colors travel slower, this makes the pulse to spread out in time, which is called pulse spreading.
Chromatic dispersion measures this pulse spreading at difference wavelengths, as you can see the second curve on this graph. Chromatic dispersion has a unit of ps/nm-km. So the number +20 at 1.6um means that a light pulse which has a wavelength range of 1600nm to 1601nm will be 20 ps wider in time after traveling 1km of fiber.
However, the total chromatic dispersion is actually the sum of two dispersions, the material dispersion as we saw in the previous graph, and the wavelength dispersion.
As we learned from the last graph, material dispersion is determined by the material, and it can not be modified by fiber designs unless you change the material.
However, the second dispersion, waveguide dispersion is caused by the distribution of light between core and cladding and it can be modified by using different fiber designs, such as changing the refractive index profiles and dimensions etc. This means we can use waveguide dispersion to offset material dispersion.
This graph shows the material dispersion, waveguide dispersion and the total chromatic dispersion of a standard step-index single mode fiber, which is also called ITU-T G.652 fiber. SMF-28e+ fiber from Corning is one such fiber.
After the offset, the total dispersion is 0 at 1310nm wavelength. This means a light pulse at 1310nm will have no pulse spreading problem.
Standard step-index single mode fibers has 0 dispersion at 1310nm, but 1310nm is not the lowest loss point. Instead, the lowest attenuation point is at 1550nm and 1550nm has been widely used for long distance telecom networks.
So in order to match this lowest attenuation point at 1550nm, engineers invented zero dispersion-shifted fibers in mid-1980s. They moved the waveguide dispersion even further down so the total chromatic dispersion is 0 at 1550nm.
This fiber was first simply called dispersion-shifted fiber, but after the invention of non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber, which I will discuss in the next slide, these fibers are now called zero dispersion-shifted fibers. Zero means their dispersion is zero in the middle of the erbium-doped fiber amplifier band.
Although this design worked well for single-channel systems, it proved unsuitable for WDM. When multiple optical channels pass through the same fiber at wavelengths where dispersion is very close to zero, they suffer from a type of crosstalk called four-wave mixing. The degradation is so severe that zero dispersion-shifted fiber cannot be used for dense-WDM systems.
Zero dispersion-shifted fibers were installed in some systems, but never came into wide use and are no longer manufactured.
And that is why engineers invented non-zero dispersion shifted fibers.
The way to avoid four-wave mixing is to move the zero-dispersion wavelength outside of the wavelength band used for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. The name Non-Zero comes from the fact that their dispersion is shifted to a value that is low -- but not zero -- in the 1550nm band of erbium-fiber amplifiers.
This small dispersion is enough to keep signals at closely spaced wavelengths from staying in phase over long distances and causing serious crosstalk.
This small dispersion can be provided by moving the zero-dispersion wavelength either shorter or longer than the erbium-fiber 1550nm band, as shown in this figure.
For dense-WDM applications using erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, the current favorite is a zero-dispersion point at a wavelength of 1500nm or less.
Dispersion-shifted fibers do this by using different refractive index profile designs. So they can adjust the amount of waveguide dispersion differently. These pictures show refractive index profile example of one zero dispersion-shifted fiber and one non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber.
So there you have it. Please don't forget to visit http://www.fo4sale.com for more free fiber optic tutorials.
- published: 07 Dec 2012
- views: 10132
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Dispersion Of White Light
In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency, or alternatively when the group velocity depends on the frequency. Media having such a property are termed dispersive media. Dispersion is sometimes called chromatic dispersion to emphasize its wavelength-dependent nature, or group-velocity dispersion (GVD) to emphasize the role of the group velocity.
The most familiar example of dispersion is probably a rainbow, in which dispersion causes the spatial separation of a white light into components of different wavelengths (different colors). However, dispersion also has an effect in many other circumstances: for example, GVD causes pulses to spread in optical fibers, degrading signals over long distances; also, a cancellation between group-velocity dispersion and nonlinear effects leads to soliton waves. Dispersion is most often described for light waves, but it may occur for any kind of wave that interacts with a medium or passes through an inhomogeneous geometry (e.g. a waveguide), such as sound waves.
There are generally two sources of dispersion: material dispersion and waveguide dispersion. Material dispersion comes from a frequency-dependent response of a material to waves. For example, material dispersion leads to undesired chromatic aberration in a lens or the separation of colors in a prism. Waveguide dispersion occurs when the speed of a wave in a waveguide (such as an optical fiber) depends on its frequency for geometric reasons, independent of any frequency dependence of the materials from which it is constructed. More generally, "waveguide" dispersion can occur for waves propagating through any inhomogeneous structure (e.g. a photonic crystal), whether or not the waves are confined to some region. In general, both types of dispersion may be present, although they are not strictly additive. Their combination leads to signal degradation in optical fibers for telecommunications, because the varying delay in arrival time between different components of a signal "smears out" the signal in time.
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- published: 30 Apr 2010
- views: 196397
In this long-delayed tutorial I will show you an efficient method for disintegrating/dispersing a 3D layer into particles. The method shown here has been optimized to produce maximum amount of particles at lowest computing cost (more stuff flying around, faster renders).
Originally planned to be released in June 2010, this tutorial concludes the four-part series including: 100% Accurate Reflections, Automated Light Rig and Light Wall.
Running time: 70min
Difficulty: Medium
Required tools: After Effects, Trapcode Particular
Optional plug-ins: VC Optical Flares (or similar)
Original post at QubaHQ site:
http://qubahq.com/2011/01/tutorial-procedural-disintegration/
- published: 08 Jan 2011
- views: 0
The STELLAR Console takes inspiration from the natural
attributes of amethyst geodes. The large expansive surfaces of
the console are in stark contrast to the turbulent seam
of 900 individually sized and angled mirrored sections
running through it. This change in surface creates an optical
dispersion that breaks down the light and the surrounding
environment, delivering it to the eye as one sparkling entity.
- published: 03 Jul 2012
- views: 9574
Dispersion (optics)
In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency. Media having this common property may be termed dispersive media. Sometimes the term chromatic dispersion is used for specificity. Although the term is used in the field of optics to describe light and other electromagnetic waves, dispersion in the same sense can apply to any sort of wave motion such as acoustic dispersion in the case of sound and seismic waves, in gravity waves (ocean waves), and for telecommunication signals propagating along transmission lines (such as coaxial cable) or optical fiber.
In optics, one important and familiar consequence of dispersion is the change in the angle of refraction of different colors of light, as seen in the spectrum produced by a dispersive prism and in chromatic aberration of lenses. Design of compound achromatic lenses, in which chromatic aberration is largely cancelled, uses a quantification of a glass's dispersion given by its Abbe number V, where lower Abbe numbers correspond to greater dispersion over the visible spectrum. In some applications such as telecommunications, the absolute phase of a wave is often not important but only the propagation of wave packets or "pulses"; in that case one is interested only in variations of group velocity with frequency, so-called group-velocity dispersion (GVD).
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -
https://wn.com/Dispersion_(optics)
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Khan Academy
Khan Academy is a non-profit educational organization created in 2006 by educator Salman Khan with the aim of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere. The organization produces short lectures in the form of YouTube videos. In addition to micro lectures, the organization's website features practice exercises and tools for educators. All resources are available for free to anyone around the world. The main language of the website is English, but the content is also available in other languages.
History
The founder of the organization, Salman Khan, was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States to immigrant parents from Bangladesh and India. After earning three degrees from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (a BS in mathematics, a BS in electrical engineering and computer science, and an MEng in electrical engineering and computer science), he pursued an MBA from Harvard Business School.
In late 2004, Khan began tutoring his cousin Nadia who needed help with math using Yahoo!'s Doodle notepad.When other relatives and friends sought similar help, he decided that it would be more practical to distribute the tutorials on YouTube. The videos' popularity and the testimonials of appreciative students prompted Khan to quit his job in finance as a hedge fund analyst at Connective Capital Management in 2009, and focus on the tutorials (then released under the moniker "Khan Academy") full-time.
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Dispersion
Dispersion may refer to:
- Index of dispersion, a normalized measure of the dispersion of a probability distribution
Sciences
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -
https://wn.com/Dispersion
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
High Speed 2
High Speed 2 (HS2) is a planned high-speed railway in the United Kingdom linking London, Birmingham, the East Midlands, Leeds, Sheffield and Manchester. It would be the second high-speed rail line in Britain, the first being the High Speed 1 line connecting London to the Channel Tunnel. The line is proposed to be built in a "Y" configuration in two phases, with construction work on the first phase set to begin in 2017, reach Birmingham by 2026, Crewe by 2027 and be completed in 2033.
Carlisle, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, Newcastle, Preston and York will be linked to the network by HS2 trains running over existing, slower, tracks or edge-of-town HS2 stations.
Although Parliament has approved the first two phases of construction, precise details of the plan and route have not been formalised, and are still open to negotiation and change. For example, the spur to Heathrow airport was dropped from phases one and two in March 2015, while the Crewe Hub has been added to the scheme. In November 2015, Transport for the North (TfN) proposed a four-track trans-Pennine railway line, that would link with the HS2 line to London, and a new Liverpool-Manchester airport-Manchester railway line also linked to HS2. A feasibility study of the west to east rail line and its branches into HS2 will be published in March 2016.
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https://wn.com/High_Speed_2
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Vortex Optics
Vortex Optics is an American company developing optics for hunting, bird watching, wildlife watching, outdoor recreational sports, and law enforcement. Vortex products include binoculars, spotting scopes, riflescopes, and other optical equipment.
History
Vortex Optics is a DBA of Sheltered Wings, Inc., which was incorporated in the State of Wisconsin in 1989. Sheltered Wings, Inc. DBA Vortex Optics began in 2004.
Products
Vortex Optics is based in Middleton, Wisconsin and currently produces binoculars, spotting scopes, riflescopes, and related accessories.
References
External links
http://www.vortexoptics.com (06/03/09)
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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6:33Dispersion in optical fibers
Dispersion in optical fibersDispersion in optical fibers
This video explains the causes and effects of dispersion in optical fibers and the different types of dispersion along with some of the solutions proposed to deal with it . -
2:15Dispersion | Geometric optics | Physics | Khan Academy
Dispersion | Geometric optics | Physics | Khan AcademyDispersion | Geometric optics | Physics | Khan Academy
The index of refraction in a material isn't always the same for every wavelength. This is how prisms split white light into so many colors. Created by David SantoPietro. Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/mirrors-and-lenses/v/virtual-image?utm_source=YT&utm;_medium=Desc&utm;_campaign=physics Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/reflection-refraction/v/total-internal-reflection?utm_source=YT&utm;_medium=Desc&utm;_campaign=physics Physics on Khan Academy: Physics is the study of the basic principles that govern the physical world around us. We'll start by looking at motion itself. Then, we'll learn about forces, momentum, energy, and other concepts in lots of different physical situations. To get the most out of physics, you'll need a solid understanding of algebra and a basic understanding of trigonometry. About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. We tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Our math missions guide learners from kindergarten to calculus using state-of-the-art, adaptive technology that identifies strengths and learning gaps. We've also partnered with institutions like NASA, The Museum of Modern Art, The California Academy of Sciences, and MIT to offer specialized content. For free. For everyone. Forever. #YouCanLearnAnything Subscribe to Khan Academy’s Physics channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0oGarQW2lE5PxhGoQAKV7Q?sub_confirmation=1 Subscribe to Khan Academy: https://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=khanacademy -
4:38What is Chromatic Dispersion in Optical Fibers
What is Chromatic Dispersion in Optical FibersWhat is Chromatic Dispersion in Optical Fibers
In this video, I will explain what is Chromatic Dispersion. http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/wordpress/what-is-chromatic-dispersion-material-dispersion-and-waveguide-dispersion/ http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/wordpress/ In an optical fiber, different colors of light travels at different speed. The blue light may run faster, and the red light may run slower. As represented by the blue color car and red color car in this picture. Even though they start at the same time in the beginning, they arrive at the destination at different times. This time delay is called chromatic dispersion. Here, "chromatic" stresses the fact that the time delay depends on the color difference, or wavelength difference between the lights. So what effect does chromatic dispersion have on fiber optic communication systems? The direct effect is light pulse broadening. A perfect pulse starts at the beginning. After it travels a length of fiber, may it be 100 meters, or 20000 meters, the light pulse becomes wider than the original signal. This is caused by chromatic dispersion. Because in the same pulse, the blue light travels faster, and the red light travels slower, so the total width of the pulse gets stretched wider. Now let's look at the bottom part of the picture. Two perfect signals start at the beginning, but at the end, since both pulses get wider because of chromatic dispersion, they get overlapped to each other. If the overlap is too big, the detector may not be able to recognize these two signals and you get an error. So chromatic dispersion causes pulse broadening and bit error. Chromatic dispersion is actually the sum of two different dispersion types. The first type is called material dispersion. This is because that the refractive index of silica, the material used to make optical fiber, is frequency dependent. So different frequency components, which means different wavelengths of light, travel at different speeds in silica. This is called material dispersion. Material Dispersion depends on the material's built-in refractive index and we cannot change that. The second type is called waveguide dispersion. To understand waveguide dispersion, we need to know that light pulse travels partly in the core and partly in the cladding of the fiber. Light travels slower at the core, and faster at the cladding. The overall speed depends on the proportion of power that is distributed in the core and cladding. However, the power distribution itself is a function of the wavelength. The longer the wavelength, the more power in the cladding. So different colors of light travels at different speed because of different power distribution in the core and cladding. This phenomenon is called waveguide dispersion. Since we can change the fiber's refractive index profile, we can engineer the waveguide dispersion to make specialty fibers. The total chromatic dispersion is the sum of material dispersion and waveguide dispersion. In this figure, we can see the dispersion versus wavelength curves of the material dispersion, shown as the red line, the waveguide dispersion, shown as the blue line, and the total chromatic dispersion, sown as the pink line. Even though we cannot change material dispersion since it only depends on the optical fiber material itself, we can change the fiber's refractive index profile design to make the waveguide dispersion compensate for the material dispersion so we can get zero chromatic dispersion at a specific wavelength. As shown in this figure, the zero chromatic dispersion point is at 1300nm. This is the chromatic dispersion profile of a standard single mode fiber. So there you have it. Please leave your comment below if you'd like to see other topics. Don't forget to visit http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com for more free fiber optic tutorials. I will see you in the next video! Colin Yao Sales Manager Fiber Optics For Sale Co. -
1:52Chromatic Dispersion - EXFO animated glossary of Fiber Optics
Chromatic Dispersion - EXFO animated glossary of Fiber OpticsChromatic Dispersion - EXFO animated glossary of Fiber Optics
For more glossary:http://www.exfo.com/Support-and-Services/Be-an-Expert-Training-Program/Animated-Optical-Glossary/ A variation in the phase velocity of light according to wavelength, which in turn causes laser signals to broaden when traveling through an optical fiber; resulting in pulse overlapping and ultimately bit errors. EXFO's Be-an-Expert Program has produced the world's first animated glossary of fiber optic terms. Including concise definitions and animated sequences, this tool provides a great reference for anyone that wishes to understand fiber terminology. -
7:55Chromatic Dispersion in Prisms
Chromatic Dispersion in PrismsChromatic Dispersion in Prisms
Donate here: http://www.aklectures.com/donate.php Website video link: http://www.aklectures.com/lecture/chromatic-dispersion-in-prisms Facebook link: https://www.facebook.com/aklectures Website link: http://www.aklectures.com -
15:35Dispersion (optics)
Dispersion (optics)Dispersion (optics)
In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency, or equivalently when the group velocity depends on the frequency. Media having such a property are termed dispersive media. Dispersion is sometimes called chromatic dispersion to emphasize its wavelength-dependent nature, or group-velocity dispersion (GVD) to emphasize the role of the group velocity. Dispersion is most often described for light waves, but it may occur for any kind of wave that interacts with a medium or passes through an inhomogeneous geometry (e.g., a waveguide), such as sound waves. A material's dispersion for optical wavelengths is measured by its Abbe number, V, with low Abbe numbers corresponding to strong dispersion. This video is targeted to blind users. Attribution: Article text available under CC-BY-SA Creative Commons image source in video -
6:36Dispersion by a prism
Dispersion by a prismDispersion by a prism
For more information: http://www.7activestudio.com info@7activestudio.com http://www.7activemedical.com/ info@7activemedical.com http://www.sciencetuts.com/ 7activestudio@gmail.com Contact: +91- 9700061777, 040-64501777 / 65864777 7 Active Technology Solutions Pvt.Ltd. is an educational 3D digital content provider for K-12. We also customise the content as per your requirement for companies platform providers colleges etc . 7 Active driving force "The Joy of Happy Learning" -- is what makes difference from other digital content providers. We consider Student needs, Lecturer needs and College needs in designing the 3D & 2D Animated Video Lectures. We are carrying a huge 3D Digital Library ready to use. Dispersion by a Prism: If a prism is placed in a room and a narrow beam of white light is allowed to fall on one of its refracting faces, it is found that light coming out from the other face of the prism is split in to seven colors i.e violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. This phenomenon is called dispersion at light. The phenomenon of splitting of white light into its seven constituent colors is called dispersion of light. Dispersion power: The dispersive power ω of a prism is the ratio of angular dispersion to the deviation of the mean ray u yellow color i.e, Dispersive power ωat prism depends only on the nature of the material of the prism. However, angular dispersion and mean deviation both depend on nature of prism material and the angle at prism. -
15:00Internal Reflection and Dispersion.mp4
Internal Reflection and Dispersion.mp4Internal Reflection and Dispersion.mp4
Total internal reflection, fiber optics, dispersion, and rainbows: how wonderful light can be! Table of Contents: 00:00 - Total Internal Reflection and Dispersion 06:18 - Fiber Optics 08:03 - Dispersion 09:05 - Dispersion 09:07 - Raindrop 10:31 - Rainbow 13:10 - Rainbow 13:24 - Secondary Rainbow 14:05 - Secondary Rainbow 14:23 - Secondary Rainbow 14:44 - You should take some time to meditate about what you just learned... you can totally, internally reflect! -
5:16What is Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (DSF)? - FO4SALE.COM
What is Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (DSF)? - FO4SALE.COMWhat is Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (DSF)? - FO4SALE.COM
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/p/Corning-250um-Bare-Fiber/SMFLF.html In order to understand dispersion shifted fiber, we have to know what is chromatic dispersion. Let's look at this graph first. Most glass optical fibers are made of fused silica and this graph shows that the refractive index of silica changes as a function of wavelength, which means that different wavelengths travel at different speeds in silica. Because of this speed difference, in a light pulse, some light colors travel faster, and some light colors travel slower, this makes the pulse to spread out in time, which is called pulse spreading. Chromatic dispersion measures this pulse spreading at difference wavelengths, as you can see the second curve on this graph. Chromatic dispersion has a unit of ps/nm-km. So the number +20 at 1.6um means that a light pulse which has a wavelength range of 1600nm to 1601nm will be 20 ps wider in time after traveling 1km of fiber. However, the total chromatic dispersion is actually the sum of two dispersions, the material dispersion as we saw in the previous graph, and the wavelength dispersion. As we learned from the last graph, material dispersion is determined by the material, and it can not be modified by fiber designs unless you change the material. However, the second dispersion, waveguide dispersion is caused by the distribution of light between core and cladding and it can be modified by using different fiber designs, such as changing the refractive index profiles and dimensions etc. This means we can use waveguide dispersion to offset material dispersion. This graph shows the material dispersion, waveguide dispersion and the total chromatic dispersion of a standard step-index single mode fiber, which is also called ITU-T G.652 fiber. SMF-28e+ fiber from Corning is one such fiber. After the offset, the total dispersion is 0 at 1310nm wavelength. This means a light pulse at 1310nm will have no pulse spreading problem. Standard step-index single mode fibers has 0 dispersion at 1310nm, but 1310nm is not the lowest loss point. Instead, the lowest attenuation point is at 1550nm and 1550nm has been widely used for long distance telecom networks. So in order to match this lowest attenuation point at 1550nm, engineers invented zero dispersion-shifted fibers in mid-1980s. They moved the waveguide dispersion even further down so the total chromatic dispersion is 0 at 1550nm. This fiber was first simply called dispersion-shifted fiber, but after the invention of non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber, which I will discuss in the next slide, these fibers are now called zero dispersion-shifted fibers. Zero means their dispersion is zero in the middle of the erbium-doped fiber amplifier band. Although this design worked well for single-channel systems, it proved unsuitable for WDM. When multiple optical channels pass through the same fiber at wavelengths where dispersion is very close to zero, they suffer from a type of crosstalk called four-wave mixing. The degradation is so severe that zero dispersion-shifted fiber cannot be used for dense-WDM systems. Zero dispersion-shifted fibers were installed in some systems, but never came into wide use and are no longer manufactured. And that is why engineers invented non-zero dispersion shifted fibers. The way to avoid four-wave mixing is to move the zero-dispersion wavelength outside of the wavelength band used for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. The name Non-Zero comes from the fact that their dispersion is shifted to a value that is low -- but not zero -- in the 1550nm band of erbium-fiber amplifiers. This small dispersion is enough to keep signals at closely spaced wavelengths from staying in phase over long distances and causing serious crosstalk. This small dispersion can be provided by moving the zero-dispersion wavelength either shorter or longer than the erbium-fiber 1550nm band, as shown in this figure. For dense-WDM applications using erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, the current favorite is a zero-dispersion point at a wavelength of 1500nm or less. Dispersion-shifted fibers do this by using different refractive index profile designs. So they can adjust the amount of waveguide dispersion differently. These pictures show refractive index profile example of one zero dispersion-shifted fiber and one non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber. So there you have it. Please don't forget to visit http://www.fo4sale.com for more free fiber optic tutorials. -
1:58Dispersion Of White Light
Dispersion Of White LightDispersion Of White Light
Follow us at: https://twitter.com/TutorVista Check us out at http://www.tutorvista.com/physics/dispersion-of-white-light Dispersion Of White Light In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency, or alternatively when the group velocity depends on the frequency. Media having such a property are termed dispersive media. Dispersion is sometimes called chromatic dispersion to emphasize its wavelength-dependent nature, or group-velocity dispersion (GVD) to emphasize the role of the group velocity. The most familiar example of dispersion is probably a rainbow, in which dispersion causes the spatial separation of a white light into components of different wavelengths (different colors). However, dispersion also has an effect in many other circumstances: for example, GVD causes pulses to spread in optical fibers, degrading signals over long distances; also, a cancellation between group-velocity dispersion and nonlinear effects leads to soliton waves. Dispersion is most often described for light waves, but it may occur for any kind of wave that interacts with a medium or passes through an inhomogeneous geometry (e.g. a waveguide), such as sound waves. There are generally two sources of dispersion: material dispersion and waveguide dispersion. Material dispersion comes from a frequency-dependent response of a material to waves. For example, material dispersion leads to undesired chromatic aberration in a lens or the separation of colors in a prism. Waveguide dispersion occurs when the speed of a wave in a waveguide (such as an optical fiber) depends on its frequency for geometric reasons, independent of any frequency dependence of the materials from which it is constructed. More generally, "waveguide" dispersion can occur for waves propagating through any inhomogeneous structure (e.g. a photonic crystal), whether or not the waves are confined to some region. In general, both types of dispersion may be present, although they are not strictly additive. Their combination leads to signal degradation in optical fibers for telecommunications, because the varying delay in arrival time between different components of a signal "smears out" the signal in time. Please like our facebook page http://www.facebook.com/tutorvista -
1:09:34Procedural Disintegration (QubaHQ Tutorial)
Procedural Disintegration (QubaHQ Tutorial)Procedural Disintegration (QubaHQ Tutorial)
In this long-delayed tutorial I will show you an efficient method for disintegrating/dispersing a 3D layer into particles. The method shown here has been optimized to produce maximum amount of particles at lowest computing cost (more stuff flying around, faster renders). Originally planned to be released in June 2010, this tutorial concludes the four-part series including: 100% Accurate Reflections, Automated Light Rig and Light Wall. Running time: 70min Difficulty: Medium Required tools: After Effects, Trapcode Particular Optional plug-ins: VC Optical Flares (or similar) Original post at QubaHQ site: http://qubahq.com/2011/01/tutorial-procedural-disintegration/ -
1:00STELLAR Console Table by Jake Phipps
STELLAR Console Table by Jake PhippsSTELLAR Console Table by Jake Phipps
The STELLAR Console takes inspiration from the natural attributes of amethyst geodes. The large expansive surfaces of the console are in stark contrast to the turbulent seam of 900 individually sized and angled mirrored sections running through it. This change in surface creates an optical dispersion that breaks down the light and the surrounding environment, delivering it to the eye as one sparkling entity. -
1:20Fakhruddin Holdings corporate video
Fakhruddin Holdings corporate videoFakhruddin Holdings corporate video
3D crystals and text incorporated into live footage. This animation is part of a larger video production, promoting Fakhruddin Holdings (whose logo is formed at the end). The client was inspired by an existing animation and the brief was asking for an interpretation of it within graded real world video footage. There were particular requirements with regard to the look of the shards throughout the piece. Elyarch’s main contribution comprises all aspects of the creation, rendering and incorporation of the shard elements into the footage (as well as recreating various buildings from the footage in 3D to catch the optical effects). The sound used here is for showcasing purposes. Animation of the growing building (towards the end of this video) was made by a different company. Elyarch was responsible for the lighting, materials and rendering of this element. The projections from the shards are the logos of the main sub companies of Fakhruddin holdings. The use of these logo projections and the accompanying dispersion effect were Elyarch's ideas. Special thanks to our producers: Air3 (air3.tv) and Run productions (runproductions.tv) Music by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) -
2:31Simga 18-300mm lens Review on GH4.
Simga 18-300mm lens Review on GH4.Simga 18-300mm lens Review on GH4.
A quick review of the Sigma 18-300 F3.5-6.3 attached to the Metabones Speedbooster BMPCC version. Making the lens become what I believe a 24-400 f2.0 - f3.4*. Great for run and gun broll gathering for events, weddings, music videos and other corporate things. https://secure.bhphotovideo.com/c/search?N=11082146&InitialSearch;=yes&sts;=pi An all-in-one zoom for APS-C cameras, the 18-300mm f/3.5-6.3 DC MACRO OS HSM Contemporary Lens from Sigma provides users of Nikon F-mount cameras with an extremely versatile focal length equivalent of 27-450mm. This version also offers optical image stabilization for reducing the effects of camera shake at longer focal lengths and slower shutter speeds. The lens also has a maximum aperture range of f/3.5-6.3 and benefits from the inclusion of one SLD and four FLD elements. Additionally, a Super Multi-Layer coating on the elements results in less flare and improved contrast. Utilizing a Hyper Sonic Motor for autofocus ensures quick, quiet, and accurate focusing, all the way to the lens' minimum focus distance of just 15". A lens hood is included with the lens and it is compatible with Sigma's USB Dock for installing firmware updates and adjusting focus. Lens construction with 17 elements in 13 groups Super Multi-Layer Coating reduces flare and ghosting for higher contrast images "F" Low Dispersion, or FLD, glass is designed with performance similar to flourite elements with a low refractive index and low dispersion for minimizing chromatic aberration as well as clearer and sharper imagery Special Low Dispersion, or SLD, glass elements assist in providing greater clarity and contrast to an image Maximum magnification ratio of 1:3 or 1:2 with optional AML72-01 close-up lens Features a front 72mm filter thread Eligible for Sigma's Mount Conversion Service *(Based on numbers from Metabones. I have no way of testing them for accuracy.)
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Dispersion in optical fibers
This video explains the causes and effects of dispersion in optical fibers and the different types of dispersion along with some of the solutions proposed to deal with it .
published: 05 Feb 2014 -
Dispersion | Geometric optics | Physics | Khan Academy
The index of refraction in a material isn't always the same for every wavelength. This is how prisms split white light into so many colors. Created by David SantoPietro. Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/mirrors-and-lenses/v/virtual-image?utm_source=YT&utm;_medium=Desc&utm;_campaign=physics Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/reflection-refraction/v/total-internal-reflection?utm_source=YT&utm;_medium=Desc&utm;_campaign=physics Physics on Khan Academy: Physics is the study of the basic principles that govern the physical world around us. We'll start by looking at motion itself. Then, we'll learn about forces, momentum, energy, and other concepts in lots of different physical situations. To ...
published: 22 Jan 2014 -
What is Chromatic Dispersion in Optical Fibers
In this video, I will explain what is Chromatic Dispersion. http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/wordpress/what-is-chromatic-dispersion-material-dispersion-and-waveguide-dispersion/ http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/wordpress/ In an optical fiber, different colors of light travels at different speed. The blue light may run faster, and the red light may run slower. As represented by the blue color car and red color car in this picture. Even though they start at the same time in the beginning, they arrive at the destination at different times. This time delay is called chromatic dispersion. Here, "chromatic" stresses the fact that the time delay depends on the color difference, or wavelength difference between the lights. So what effect does chromatic dispersion have on fiber optic comm...
published: 13 Dec 2011 -
Chromatic Dispersion - EXFO animated glossary of Fiber Optics
For more glossary:http://www.exfo.com/Support-and-Services/Be-an-Expert-Training-Program/Animated-Optical-Glossary/ A variation in the phase velocity of light according to wavelength, which in turn causes laser signals to broaden when traveling through an optical fiber; resulting in pulse overlapping and ultimately bit errors. EXFO's Be-an-Expert Program has produced the world's first animated glossary of fiber optic terms. Including concise definitions and animated sequences, this tool provides a great reference for anyone that wishes to understand fiber terminology.
published: 17 Jun 2011 -
Chromatic Dispersion in Prisms
Donate here: http://www.aklectures.com/donate.php Website video link: http://www.aklectures.com/lecture/chromatic-dispersion-in-prisms Facebook link: https://www.facebook.com/aklectures Website link: http://www.aklectures.com
published: 17 Jan 2014 -
Dispersion (optics)
In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency, or equivalently when the group velocity depends on the frequency. Media having such a property are termed dispersive media. Dispersion is sometimes called chromatic dispersion to emphasize its wavelength-dependent nature, or group-velocity dispersion (GVD) to emphasize the role of the group velocity. Dispersion is most often described for light waves, but it may occur for any kind of wave that interacts with a medium or passes through an inhomogeneous geometry (e.g., a waveguide), such as sound waves. A material's dispersion for optical wavelengths is measured by its Abbe number, V, with low Abbe numbers corresponding to strong dispersion. This video is targeted to blind users. Attrib...
published: 03 Oct 2014 -
Dispersion by a prism
For more information: http://www.7activestudio.com info@7activestudio.com http://www.7activemedical.com/ info@7activemedical.com http://www.sciencetuts.com/ 7activestudio@gmail.com Contact: +91- 9700061777, 040-64501777 / 65864777 7 Active Technology Solutions Pvt.Ltd. is an educational 3D digital content provider for K-12. We also customise the content as per your requirement for companies platform providers colleges etc . 7 Active driving force "The Joy of Happy Learning" -- is what makes difference from other digital content providers. We consider Student needs, Lecturer needs and College needs in designing the 3D & 2D Animated Video Lectures. We are carrying a huge 3D Digital Library ready to use. Dispersion by a Prism: If a prism is placed in...
published: 30 Oct 2012 -
Internal Reflection and Dispersion.mp4
Total internal reflection, fiber optics, dispersion, and rainbows: how wonderful light can be! Table of Contents: 00:00 - Total Internal Reflection and Dispersion 06:18 - Fiber Optics 08:03 - Dispersion 09:05 - Dispersion 09:07 - Raindrop 10:31 - Rainbow 13:10 - Rainbow 13:24 - Secondary Rainbow 14:05 - Secondary Rainbow 14:23 - Secondary Rainbow 14:44 - You should take some time to meditate about what you just learned... you can totally, internally reflect!
published: 23 Mar 2014 -
What is Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (DSF)? - FO4SALE.COM
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/p/Corning-250um-Bare-Fiber/SMFLF.html In order to understand dispersion shifted fiber, we have to know what is chromatic dispersion. Let's look at this graph first. Most glass optical fibers are made of fused silica and this graph shows that the refractive index of silica changes as a function of wavelength, which means that different wavelengths travel at different speeds in silica. Because of this speed difference, in a light pulse, some light colors travel faster, and some light colors travel slower, this makes the pulse to spread out in time, which is called pulse spreading. Chromatic dispersion measures this pulse spreading at difference wavelengths, as you can see the second curve on this graph. Chromatic dispersion has a unit of ps/nm-km. So the nu...
published: 07 Dec 2012 -
Dispersion Of White Light
Follow us at: https://twitter.com/TutorVista Check us out at http://www.tutorvista.com/physics/dispersion-of-white-light Dispersion Of White Light In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency, or alternatively when the group velocity depends on the frequency. Media having such a property are termed dispersive media. Dispersion is sometimes called chromatic dispersion to emphasize its wavelength-dependent nature, or group-velocity dispersion (GVD) to emphasize the role of the group velocity. The most familiar example of dispersion is probably a rainbow, in which dispersion causes the spatial separation of a white light into components of different wavelengths (different colors). However, dispersion also has an effect in many othe...
published: 30 Apr 2010 -
Procedural Disintegration (QubaHQ Tutorial)
In this long-delayed tutorial I will show you an efficient method for disintegrating/dispersing a 3D layer into particles. The method shown here has been optimized to produce maximum amount of particles at lowest computing cost (more stuff flying around, faster renders). Originally planned to be released in June 2010, this tutorial concludes the four-part series including: 100% Accurate Reflections, Automated Light Rig and Light Wall. Running time: 70min Difficulty: Medium Required tools: After Effects, Trapcode Particular Optional plug-ins: VC Optical Flares (or similar) Original post at QubaHQ site: http://qubahq.com/2011/01/tutorial-procedural-disintegration/
published: 08 Jan 2011 -
STELLAR Console Table by Jake Phipps
The STELLAR Console takes inspiration from the natural attributes of amethyst geodes. The large expansive surfaces of the console are in stark contrast to the turbulent seam of 900 individually sized and angled mirrored sections running through it. This change in surface creates an optical dispersion that breaks down the light and the surrounding environment, delivering it to the eye as one sparkling entity.
published: 03 Jul 2012 -
Fakhruddin Holdings corporate video
3D crystals and text incorporated into live footage. This animation is part of a larger video production, promoting Fakhruddin Holdings (whose logo is formed at the end). The client was inspired by an existing animation and the brief was asking for an interpretation of it within graded real world video footage. There were particular requirements with regard to the look of the shards throughout the piece. Elyarch’s main contribution comprises all aspects of the creation, rendering and incorporation of the shard elements into the footage (as well as recreating various buildings from the footage in 3D to catch the optical effects). The sound used here is for showcasing purposes. Animation of the growing building (towards the end of this video) was made by a different company. Elyarch was...
published: 07 Mar 2012 -
Simga 18-300mm lens Review on GH4.
A quick review of the Sigma 18-300 F3.5-6.3 attached to the Metabones Speedbooster BMPCC version. Making the lens become what I believe a 24-400 f2.0 - f3.4*. Great for run and gun broll gathering for events, weddings, music videos and other corporate things. https://secure.bhphotovideo.com/c/search?N=11082146&InitialSearch;=yes&sts;=pi An all-in-one zoom for APS-C cameras, the 18-300mm f/3.5-6.3 DC MACRO OS HSM Contemporary Lens from Sigma provides users of Nikon F-mount cameras with an extremely versatile focal length equivalent of 27-450mm. This version also offers optical image stabilization for reducing the effects of camera shake at longer focal lengths and slower shutter speeds. The lens also has a maximum aperture range of f/3.5-6.3 and benefits from the inclusion of one SLD and...
published: 26 Jul 2015 -
Shambhavi Kaul, Place for Landing (Excerpt)
16mm, color and b&w;, sound, India-USA, 2010, 6' Un paysage familier fait de miroirs. Un enfant et son reflet s’inscrivent dans un patchwork d’ombres lunaires. La caméra procède à sa poursuite optique: l’enfant disparaît et un oiseau émerge. Le miroir implose/explose à travers l’espace. Son verre marbré indique et devient par la même un espace d’atterrissage (A Place for Landing). Après une série de fausses directions engendrées par le miroir, tout est rétabli avec l’arrivée d’un fragment de chanson dans cette troublante illusion haptique. A household landscape of mirrors. A child and its reflection are inscribed in a shadowy lunar patchwork. The camera switches its optical pursuit: the child disappears and a bird emerges. The surveying mirror implodes or explodes into space. Its mottled...
published: 01 Apr 2014 -
Lucas Thanos ~ Elegeia
music by Lucas Thanos photographs by various artists location: The Grand Prismatic Spring in Yellowstone National Park, USA The Grand Prismatic Spring in Yellowstone National Park is the largest hot spring in the United States, and the third largest in the world, after Frying Pan Lake in New Zealand and Boiling Lake in Dominica. It is located in the Midway Geyser Basin. Grand Prismatic Spring was noted by geologists working in the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871, and named by them for its striking coloration. Its colors match the rainbow dispersion of white light by an optical prism: red, orange, yellow, green, and blue. Color The vivid colors in the spring are the result of pigmented bacteria in the microbial mats that grow around the edges of the mineral-rich water. The bacteria pro...
published: 15 Aug 2014 -
Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 Review
http://www.bestratedriflescopes.com/vortex-optics-viper-hs-2-5-10x44-riflescope-w-dead-hold-bdc-reticle-vhs-4303-review/ - Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 Review The Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 is Now on Sale - Click The Link Above For a Great Discount! The Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 offers hunters and shooters an array of features sure to be well received. The advanced optical system, highlighted with a 4x zoom range, provides magnification versatility. A forgiving eye box with increased eye relief gets shooters on target quickly and easily. Built on an ultra-strong 30mm one-piece machined aluminum tube, the Viper HS delivers increased win...
published: 10 Jan 2014 -
PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case by BigTProducts sale
http://bit.ly/1hxaCLS - PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case by BigTProducts Review The PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case by BigTProducts is Now on Sale - Click The Link Above For a Great Discount! The PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case features a 45-degree slanted lens barrel for comfortable viewing in just about any situation. This scope is designed for high-precision outdoor viewing, along with enhanced optical quality which provides truer color tones. With porro-prism optics and a 65mm objective lens with extra-low dispersion optical elements, it delivers sharp, high-contrast images. Viewing in inclement weather won’t be a problem as the PF-65ED-A II is waterproof and nitrogen filled (JIS Class 6). To Learn More About The PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case by BigTProducts Click Here ))) http://bit.ly/1hxaCLS
published: 07 Apr 2014 -
PCAT Organic Chemistry Review Study Guide
published: 09 Jul 2016 -
Slow Light - Mikio Kozuma, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Slow Light Mikio Kozuma, Tokyo Institute of Technology 1. Introduction While lights are the fastest and the most robust carriers of information, it is difficult to localize and store them. Recently, a novel scheme to store the photonic information in an atomic ensemble was proposed [1], which is based on the phenomenon of ultraslow light propagation [2]. Ultraslow light propagation is made possible by electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) [3], which is a technique for turning an opaque medium for a weak probe light into a transparent one with the help of anadditional control light. There is a steep dispersion within the transparency window, so that the speed of the probe light pulse is significantly reduced in the EIT medium. Eventually the probe pulse is completely localized ...
published: 06 Dec 2011
Dispersion in optical fibers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:33
- Updated: 05 Feb 2014
- views: 23741
This video explains the causes and effects of dispersion in optical fibers and the different types of dispersion along with some of the solutions proposed to de...
This video explains the causes and effects of dispersion in optical fibers and the different types of dispersion along with some of the solutions proposed to deal with it .
https://wn.com/Dispersion_In_Optical_Fibers
This video explains the causes and effects of dispersion in optical fibers and the different types of dispersion along with some of the solutions proposed to deal with it .
- published: 05 Feb 2014
- views: 23741
Dispersion | Geometric optics | Physics | Khan Academy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Updated: 22 Jan 2014
- views: 29172
The index of refraction in a material isn't always the same for every wavelength. This is how prisms split white light into so many colors. Created by David San...
The index of refraction in a material isn't always the same for every wavelength. This is how prisms split white light into so many colors. Created by David SantoPietro.
Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/mirrors-and-lenses/v/virtual-image?utm_source=YT&utm;_medium=Desc&utm;_campaign=physics
Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/reflection-refraction/v/total-internal-reflection?utm_source=YT&utm;_medium=Desc&utm;_campaign=physics
Physics on Khan Academy: Physics is the study of the basic principles that govern the physical world around us. We'll start by looking at motion itself. Then, we'll learn about forces, momentum, energy, and other concepts in lots of different physical situations. To get the most out of physics, you'll need a solid understanding of algebra and a basic understanding of trigonometry.
About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. We tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Our math missions guide learners from kindergarten to calculus using state-of-the-art, adaptive technology that identifies strengths and learning gaps. We've also partnered with institutions like NASA, The Museum of Modern Art, The California Academy of Sciences, and MIT to offer specialized content.
For free. For everyone. Forever. #YouCanLearnAnything
Subscribe to Khan Academy’s Physics channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0oGarQW2lE5PxhGoQAKV7Q?sub_confirmation=1
Subscribe to Khan Academy: https://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=khanacademy
https://wn.com/Dispersion_|_Geometric_Optics_|_Physics_|_Khan_Academy
The index of refraction in a material isn't always the same for every wavelength. This is how prisms split white light into so many colors. Created by David SantoPietro.
Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/mirrors-and-lenses/v/virtual-image?utm_source=YT&utm;_medium=Desc&utm;_campaign=physics
Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/reflection-refraction/v/total-internal-reflection?utm_source=YT&utm;_medium=Desc&utm;_campaign=physics
Physics on Khan Academy: Physics is the study of the basic principles that govern the physical world around us. We'll start by looking at motion itself. Then, we'll learn about forces, momentum, energy, and other concepts in lots of different physical situations. To get the most out of physics, you'll need a solid understanding of algebra and a basic understanding of trigonometry.
About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. We tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Our math missions guide learners from kindergarten to calculus using state-of-the-art, adaptive technology that identifies strengths and learning gaps. We've also partnered with institutions like NASA, The Museum of Modern Art, The California Academy of Sciences, and MIT to offer specialized content.
For free. For everyone. Forever. #YouCanLearnAnything
Subscribe to Khan Academy’s Physics channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0oGarQW2lE5PxhGoQAKV7Q?sub_confirmation=1
Subscribe to Khan Academy: https://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=khanacademy
- published: 22 Jan 2014
- views: 29172
What is Chromatic Dispersion in Optical Fibers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:38
- Updated: 13 Dec 2011
- views: 32828
In this video, I will explain what is Chromatic Dispersion.
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/wordpress/what-is-chromatic-dispersion-material-dispersion-and-wa...
In this video, I will explain what is Chromatic Dispersion.
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/wordpress/what-is-chromatic-dispersion-material-dispersion-and-waveguide-dispersion/
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/wordpress/
In an optical fiber, different colors of light travels at different speed. The blue light may run faster, and the red light may run slower. As represented by the blue color car and red color car in this picture. Even though they start at the same time in the beginning, they arrive at the destination at different times. This time delay is called chromatic dispersion. Here, "chromatic" stresses the fact that the time delay depends on the color difference, or wavelength difference between the lights.
So what effect does chromatic dispersion have on fiber optic communication systems?
The direct effect is light pulse broadening. A perfect pulse starts at the beginning. After it travels a length of fiber, may it be 100 meters, or 20000 meters, the light pulse becomes wider than the original signal. This is caused by chromatic dispersion. Because in the same pulse, the blue light travels faster, and the red light travels slower, so the total width of the pulse gets stretched wider.
Now let's look at the bottom part of the picture. Two perfect signals start at the beginning, but at the end, since both pulses get wider because of chromatic dispersion, they get overlapped to each other. If the overlap is too big, the detector may not be able to recognize these two signals and you get an error.
So chromatic dispersion causes pulse broadening and bit error.
Chromatic dispersion is actually the sum of two different dispersion types.
The first type is called material dispersion. This is because that the refractive index of silica, the material used to make optical fiber, is frequency dependent. So different frequency components, which means different wavelengths of light, travel at different speeds in silica. This is called material dispersion.
Material Dispersion depends on the material's built-in refractive index and we cannot change that.
The second type is called waveguide dispersion.
To understand waveguide dispersion, we need to know that light pulse travels partly in the core and partly in the cladding of the fiber. Light travels slower at the core, and faster at the cladding. The overall speed depends on the proportion of power that is distributed in the core and cladding.
However, the power distribution itself is a function of the wavelength. The longer the wavelength, the more power in the cladding. So different colors of light travels at different speed because of different power distribution in the core and cladding.
This phenomenon is called waveguide dispersion.
Since we can change the fiber's refractive index profile, we can engineer the waveguide dispersion to make specialty fibers.
The total chromatic dispersion is the sum of material dispersion and waveguide dispersion.
In this figure, we can see the dispersion versus wavelength curves of the material dispersion, shown as the red line, the waveguide dispersion, shown as the blue line, and the total chromatic dispersion, sown as the pink line.
Even though we cannot change material dispersion since it only depends on the optical fiber material itself, we can change the fiber's refractive index profile design to make the waveguide dispersion compensate for the material dispersion so we can get zero chromatic dispersion at a specific wavelength. As shown in this figure, the zero chromatic dispersion point is at 1300nm. This is the chromatic dispersion profile of a standard single mode fiber.
So there you have it. Please leave your comment below if you'd like to see other topics.
Don't forget to visit
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com
for more free fiber optic tutorials. I will see you in the next video!
Colin Yao
Sales Manager
Fiber Optics For Sale Co.
https://wn.com/What_Is_Chromatic_Dispersion_In_Optical_Fibers
In this video, I will explain what is Chromatic Dispersion.
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/wordpress/what-is-chromatic-dispersion-material-dispersion-and-waveguide-dispersion/
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/wordpress/
In an optical fiber, different colors of light travels at different speed. The blue light may run faster, and the red light may run slower. As represented by the blue color car and red color car in this picture. Even though they start at the same time in the beginning, they arrive at the destination at different times. This time delay is called chromatic dispersion. Here, "chromatic" stresses the fact that the time delay depends on the color difference, or wavelength difference between the lights.
So what effect does chromatic dispersion have on fiber optic communication systems?
The direct effect is light pulse broadening. A perfect pulse starts at the beginning. After it travels a length of fiber, may it be 100 meters, or 20000 meters, the light pulse becomes wider than the original signal. This is caused by chromatic dispersion. Because in the same pulse, the blue light travels faster, and the red light travels slower, so the total width of the pulse gets stretched wider.
Now let's look at the bottom part of the picture. Two perfect signals start at the beginning, but at the end, since both pulses get wider because of chromatic dispersion, they get overlapped to each other. If the overlap is too big, the detector may not be able to recognize these two signals and you get an error.
So chromatic dispersion causes pulse broadening and bit error.
Chromatic dispersion is actually the sum of two different dispersion types.
The first type is called material dispersion. This is because that the refractive index of silica, the material used to make optical fiber, is frequency dependent. So different frequency components, which means different wavelengths of light, travel at different speeds in silica. This is called material dispersion.
Material Dispersion depends on the material's built-in refractive index and we cannot change that.
The second type is called waveguide dispersion.
To understand waveguide dispersion, we need to know that light pulse travels partly in the core and partly in the cladding of the fiber. Light travels slower at the core, and faster at the cladding. The overall speed depends on the proportion of power that is distributed in the core and cladding.
However, the power distribution itself is a function of the wavelength. The longer the wavelength, the more power in the cladding. So different colors of light travels at different speed because of different power distribution in the core and cladding.
This phenomenon is called waveguide dispersion.
Since we can change the fiber's refractive index profile, we can engineer the waveguide dispersion to make specialty fibers.
The total chromatic dispersion is the sum of material dispersion and waveguide dispersion.
In this figure, we can see the dispersion versus wavelength curves of the material dispersion, shown as the red line, the waveguide dispersion, shown as the blue line, and the total chromatic dispersion, sown as the pink line.
Even though we cannot change material dispersion since it only depends on the optical fiber material itself, we can change the fiber's refractive index profile design to make the waveguide dispersion compensate for the material dispersion so we can get zero chromatic dispersion at a specific wavelength. As shown in this figure, the zero chromatic dispersion point is at 1300nm. This is the chromatic dispersion profile of a standard single mode fiber.
So there you have it. Please leave your comment below if you'd like to see other topics.
Don't forget to visit
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com
for more free fiber optic tutorials. I will see you in the next video!
Colin Yao
Sales Manager
Fiber Optics For Sale Co.
- published: 13 Dec 2011
- views: 32828
Chromatic Dispersion - EXFO animated glossary of Fiber Optics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:52
- Updated: 17 Jun 2011
- views: 12206
For more glossary:http://www.exfo.com/Support-and-Services/Be-an-Expert-Training-Program/Animated-Optical-Glossary/
A variation in the phase velocity of ligh...
For more glossary:http://www.exfo.com/Support-and-Services/Be-an-Expert-Training-Program/Animated-Optical-Glossary/
A variation in the phase velocity of light according to wavelength, which in turn causes laser signals to broaden when traveling through an optical fiber; resulting in pulse overlapping and ultimately bit errors.
EXFO's Be-an-Expert Program has produced the world's first animated glossary of fiber optic terms. Including concise definitions and animated sequences, this tool provides a great reference for anyone that wishes to understand fiber terminology.
https://wn.com/Chromatic_Dispersion_Exfo_Animated_Glossary_Of_Fiber_Optics
For more glossary:http://www.exfo.com/Support-and-Services/Be-an-Expert-Training-Program/Animated-Optical-Glossary/
A variation in the phase velocity of light according to wavelength, which in turn causes laser signals to broaden when traveling through an optical fiber; resulting in pulse overlapping and ultimately bit errors.
EXFO's Be-an-Expert Program has produced the world's first animated glossary of fiber optic terms. Including concise definitions and animated sequences, this tool provides a great reference for anyone that wishes to understand fiber terminology.
- published: 17 Jun 2011
- views: 12206
Chromatic Dispersion in Prisms
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:55
- Updated: 17 Jan 2014
- views: 3137
Donate here: http://www.aklectures.com/donate.php
Website video link: http://www.aklectures.com/lecture/chromatic-dispersion-in-prisms
Facebook link: https://ww...
Donate here: http://www.aklectures.com/donate.php
Website video link: http://www.aklectures.com/lecture/chromatic-dispersion-in-prisms
Facebook link: https://www.facebook.com/aklectures
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Donate here: http://www.aklectures.com/donate.php
Website video link: http://www.aklectures.com/lecture/chromatic-dispersion-in-prisms
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- published: 17 Jan 2014
- views: 3137
Dispersion (optics)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:35
- Updated: 03 Oct 2014
- views: 560
In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency, or equivalently when the group velocity depends on the f...
In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency, or equivalently when the group velocity depends on the frequency. Media having such a property are termed dispersive media. Dispersion is sometimes called chromatic dispersion to emphasize its wavelength-dependent nature, or group-velocity dispersion (GVD) to emphasize the role of the group velocity. Dispersion is most often described for light waves, but it may occur for any kind of wave that interacts with a medium or passes through an inhomogeneous geometry (e.g., a waveguide), such as sound waves. A material's dispersion for optical wavelengths is measured by its Abbe number, V, with low Abbe numbers corresponding to strong dispersion.
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video
https://wn.com/Dispersion_(Optics)
In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency, or equivalently when the group velocity depends on the frequency. Media having such a property are termed dispersive media. Dispersion is sometimes called chromatic dispersion to emphasize its wavelength-dependent nature, or group-velocity dispersion (GVD) to emphasize the role of the group velocity. Dispersion is most often described for light waves, but it may occur for any kind of wave that interacts with a medium or passes through an inhomogeneous geometry (e.g., a waveguide), such as sound waves. A material's dispersion for optical wavelengths is measured by its Abbe number, V, with low Abbe numbers corresponding to strong dispersion.
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video
- published: 03 Oct 2014
- views: 560
Dispersion by a prism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:36
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
- views: 57554
For more information:
http://www.7activestudio.com
info@7activestudio.com
http://www.7activemedical.com/
info@7activemedical.com
http://www.sciencetuts.com/
...
For more information:
http://www.7activestudio.com
info@7activestudio.com
http://www.7activemedical.com/
info@7activemedical.com
http://www.sciencetuts.com/
7activestudio@gmail.com
Contact: +91- 9700061777,
040-64501777 / 65864777
7 Active Technology Solutions Pvt.Ltd. is an educational 3D digital content provider for K-12. We also customise the content as per your requirement for companies platform providers colleges etc . 7 Active driving force "The Joy of Happy Learning" -- is what makes difference from other digital content providers. We consider Student needs, Lecturer needs and College needs in designing the 3D & 2D Animated Video Lectures. We are carrying a huge 3D Digital Library ready to use.
Dispersion by a Prism: If a prism is placed in a room and a narrow beam of white light is allowed to fall on one of its refracting faces, it is found that light coming out from the other face of the prism is split in to seven colors i.e violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. This phenomenon is called dispersion at light. The phenomenon of splitting of white light into its seven constituent colors is called dispersion of light.
Dispersion power: The dispersive power ω of a prism is the ratio of angular dispersion to the deviation of the mean ray u yellow color i.e,
Dispersive power ωat prism depends only on the nature of the material of the prism. However, angular dispersion and mean deviation both depend on nature of prism material and the angle at prism.
https://wn.com/Dispersion_By_A_Prism
For more information:
http://www.7activestudio.com
info@7activestudio.com
http://www.7activemedical.com/
info@7activemedical.com
http://www.sciencetuts.com/
7activestudio@gmail.com
Contact: +91- 9700061777,
040-64501777 / 65864777
7 Active Technology Solutions Pvt.Ltd. is an educational 3D digital content provider for K-12. We also customise the content as per your requirement for companies platform providers colleges etc . 7 Active driving force "The Joy of Happy Learning" -- is what makes difference from other digital content providers. We consider Student needs, Lecturer needs and College needs in designing the 3D & 2D Animated Video Lectures. We are carrying a huge 3D Digital Library ready to use.
Dispersion by a Prism: If a prism is placed in a room and a narrow beam of white light is allowed to fall on one of its refracting faces, it is found that light coming out from the other face of the prism is split in to seven colors i.e violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. This phenomenon is called dispersion at light. The phenomenon of splitting of white light into its seven constituent colors is called dispersion of light.
Dispersion power: The dispersive power ω of a prism is the ratio of angular dispersion to the deviation of the mean ray u yellow color i.e,
Dispersive power ωat prism depends only on the nature of the material of the prism. However, angular dispersion and mean deviation both depend on nature of prism material and the angle at prism.
- published: 30 Oct 2012
- views: 57554
Internal Reflection and Dispersion.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:00
- Updated: 23 Mar 2014
- views: 5581
Total internal reflection, fiber optics, dispersion, and rainbows: how wonderful light can be!
Table of Contents:
00:00 - Total Internal Reflection and Disper...
Total internal reflection, fiber optics, dispersion, and rainbows: how wonderful light can be!
Table of Contents:
00:00 - Total Internal Reflection and Dispersion
06:18 - Fiber Optics
08:03 - Dispersion
09:05 - Dispersion
09:07 - Raindrop
10:31 - Rainbow
13:10 - Rainbow
13:24 - Secondary Rainbow
14:05 - Secondary Rainbow
14:23 - Secondary Rainbow
14:44 - You should take some time to meditate about what you just learned... you can totally, internally reflect!
https://wn.com/Internal_Reflection_And_Dispersion.Mp4
Total internal reflection, fiber optics, dispersion, and rainbows: how wonderful light can be!
Table of Contents:
00:00 - Total Internal Reflection and Dispersion
06:18 - Fiber Optics
08:03 - Dispersion
09:05 - Dispersion
09:07 - Raindrop
10:31 - Rainbow
13:10 - Rainbow
13:24 - Secondary Rainbow
14:05 - Secondary Rainbow
14:23 - Secondary Rainbow
14:44 - You should take some time to meditate about what you just learned... you can totally, internally reflect!
- published: 23 Mar 2014
- views: 5581
What is Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (DSF)? - FO4SALE.COM
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:16
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
- views: 10132
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/p/Corning-250um-Bare-Fiber/SMFLF.html
In order to understand dispersion shifted fiber, we have to know what is chromatic disper...
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/p/Corning-250um-Bare-Fiber/SMFLF.html
In order to understand dispersion shifted fiber, we have to know what is chromatic dispersion. Let's look at this graph first. Most glass optical fibers are made of fused silica and this graph shows that the refractive index of silica changes as a function of wavelength, which means that different wavelengths travel at different speeds in silica.
Because of this speed difference, in a light pulse, some light colors travel faster, and some light colors travel slower, this makes the pulse to spread out in time, which is called pulse spreading.
Chromatic dispersion measures this pulse spreading at difference wavelengths, as you can see the second curve on this graph. Chromatic dispersion has a unit of ps/nm-km. So the number +20 at 1.6um means that a light pulse which has a wavelength range of 1600nm to 1601nm will be 20 ps wider in time after traveling 1km of fiber.
However, the total chromatic dispersion is actually the sum of two dispersions, the material dispersion as we saw in the previous graph, and the wavelength dispersion.
As we learned from the last graph, material dispersion is determined by the material, and it can not be modified by fiber designs unless you change the material.
However, the second dispersion, waveguide dispersion is caused by the distribution of light between core and cladding and it can be modified by using different fiber designs, such as changing the refractive index profiles and dimensions etc. This means we can use waveguide dispersion to offset material dispersion.
This graph shows the material dispersion, waveguide dispersion and the total chromatic dispersion of a standard step-index single mode fiber, which is also called ITU-T G.652 fiber. SMF-28e+ fiber from Corning is one such fiber.
After the offset, the total dispersion is 0 at 1310nm wavelength. This means a light pulse at 1310nm will have no pulse spreading problem.
Standard step-index single mode fibers has 0 dispersion at 1310nm, but 1310nm is not the lowest loss point. Instead, the lowest attenuation point is at 1550nm and 1550nm has been widely used for long distance telecom networks.
So in order to match this lowest attenuation point at 1550nm, engineers invented zero dispersion-shifted fibers in mid-1980s. They moved the waveguide dispersion even further down so the total chromatic dispersion is 0 at 1550nm.
This fiber was first simply called dispersion-shifted fiber, but after the invention of non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber, which I will discuss in the next slide, these fibers are now called zero dispersion-shifted fibers. Zero means their dispersion is zero in the middle of the erbium-doped fiber amplifier band.
Although this design worked well for single-channel systems, it proved unsuitable for WDM. When multiple optical channels pass through the same fiber at wavelengths where dispersion is very close to zero, they suffer from a type of crosstalk called four-wave mixing. The degradation is so severe that zero dispersion-shifted fiber cannot be used for dense-WDM systems.
Zero dispersion-shifted fibers were installed in some systems, but never came into wide use and are no longer manufactured.
And that is why engineers invented non-zero dispersion shifted fibers.
The way to avoid four-wave mixing is to move the zero-dispersion wavelength outside of the wavelength band used for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. The name Non-Zero comes from the fact that their dispersion is shifted to a value that is low -- but not zero -- in the 1550nm band of erbium-fiber amplifiers.
This small dispersion is enough to keep signals at closely spaced wavelengths from staying in phase over long distances and causing serious crosstalk.
This small dispersion can be provided by moving the zero-dispersion wavelength either shorter or longer than the erbium-fiber 1550nm band, as shown in this figure.
For dense-WDM applications using erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, the current favorite is a zero-dispersion point at a wavelength of 1500nm or less.
Dispersion-shifted fibers do this by using different refractive index profile designs. So they can adjust the amount of waveguide dispersion differently. These pictures show refractive index profile example of one zero dispersion-shifted fiber and one non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber.
So there you have it. Please don't forget to visit http://www.fo4sale.com for more free fiber optic tutorials.
https://wn.com/What_Is_Dispersion_Shifted_Fiber_(Dsf)_Fo4Sale.Com
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/p/Corning-250um-Bare-Fiber/SMFLF.html
In order to understand dispersion shifted fiber, we have to know what is chromatic dispersion. Let's look at this graph first. Most glass optical fibers are made of fused silica and this graph shows that the refractive index of silica changes as a function of wavelength, which means that different wavelengths travel at different speeds in silica.
Because of this speed difference, in a light pulse, some light colors travel faster, and some light colors travel slower, this makes the pulse to spread out in time, which is called pulse spreading.
Chromatic dispersion measures this pulse spreading at difference wavelengths, as you can see the second curve on this graph. Chromatic dispersion has a unit of ps/nm-km. So the number +20 at 1.6um means that a light pulse which has a wavelength range of 1600nm to 1601nm will be 20 ps wider in time after traveling 1km of fiber.
However, the total chromatic dispersion is actually the sum of two dispersions, the material dispersion as we saw in the previous graph, and the wavelength dispersion.
As we learned from the last graph, material dispersion is determined by the material, and it can not be modified by fiber designs unless you change the material.
However, the second dispersion, waveguide dispersion is caused by the distribution of light between core and cladding and it can be modified by using different fiber designs, such as changing the refractive index profiles and dimensions etc. This means we can use waveguide dispersion to offset material dispersion.
This graph shows the material dispersion, waveguide dispersion and the total chromatic dispersion of a standard step-index single mode fiber, which is also called ITU-T G.652 fiber. SMF-28e+ fiber from Corning is one such fiber.
After the offset, the total dispersion is 0 at 1310nm wavelength. This means a light pulse at 1310nm will have no pulse spreading problem.
Standard step-index single mode fibers has 0 dispersion at 1310nm, but 1310nm is not the lowest loss point. Instead, the lowest attenuation point is at 1550nm and 1550nm has been widely used for long distance telecom networks.
So in order to match this lowest attenuation point at 1550nm, engineers invented zero dispersion-shifted fibers in mid-1980s. They moved the waveguide dispersion even further down so the total chromatic dispersion is 0 at 1550nm.
This fiber was first simply called dispersion-shifted fiber, but after the invention of non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber, which I will discuss in the next slide, these fibers are now called zero dispersion-shifted fibers. Zero means their dispersion is zero in the middle of the erbium-doped fiber amplifier band.
Although this design worked well for single-channel systems, it proved unsuitable for WDM. When multiple optical channels pass through the same fiber at wavelengths where dispersion is very close to zero, they suffer from a type of crosstalk called four-wave mixing. The degradation is so severe that zero dispersion-shifted fiber cannot be used for dense-WDM systems.
Zero dispersion-shifted fibers were installed in some systems, but never came into wide use and are no longer manufactured.
And that is why engineers invented non-zero dispersion shifted fibers.
The way to avoid four-wave mixing is to move the zero-dispersion wavelength outside of the wavelength band used for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. The name Non-Zero comes from the fact that their dispersion is shifted to a value that is low -- but not zero -- in the 1550nm band of erbium-fiber amplifiers.
This small dispersion is enough to keep signals at closely spaced wavelengths from staying in phase over long distances and causing serious crosstalk.
This small dispersion can be provided by moving the zero-dispersion wavelength either shorter or longer than the erbium-fiber 1550nm band, as shown in this figure.
For dense-WDM applications using erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, the current favorite is a zero-dispersion point at a wavelength of 1500nm or less.
Dispersion-shifted fibers do this by using different refractive index profile designs. So they can adjust the amount of waveguide dispersion differently. These pictures show refractive index profile example of one zero dispersion-shifted fiber and one non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber.
So there you have it. Please don't forget to visit http://www.fo4sale.com for more free fiber optic tutorials.
- published: 07 Dec 2012
- views: 10132
Dispersion Of White Light
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:58
- Updated: 30 Apr 2010
- views: 196397
Follow us at: https://twitter.com/TutorVista
Check us out at http://www.tutorvista.com/physics/dispersion-of-white-light
Dispersion Of White Light
In optics...
Follow us at: https://twitter.com/TutorVista
Check us out at http://www.tutorvista.com/physics/dispersion-of-white-light
Dispersion Of White Light
In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency, or alternatively when the group velocity depends on the frequency. Media having such a property are termed dispersive media. Dispersion is sometimes called chromatic dispersion to emphasize its wavelength-dependent nature, or group-velocity dispersion (GVD) to emphasize the role of the group velocity.
The most familiar example of dispersion is probably a rainbow, in which dispersion causes the spatial separation of a white light into components of different wavelengths (different colors). However, dispersion also has an effect in many other circumstances: for example, GVD causes pulses to spread in optical fibers, degrading signals over long distances; also, a cancellation between group-velocity dispersion and nonlinear effects leads to soliton waves. Dispersion is most often described for light waves, but it may occur for any kind of wave that interacts with a medium or passes through an inhomogeneous geometry (e.g. a waveguide), such as sound waves.
There are generally two sources of dispersion: material dispersion and waveguide dispersion. Material dispersion comes from a frequency-dependent response of a material to waves. For example, material dispersion leads to undesired chromatic aberration in a lens or the separation of colors in a prism. Waveguide dispersion occurs when the speed of a wave in a waveguide (such as an optical fiber) depends on its frequency for geometric reasons, independent of any frequency dependence of the materials from which it is constructed. More generally, "waveguide" dispersion can occur for waves propagating through any inhomogeneous structure (e.g. a photonic crystal), whether or not the waves are confined to some region. In general, both types of dispersion may be present, although they are not strictly additive. Their combination leads to signal degradation in optical fibers for telecommunications, because the varying delay in arrival time between different components of a signal "smears out" the signal in time.
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Dispersion Of White Light
In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency, or alternatively when the group velocity depends on the frequency. Media having such a property are termed dispersive media. Dispersion is sometimes called chromatic dispersion to emphasize its wavelength-dependent nature, or group-velocity dispersion (GVD) to emphasize the role of the group velocity.
The most familiar example of dispersion is probably a rainbow, in which dispersion causes the spatial separation of a white light into components of different wavelengths (different colors). However, dispersion also has an effect in many other circumstances: for example, GVD causes pulses to spread in optical fibers, degrading signals over long distances; also, a cancellation between group-velocity dispersion and nonlinear effects leads to soliton waves. Dispersion is most often described for light waves, but it may occur for any kind of wave that interacts with a medium or passes through an inhomogeneous geometry (e.g. a waveguide), such as sound waves.
There are generally two sources of dispersion: material dispersion and waveguide dispersion. Material dispersion comes from a frequency-dependent response of a material to waves. For example, material dispersion leads to undesired chromatic aberration in a lens or the separation of colors in a prism. Waveguide dispersion occurs when the speed of a wave in a waveguide (such as an optical fiber) depends on its frequency for geometric reasons, independent of any frequency dependence of the materials from which it is constructed. More generally, "waveguide" dispersion can occur for waves propagating through any inhomogeneous structure (e.g. a photonic crystal), whether or not the waves are confined to some region. In general, both types of dispersion may be present, although they are not strictly additive. Their combination leads to signal degradation in optical fibers for telecommunications, because the varying delay in arrival time between different components of a signal "smears out" the signal in time.
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- published: 30 Apr 2010
- views: 196397
Procedural Disintegration (QubaHQ Tutorial)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:09:34
- Updated: 30 Apr 2017
- views: 0
In this long-delayed tutorial I will show you an efficient method for disintegrating/dispersing a 3D layer into particles. The method shown here has been optimi...
In this long-delayed tutorial I will show you an efficient method for disintegrating/dispersing a 3D layer into particles. The method shown here has been optimized to produce maximum amount of particles at lowest computing cost (more stuff flying around, faster renders).
Originally planned to be released in June 2010, this tutorial concludes the four-part series including: 100% Accurate Reflections, Automated Light Rig and Light Wall.
Running time: 70min
Difficulty: Medium
Required tools: After Effects, Trapcode Particular
Optional plug-ins: VC Optical Flares (or similar)
Original post at QubaHQ site:
http://qubahq.com/2011/01/tutorial-procedural-disintegration/
https://wn.com/Procedural_Disintegration_(Qubahq_Tutorial)
In this long-delayed tutorial I will show you an efficient method for disintegrating/dispersing a 3D layer into particles. The method shown here has been optimized to produce maximum amount of particles at lowest computing cost (more stuff flying around, faster renders).
Originally planned to be released in June 2010, this tutorial concludes the four-part series including: 100% Accurate Reflections, Automated Light Rig and Light Wall.
Running time: 70min
Difficulty: Medium
Required tools: After Effects, Trapcode Particular
Optional plug-ins: VC Optical Flares (or similar)
Original post at QubaHQ site:
http://qubahq.com/2011/01/tutorial-procedural-disintegration/
- published: 08 Jan 2011
- views: 0
STELLAR Console Table by Jake Phipps
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:00
- Updated: 30 Apr 2017
- views: 9574
The STELLAR Console takes inspiration from the natural
attributes of amethyst geodes. The large expansive surfaces of
the console are in stark contrast to the t...
The STELLAR Console takes inspiration from the natural
attributes of amethyst geodes. The large expansive surfaces of
the console are in stark contrast to the turbulent seam
of 900 individually sized and angled mirrored sections
running through it. This change in surface creates an optical
dispersion that breaks down the light and the surrounding
environment, delivering it to the eye as one sparkling entity.
https://wn.com/Stellar_Console_Table_By_Jake_Phipps
The STELLAR Console takes inspiration from the natural
attributes of amethyst geodes. The large expansive surfaces of
the console are in stark contrast to the turbulent seam
of 900 individually sized and angled mirrored sections
running through it. This change in surface creates an optical
dispersion that breaks down the light and the surrounding
environment, delivering it to the eye as one sparkling entity.
- published: 03 Jul 2012
- views: 9574
Fakhruddin Holdings corporate video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:20
- Updated: 30 Apr 2017
- views: 20706
3D crystals and text incorporated into live footage.
This animation is part of a larger video production, promoting Fakhruddin Holdings (whose logo is formed a...
3D crystals and text incorporated into live footage.
This animation is part of a larger video production, promoting Fakhruddin Holdings (whose logo is formed at the end).
The client was inspired by an existing animation and the brief was asking for an interpretation of it within graded real world video footage. There were particular requirements with regard to the look of the shards throughout the piece.
Elyarch’s main contribution comprises all aspects of the creation, rendering and incorporation of the shard elements into the footage (as well as recreating various buildings from the footage in 3D to catch the optical effects).
The sound used here is for showcasing purposes.
Animation of the growing building (towards the end of this video) was made by a different company. Elyarch was responsible for the lighting, materials and rendering of this element.
The projections from the shards are the logos of the main sub companies of Fakhruddin holdings. The use of these logo projections and the accompanying dispersion effect were Elyarch's ideas.
Special thanks to our producers: Air3 (air3.tv) and Run productions (runproductions.tv)
Music by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
https://wn.com/Fakhruddin_Holdings_Corporate_Video
3D crystals and text incorporated into live footage.
This animation is part of a larger video production, promoting Fakhruddin Holdings (whose logo is formed at the end).
The client was inspired by an existing animation and the brief was asking for an interpretation of it within graded real world video footage. There were particular requirements with regard to the look of the shards throughout the piece.
Elyarch’s main contribution comprises all aspects of the creation, rendering and incorporation of the shard elements into the footage (as well as recreating various buildings from the footage in 3D to catch the optical effects).
The sound used here is for showcasing purposes.
Animation of the growing building (towards the end of this video) was made by a different company. Elyarch was responsible for the lighting, materials and rendering of this element.
The projections from the shards are the logos of the main sub companies of Fakhruddin holdings. The use of these logo projections and the accompanying dispersion effect were Elyarch's ideas.
Special thanks to our producers: Air3 (air3.tv) and Run productions (runproductions.tv)
Music by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
- published: 07 Mar 2012
- views: 20706
Simga 18-300mm lens Review on GH4.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 25 Apr 2017
- views: 884
A quick review of the Sigma 18-300 F3.5-6.3 attached to the Metabones Speedbooster BMPCC version. Making the lens become what I believe a 24-400 f2.0 - f3.4*. ...
A quick review of the Sigma 18-300 F3.5-6.3 attached to the Metabones Speedbooster BMPCC version. Making the lens become what I believe a 24-400 f2.0 - f3.4*. Great for run and gun broll gathering for events, weddings, music videos and other corporate things.
https://secure.bhphotovideo.com/c/search?N=11082146&InitialSearch;=yes&sts;=pi
An all-in-one zoom for APS-C cameras, the 18-300mm f/3.5-6.3 DC MACRO OS HSM Contemporary Lens from Sigma provides users of Nikon F-mount cameras with an extremely versatile focal length equivalent of 27-450mm. This version also offers optical image stabilization for reducing the effects of camera shake at longer focal lengths and slower shutter speeds. The lens also has a maximum aperture range of f/3.5-6.3 and benefits from the inclusion of one SLD and four FLD elements. Additionally, a Super Multi-Layer coating on the elements results in less flare and improved contrast.
Utilizing a Hyper Sonic Motor for autofocus ensures quick, quiet, and accurate focusing, all the way to the lens' minimum focus distance of just 15". A lens hood is included with the lens and it is compatible with Sigma's USB Dock for installing firmware updates and adjusting focus.
Lens construction with 17 elements in 13 groups
Super Multi-Layer Coating reduces flare and ghosting for higher contrast images
"F" Low Dispersion, or FLD, glass is designed with performance similar to flourite elements with a low refractive index and low dispersion for minimizing chromatic aberration as well as clearer and sharper imagery
Special Low Dispersion, or SLD, glass elements assist in providing greater clarity and contrast to an image
Maximum magnification ratio of 1:3 or 1:2 with optional AML72-01 close-up lens
Features a front 72mm filter thread
Eligible for Sigma's Mount Conversion Service
*(Based on numbers from Metabones. I have no way of testing them for accuracy.)
https://wn.com/Simga_18_300Mm_Lens_Review_On_Gh4.
A quick review of the Sigma 18-300 F3.5-6.3 attached to the Metabones Speedbooster BMPCC version. Making the lens become what I believe a 24-400 f2.0 - f3.4*. Great for run and gun broll gathering for events, weddings, music videos and other corporate things.
https://secure.bhphotovideo.com/c/search?N=11082146&InitialSearch;=yes&sts;=pi
An all-in-one zoom for APS-C cameras, the 18-300mm f/3.5-6.3 DC MACRO OS HSM Contemporary Lens from Sigma provides users of Nikon F-mount cameras with an extremely versatile focal length equivalent of 27-450mm. This version also offers optical image stabilization for reducing the effects of camera shake at longer focal lengths and slower shutter speeds. The lens also has a maximum aperture range of f/3.5-6.3 and benefits from the inclusion of one SLD and four FLD elements. Additionally, a Super Multi-Layer coating on the elements results in less flare and improved contrast.
Utilizing a Hyper Sonic Motor for autofocus ensures quick, quiet, and accurate focusing, all the way to the lens' minimum focus distance of just 15". A lens hood is included with the lens and it is compatible with Sigma's USB Dock for installing firmware updates and adjusting focus.
Lens construction with 17 elements in 13 groups
Super Multi-Layer Coating reduces flare and ghosting for higher contrast images
"F" Low Dispersion, or FLD, glass is designed with performance similar to flourite elements with a low refractive index and low dispersion for minimizing chromatic aberration as well as clearer and sharper imagery
Special Low Dispersion, or SLD, glass elements assist in providing greater clarity and contrast to an image
Maximum magnification ratio of 1:3 or 1:2 with optional AML72-01 close-up lens
Features a front 72mm filter thread
Eligible for Sigma's Mount Conversion Service
*(Based on numbers from Metabones. I have no way of testing them for accuracy.)
- published: 26 Jul 2015
- views: 884
Shambhavi Kaul, Place for Landing (Excerpt)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:09
- Updated: 30 Apr 2017
- views: 406
16mm, color and b&w;, sound, India-USA, 2010, 6'
Un paysage familier fait de miroirs. Un enfant et son reflet s’inscrivent dans un patchwork d’ombres lunaires....
16mm, color and b&w;, sound, India-USA, 2010, 6'
Un paysage familier fait de miroirs. Un enfant et son reflet s’inscrivent dans un patchwork d’ombres lunaires. La caméra procède à sa poursuite optique: l’enfant disparaît et un oiseau émerge. Le miroir implose/explose à travers l’espace. Son verre marbré indique et devient par la même un espace d’atterrissage (A Place for Landing). Après une série de fausses directions engendrées par le miroir, tout est rétabli avec l’arrivée d’un fragment de chanson dans cette troublante illusion haptique.
A household landscape of mirrors. A child and its reflection are inscribed in a shadowy lunar patchwork. The camera switches its optical pursuit: the child disappears and a bird emerges. The surveying mirror implodes or explodes into space. Its mottled hallway glass both indicates and becomes a Place For Landing. After a series of clever misdirections by the mirror, all is redeemed by a fragment of song in this unsettling haptic illusion.
Le travail filmique de Shambhavi Kaul évoque les caractères surnaturel et science-fictionnel des non-lieux. Décrit comme la création de "zones de compression et de dispersion", son travail use des techniques de montage et de recyclage, invitant à une réaction affective tout en créant une distanciation.
Son oeuvre a été diffusée à travers le monde (Festival International du film de Toronto, Festival du film de New-York, Festival international du film de Rotterdam, Festival international du film d'Edinburgh, Festival international du court-métrage d'Oberhausen parmi d'autres).
Elle est née à Jodhpur en Inde et travaille actuellement entre l'Inde et les Etats-Unis.
Shambhavi Kaul's cinematic constructions conjure uncanny, science-fictive non-places. Described as creating “zones of compression and dispersion,” her work utilizes strategies of montage and recirculation, inviting an affective response while simultaneously measuring our capacity to know what we encounter. She has exhibited her work worldwide at venues such as the Toronto International Film Festival, The New York Film Festival, the International Film Festival Rotterdam, The Edinburgh International Film Festival, Internationale Kurzfilmtage Oberhausen, the Ann Arbor Film Festival and Experimenta India among others. Shambhavi Kaul was born in Jodhpur, India and currently lives in India and the United States.
https://wn.com/Shambhavi_Kaul,_Place_For_Landing_(Excerpt)
16mm, color and b&w;, sound, India-USA, 2010, 6'
Un paysage familier fait de miroirs. Un enfant et son reflet s’inscrivent dans un patchwork d’ombres lunaires. La caméra procède à sa poursuite optique: l’enfant disparaît et un oiseau émerge. Le miroir implose/explose à travers l’espace. Son verre marbré indique et devient par la même un espace d’atterrissage (A Place for Landing). Après une série de fausses directions engendrées par le miroir, tout est rétabli avec l’arrivée d’un fragment de chanson dans cette troublante illusion haptique.
A household landscape of mirrors. A child and its reflection are inscribed in a shadowy lunar patchwork. The camera switches its optical pursuit: the child disappears and a bird emerges. The surveying mirror implodes or explodes into space. Its mottled hallway glass both indicates and becomes a Place For Landing. After a series of clever misdirections by the mirror, all is redeemed by a fragment of song in this unsettling haptic illusion.
Le travail filmique de Shambhavi Kaul évoque les caractères surnaturel et science-fictionnel des non-lieux. Décrit comme la création de "zones de compression et de dispersion", son travail use des techniques de montage et de recyclage, invitant à une réaction affective tout en créant une distanciation.
Son oeuvre a été diffusée à travers le monde (Festival International du film de Toronto, Festival du film de New-York, Festival international du film de Rotterdam, Festival international du film d'Edinburgh, Festival international du court-métrage d'Oberhausen parmi d'autres).
Elle est née à Jodhpur en Inde et travaille actuellement entre l'Inde et les Etats-Unis.
Shambhavi Kaul's cinematic constructions conjure uncanny, science-fictive non-places. Described as creating “zones of compression and dispersion,” her work utilizes strategies of montage and recirculation, inviting an affective response while simultaneously measuring our capacity to know what we encounter. She has exhibited her work worldwide at venues such as the Toronto International Film Festival, The New York Film Festival, the International Film Festival Rotterdam, The Edinburgh International Film Festival, Internationale Kurzfilmtage Oberhausen, the Ann Arbor Film Festival and Experimenta India among others. Shambhavi Kaul was born in Jodhpur, India and currently lives in India and the United States.
- published: 01 Apr 2014
- views: 406
Lucas Thanos ~ Elegeia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:23
- Updated: 01 May 2017
- views: 0
music by Lucas Thanos
photographs by various artists
location: The Grand Prismatic Spring in Yellowstone National Park, USA
The Grand Prismatic Spring in Yello...
music by Lucas Thanos
photographs by various artists
location: The Grand Prismatic Spring in Yellowstone National Park, USA
The Grand Prismatic Spring in Yellowstone National Park is the largest hot spring in the United States, and the third largest in the world, after Frying Pan Lake in New Zealand and Boiling Lake in Dominica. It is located in the Midway Geyser Basin.
Grand Prismatic Spring was noted by geologists working in the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871, and named by them for its striking coloration. Its colors match the rainbow dispersion of white light by an optical prism: red, orange, yellow, green, and blue.
Color
The vivid colors in the spring are the result of pigmented bacteria in the microbial mats that grow around the edges of the mineral-rich water. The bacteria produce colors ranging from green to red; the amount of color in the microbial mats depends on the ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoids and on the temperature of the water which favors one bacterium over another. In the summer, the mats tend to be orange and red, whereas in the winter the mats are usually dark green. The center of the pool is sterile due to extreme heat.
The deep blue color of the water in the center of the pool results from the intrinsic blue color of water, itself the result of water's selective absorption of red wavelengths of visible light. Though this effect is responsible for making all large bodies of water blue, it is particularly intense in Grand Prismatic Spring because of the high purity and depth of the water in the middle of the spring.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prismatic_Spring
-----------------------------------------------------------------
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(Lucas Thanos Tumblr)
http://lucas-thanos.tumblr.com
(Lucas Thanos on Vimeo)
http://vimeo.com/lucasthanos
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http://www.reverbnation.com/lucasthanos
(Lucas Thanos on YouTube)
http://www.youtube.com/user/lucasmusic4u
(Lucas Thanos on Twitter)
http://www.twitter.com/lucasthanos
(Lucas Thanos on DailyMotion)
http://www.dailymotion.com/Lucas_Thanos
(Aeschylus' Oresteia by Lucas Thanos on FaceBook)
https://www.facebook.com/AeschylusOresteiaByLucasThanos
(Ancient Greek Civilization)
https://www.facebook.com/TheGreekCivilization
(NeoMagazine about Aeschylus Oresteia by Lucas Thanos)
http://www.neomagazine.com/2012_11_november/24.html#.UKZg1NCB_Nw.gmail
https://wn.com/Lucas_Thanos_~_Elegeia
music by Lucas Thanos
photographs by various artists
location: The Grand Prismatic Spring in Yellowstone National Park, USA
The Grand Prismatic Spring in Yellowstone National Park is the largest hot spring in the United States, and the third largest in the world, after Frying Pan Lake in New Zealand and Boiling Lake in Dominica. It is located in the Midway Geyser Basin.
Grand Prismatic Spring was noted by geologists working in the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871, and named by them for its striking coloration. Its colors match the rainbow dispersion of white light by an optical prism: red, orange, yellow, green, and blue.
Color
The vivid colors in the spring are the result of pigmented bacteria in the microbial mats that grow around the edges of the mineral-rich water. The bacteria produce colors ranging from green to red; the amount of color in the microbial mats depends on the ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoids and on the temperature of the water which favors one bacterium over another. In the summer, the mats tend to be orange and red, whereas in the winter the mats are usually dark green. The center of the pool is sterile due to extreme heat.
The deep blue color of the water in the center of the pool results from the intrinsic blue color of water, itself the result of water's selective absorption of red wavelengths of visible light. Though this effect is responsible for making all large bodies of water blue, it is particularly intense in Grand Prismatic Spring because of the high purity and depth of the water in the middle of the spring.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prismatic_Spring
-----------------------------------------------------------------
(Lucas Thanos on FaceBook)
https://www.facebook.com/groups/333925146744595/
https://www.facebook.com/lucas.thanos
http://www.facebook.com/pages/Lucas-Thanos/227632094019565
(Lucas Thanos Tumblr)
http://lucas-thanos.tumblr.com
(Lucas Thanos on Vimeo)
http://vimeo.com/lucasthanos
(Lucas Thanos on MySpace)
http://www.myspace.com/lucasthanos
(Lucas Thanos on ReverbNation)
http://www.reverbnation.com/lucasthanos
(Lucas Thanos on YouTube)
http://www.youtube.com/user/lucasmusic4u
(Lucas Thanos on Twitter)
http://www.twitter.com/lucasthanos
(Lucas Thanos on DailyMotion)
http://www.dailymotion.com/Lucas_Thanos
(Aeschylus' Oresteia by Lucas Thanos on FaceBook)
https://www.facebook.com/AeschylusOresteiaByLucasThanos
(Ancient Greek Civilization)
https://www.facebook.com/TheGreekCivilization
(NeoMagazine about Aeschylus Oresteia by Lucas Thanos)
http://www.neomagazine.com/2012_11_november/24.html#.UKZg1NCB_Nw.gmail
- published: 15 Aug 2014
- views: 0
Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 Review
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Updated: 29 Apr 2017
- views: 256
http://www.bestratedriflescopes.com/vortex-optics-viper-hs-2-5-10x44-riflescope-w-dead-hold-bdc-reticle-vhs-4303-review/ - Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Rifl...
http://www.bestratedriflescopes.com/vortex-optics-viper-hs-2-5-10x44-riflescope-w-dead-hold-bdc-reticle-vhs-4303-review/ - Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 Review
The Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 is Now on Sale - Click The Link Above For a Great Discount!
The Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 offers hunters and shooters an array of features sure to be well received. The advanced optical system, highlighted with a 4x zoom range, provides magnification versatility. A forgiving eye box with increased eye relief gets shooters on target quickly and easily. Built on an ultra-strong 30mm one-piece machined aluminum tube, the Viper HS delivers increased windage and elevation travel for optimal adjustment. Optical Features XD Lens Elements Extra-low dispersion (XD) glass increases resolution and color fidelity, resulting in crisp, sharp images. XR Lens Coatings Vortex proprietary XR fully multi-coated lens coatings increase light transmission for maximum brightness.
To Learn More About The Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 Click Here ))) http://www.bestratedriflescopes.com/vortex-optics-viper-hs-2-5-10x44-riflescope-w-dead-hold-bdc-reticle-vhs-4303-review/
https://wn.com/Vortex_Optics_Viper_Hs_2.5_10×44_Riflescope_W_Dead_Hold_Bdc_Reticle_Vhs_4303_Review
http://www.bestratedriflescopes.com/vortex-optics-viper-hs-2-5-10x44-riflescope-w-dead-hold-bdc-reticle-vhs-4303-review/ - Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 Review
The Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 is Now on Sale - Click The Link Above For a Great Discount!
The Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 offers hunters and shooters an array of features sure to be well received. The advanced optical system, highlighted with a 4x zoom range, provides magnification versatility. A forgiving eye box with increased eye relief gets shooters on target quickly and easily. Built on an ultra-strong 30mm one-piece machined aluminum tube, the Viper HS delivers increased windage and elevation travel for optimal adjustment. Optical Features XD Lens Elements Extra-low dispersion (XD) glass increases resolution and color fidelity, resulting in crisp, sharp images. XR Lens Coatings Vortex proprietary XR fully multi-coated lens coatings increase light transmission for maximum brightness.
To Learn More About The Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 Click Here ))) http://www.bestratedriflescopes.com/vortex-optics-viper-hs-2-5-10x44-riflescope-w-dead-hold-bdc-reticle-vhs-4303-review/
- published: 10 Jan 2014
- views: 256
PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case by BigTProducts sale
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:57
- Updated: 08 Sep 2016
- views: 2
http://bit.ly/1hxaCLS - PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case by BigTProducts Review
The PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case by BigTProducts is Now on Sale - Click The Link Above F...
http://bit.ly/1hxaCLS - PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case by BigTProducts Review
The PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case by BigTProducts is Now on Sale - Click The Link Above For a Great Discount!
The PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case features a 45-degree slanted lens barrel for comfortable viewing in just about any situation. This scope is designed for high-precision outdoor viewing, along with enhanced optical quality which provides truer color tones. With porro-prism optics and a 65mm objective lens with extra-low dispersion optical elements, it delivers sharp, high-contrast images. Viewing in inclement weather won’t be a problem as the PF-65ED-A II is waterproof and nitrogen filled (JIS Class 6).
To Learn More About The PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case by BigTProducts Click Here ))) http://bit.ly/1hxaCLS
https://wn.com/Pf_65Ed_A_Ii_W_Field_Case_By_Bigtproducts_Sale
http://bit.ly/1hxaCLS - PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case by BigTProducts Review
The PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case by BigTProducts is Now on Sale - Click The Link Above For a Great Discount!
The PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case features a 45-degree slanted lens barrel for comfortable viewing in just about any situation. This scope is designed for high-precision outdoor viewing, along with enhanced optical quality which provides truer color tones. With porro-prism optics and a 65mm objective lens with extra-low dispersion optical elements, it delivers sharp, high-contrast images. Viewing in inclement weather won’t be a problem as the PF-65ED-A II is waterproof and nitrogen filled (JIS Class 6).
To Learn More About The PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case by BigTProducts Click Here ))) http://bit.ly/1hxaCLS
- published: 07 Apr 2014
- views: 2
PCAT Organic Chemistry Review Study Guide
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:57:15
- Updated: 02 Jan 2017
- views: 39
- published: 09 Jul 2016
- views: 39
Slow Light - Mikio Kozuma, Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 27:05
- Updated: 27 Apr 2017
- views: 220
Slow Light
Mikio Kozuma, Tokyo Institute of Technology
1. Introduction
While lights are the fastest and the most robust carriers of information, it is diffi...
Slow Light
Mikio Kozuma, Tokyo Institute of Technology
1. Introduction
While lights are the fastest and the most robust carriers of information, it is difficult to localize and store them. Recently, a novel scheme to store the photonic information in an atomic ensemble was proposed [1], which is based on the phenomenon of ultraslow light propagation [2]. Ultraslow light propagation is made possible by electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) [3], which is a technique for turning an opaque medium for a weak probe light into a transparent one with the help of anadditional control light. There is a steep dispersion within the transparency window, so that the speed of the probe light pulse is significantly reduced in the EIT medium. Eventually the probe pulse is completely localized in the atomic medium. Cutting off the control light enables us to map the photonic information on the atomic spin information.
2. How to realize quantum memory
Proof-of-principle experiments were simultaneously performed by two groups [4,5], where a weak laser pulse was stored in an atomic ensemble and after a while the light pulse whose temporal waveform was similar to the original one was retrieved. These great demonstrations triggered the research to realize the quantum memory. In order to demonstrate the quantum memory, what kind of thing should we perform? Classical electromagnetism says the light is an oscillating electromagnetic field and itis thus represented as a dot in a plane where the transverse and the longitudinal axes are sinω t and cosω t , respectively. However, quantum mechanics says these two components behave as a position and a momentum of a particle, which means the light can not be represented as a dot due to the uncertainty principle. In other words, quantum property of the light field exists in its fluctuation. In order to demonstrate quantum memory, we have to store such a quantum fluctuation of the light field in the atomic medium.
3. Our experimental challenge
The uncertainty principle allows us to generate very special light field, i.e., the squeezed vacuum state, where the fluctuation of X is squeezed and that of P is enhanced. Since the squeezed vacuum is the field whose quantum fluctuation is manipulated, storing such a state should be the best demonstration of the quantum memory. EIT was successfully observed for the squeezed vacuum state [6] and very recently ultraslow propagation of the squeezed vacuum was also realized [7,8]. Now the final success is very close.
References
[1] “Quantum memory for photons: Dark-state polaritons”, M. Fleischhauer and M. D. Lukin, Physical Review A 65, 022314 (2002).
[2] “Light speed reduction to 17 meters per second in an ultracold atomic gas”, L. V. Hau, S. E. Harris, Z. Dutton, and C. H. Behroozi, Nature 397, 594 (1999).
[3] “Electromagnetically induced transparency”, S. E. Harris, Physics Today 50, 36 (1997).
[4] “Observation of coherent optical information storage in an atomic medium using halted light pulses”, C. Liu, Z. Dutton, C. H. Behroozi, and L .V. Hau, Nature 409, 490 (2001).
[5] “Storage of light in atomic vapor”, D. F. Phillips, A. Fleischhauer, A. Mair, R. L. Walsworth, and M. D. Lukin, Physical Review Letters 86, 783 (2001).
[6] “Electromagnetically induced transparency with squeezed vacuum”, D. Akamatsu,
K. Akiba, and M. Kozuma, Physical Review Letters 92, 203602 (2004).
[7] “Generation of a squeezed vacuum resonant on a rubidium D1 line with periodically poled KTiOPO4”, T. Tanimura, D. Akamatsu, Y. Yokoi, A. Furusawa and M. Kozuma, Optics Letters 31, 2344 (2006).
[8] “Ultraslow propagation of a squeezed vacuum with electromagnetically induced transparency”, D. Akamatsu, Y. Yokoi, T. Tanimura, A. Furusawa, and M. Kozuma, arXiv.org e-print archive, quant-ph/0611097.
https://wn.com/Slow_Light_Mikio_Kozuma,_Tokyo_Institute_Of_Technology
Slow Light
Mikio Kozuma, Tokyo Institute of Technology
1. Introduction
While lights are the fastest and the most robust carriers of information, it is difficult to localize and store them. Recently, a novel scheme to store the photonic information in an atomic ensemble was proposed [1], which is based on the phenomenon of ultraslow light propagation [2]. Ultraslow light propagation is made possible by electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) [3], which is a technique for turning an opaque medium for a weak probe light into a transparent one with the help of anadditional control light. There is a steep dispersion within the transparency window, so that the speed of the probe light pulse is significantly reduced in the EIT medium. Eventually the probe pulse is completely localized in the atomic medium. Cutting off the control light enables us to map the photonic information on the atomic spin information.
2. How to realize quantum memory
Proof-of-principle experiments were simultaneously performed by two groups [4,5], where a weak laser pulse was stored in an atomic ensemble and after a while the light pulse whose temporal waveform was similar to the original one was retrieved. These great demonstrations triggered the research to realize the quantum memory. In order to demonstrate the quantum memory, what kind of thing should we perform? Classical electromagnetism says the light is an oscillating electromagnetic field and itis thus represented as a dot in a plane where the transverse and the longitudinal axes are sinω t and cosω t , respectively. However, quantum mechanics says these two components behave as a position and a momentum of a particle, which means the light can not be represented as a dot due to the uncertainty principle. In other words, quantum property of the light field exists in its fluctuation. In order to demonstrate quantum memory, we have to store such a quantum fluctuation of the light field in the atomic medium.
3. Our experimental challenge
The uncertainty principle allows us to generate very special light field, i.e., the squeezed vacuum state, where the fluctuation of X is squeezed and that of P is enhanced. Since the squeezed vacuum is the field whose quantum fluctuation is manipulated, storing such a state should be the best demonstration of the quantum memory. EIT was successfully observed for the squeezed vacuum state [6] and very recently ultraslow propagation of the squeezed vacuum was also realized [7,8]. Now the final success is very close.
References
[1] “Quantum memory for photons: Dark-state polaritons”, M. Fleischhauer and M. D. Lukin, Physical Review A 65, 022314 (2002).
[2] “Light speed reduction to 17 meters per second in an ultracold atomic gas”, L. V. Hau, S. E. Harris, Z. Dutton, and C. H. Behroozi, Nature 397, 594 (1999).
[3] “Electromagnetically induced transparency”, S. E. Harris, Physics Today 50, 36 (1997).
[4] “Observation of coherent optical information storage in an atomic medium using halted light pulses”, C. Liu, Z. Dutton, C. H. Behroozi, and L .V. Hau, Nature 409, 490 (2001).
[5] “Storage of light in atomic vapor”, D. F. Phillips, A. Fleischhauer, A. Mair, R. L. Walsworth, and M. D. Lukin, Physical Review Letters 86, 783 (2001).
[6] “Electromagnetically induced transparency with squeezed vacuum”, D. Akamatsu,
K. Akiba, and M. Kozuma, Physical Review Letters 92, 203602 (2004).
[7] “Generation of a squeezed vacuum resonant on a rubidium D1 line with periodically poled KTiOPO4”, T. Tanimura, D. Akamatsu, Y. Yokoi, A. Furusawa and M. Kozuma, Optics Letters 31, 2344 (2006).
[8] “Ultraslow propagation of a squeezed vacuum with electromagnetically induced transparency”, D. Akamatsu, Y. Yokoi, T. Tanimura, A. Furusawa, and M. Kozuma, arXiv.org e-print archive, quant-ph/0611097.
- published: 06 Dec 2011
- views: 220
-
Dispersion in optical fibers
This video explains the causes and effects of dispersion in optical fibers and the different types of dispersion along with some of the solutions proposed to deal with it .
published: 05 Feb 2014 -
Dispersion | Geometric optics | Physics | Khan Academy
The index of refraction in a material isn't always the same for every wavelength. This is how prisms split white light into so many colors. Created by David SantoPietro. Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/mirrors-and-lenses/v/virtual-image?utm_source=YT&utm;_medium=Desc&utm;_campaign=physics Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/reflection-refraction/v/total-internal-reflection?utm_source=YT&utm;_medium=Desc&utm;_campaign=physics Physics on Khan Academy: Physics is the study of the basic principles that govern the physical world around us. We'll start by looking at motion itself. Then, we'll learn about forces, momentum, energy, and other concepts in lots of different physical situations. To ...
published: 22 Jan 2014 -
What is Chromatic Dispersion in Optical Fibers
In this video, I will explain what is Chromatic Dispersion. http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/wordpress/what-is-chromatic-dispersion-material-dispersion-and-waveguide-dispersion/ http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/wordpress/ In an optical fiber, different colors of light travels at different speed. The blue light may run faster, and the red light may run slower. As represented by the blue color car and red color car in this picture. Even though they start at the same time in the beginning, they arrive at the destination at different times. This time delay is called chromatic dispersion. Here, "chromatic" stresses the fact that the time delay depends on the color difference, or wavelength difference between the lights. So what effect does chromatic dispersion have on fiber optic comm...
published: 13 Dec 2011 -
Chromatic Dispersion - EXFO animated glossary of Fiber Optics
For more glossary:http://www.exfo.com/Support-and-Services/Be-an-Expert-Training-Program/Animated-Optical-Glossary/ A variation in the phase velocity of light according to wavelength, which in turn causes laser signals to broaden when traveling through an optical fiber; resulting in pulse overlapping and ultimately bit errors. EXFO's Be-an-Expert Program has produced the world's first animated glossary of fiber optic terms. Including concise definitions and animated sequences, this tool provides a great reference for anyone that wishes to understand fiber terminology.
published: 17 Jun 2011 -
Chromatic Dispersion in Prisms
Donate here: http://www.aklectures.com/donate.php Website video link: http://www.aklectures.com/lecture/chromatic-dispersion-in-prisms Facebook link: https://www.facebook.com/aklectures Website link: http://www.aklectures.com
published: 17 Jan 2014 -
Dispersion (optics)
In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency, or equivalently when the group velocity depends on the frequency. Media having such a property are termed dispersive media. Dispersion is sometimes called chromatic dispersion to emphasize its wavelength-dependent nature, or group-velocity dispersion (GVD) to emphasize the role of the group velocity. Dispersion is most often described for light waves, but it may occur for any kind of wave that interacts with a medium or passes through an inhomogeneous geometry (e.g., a waveguide), such as sound waves. A material's dispersion for optical wavelengths is measured by its Abbe number, V, with low Abbe numbers corresponding to strong dispersion. This video is targeted to blind users. Attrib...
published: 03 Oct 2014 -
Dispersion by a prism
For more information: http://www.7activestudio.com info@7activestudio.com http://www.7activemedical.com/ info@7activemedical.com http://www.sciencetuts.com/ 7activestudio@gmail.com Contact: +91- 9700061777, 040-64501777 / 65864777 7 Active Technology Solutions Pvt.Ltd. is an educational 3D digital content provider for K-12. We also customise the content as per your requirement for companies platform providers colleges etc . 7 Active driving force "The Joy of Happy Learning" -- is what makes difference from other digital content providers. We consider Student needs, Lecturer needs and College needs in designing the 3D & 2D Animated Video Lectures. We are carrying a huge 3D Digital Library ready to use. Dispersion by a Prism: If a prism is placed in...
published: 30 Oct 2012 -
Internal Reflection and Dispersion.mp4
Total internal reflection, fiber optics, dispersion, and rainbows: how wonderful light can be! Table of Contents: 00:00 - Total Internal Reflection and Dispersion 06:18 - Fiber Optics 08:03 - Dispersion 09:05 - Dispersion 09:07 - Raindrop 10:31 - Rainbow 13:10 - Rainbow 13:24 - Secondary Rainbow 14:05 - Secondary Rainbow 14:23 - Secondary Rainbow 14:44 - You should take some time to meditate about what you just learned... you can totally, internally reflect!
published: 23 Mar 2014 -
What is Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (DSF)? - FO4SALE.COM
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/p/Corning-250um-Bare-Fiber/SMFLF.html In order to understand dispersion shifted fiber, we have to know what is chromatic dispersion. Let's look at this graph first. Most glass optical fibers are made of fused silica and this graph shows that the refractive index of silica changes as a function of wavelength, which means that different wavelengths travel at different speeds in silica. Because of this speed difference, in a light pulse, some light colors travel faster, and some light colors travel slower, this makes the pulse to spread out in time, which is called pulse spreading. Chromatic dispersion measures this pulse spreading at difference wavelengths, as you can see the second curve on this graph. Chromatic dispersion has a unit of ps/nm-km. So the nu...
published: 07 Dec 2012 -
Dispersion Of White Light
Follow us at: https://twitter.com/TutorVista Check us out at http://www.tutorvista.com/physics/dispersion-of-white-light Dispersion Of White Light In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency, or alternatively when the group velocity depends on the frequency. Media having such a property are termed dispersive media. Dispersion is sometimes called chromatic dispersion to emphasize its wavelength-dependent nature, or group-velocity dispersion (GVD) to emphasize the role of the group velocity. The most familiar example of dispersion is probably a rainbow, in which dispersion causes the spatial separation of a white light into components of different wavelengths (different colors). However, dispersion also has an effect in many othe...
published: 30 Apr 2010 -
Procedural Disintegration (QubaHQ Tutorial)
In this long-delayed tutorial I will show you an efficient method for disintegrating/dispersing a 3D layer into particles. The method shown here has been optimized to produce maximum amount of particles at lowest computing cost (more stuff flying around, faster renders). Originally planned to be released in June 2010, this tutorial concludes the four-part series including: 100% Accurate Reflections, Automated Light Rig and Light Wall. Running time: 70min Difficulty: Medium Required tools: After Effects, Trapcode Particular Optional plug-ins: VC Optical Flares (or similar) Original post at QubaHQ site: http://qubahq.com/2011/01/tutorial-procedural-disintegration/
published: 08 Jan 2011 -
STELLAR Console Table by Jake Phipps
The STELLAR Console takes inspiration from the natural attributes of amethyst geodes. The large expansive surfaces of the console are in stark contrast to the turbulent seam of 900 individually sized and angled mirrored sections running through it. This change in surface creates an optical dispersion that breaks down the light and the surrounding environment, delivering it to the eye as one sparkling entity.
published: 03 Jul 2012 -
Fakhruddin Holdings corporate video
3D crystals and text incorporated into live footage. This animation is part of a larger video production, promoting Fakhruddin Holdings (whose logo is formed at the end). The client was inspired by an existing animation and the brief was asking for an interpretation of it within graded real world video footage. There were particular requirements with regard to the look of the shards throughout the piece. Elyarch’s main contribution comprises all aspects of the creation, rendering and incorporation of the shard elements into the footage (as well as recreating various buildings from the footage in 3D to catch the optical effects). The sound used here is for showcasing purposes. Animation of the growing building (towards the end of this video) was made by a different company. Elyarch was...
published: 07 Mar 2012 -
Simga 18-300mm lens Review on GH4.
A quick review of the Sigma 18-300 F3.5-6.3 attached to the Metabones Speedbooster BMPCC version. Making the lens become what I believe a 24-400 f2.0 - f3.4*. Great for run and gun broll gathering for events, weddings, music videos and other corporate things. https://secure.bhphotovideo.com/c/search?N=11082146&InitialSearch;=yes&sts;=pi An all-in-one zoom for APS-C cameras, the 18-300mm f/3.5-6.3 DC MACRO OS HSM Contemporary Lens from Sigma provides users of Nikon F-mount cameras with an extremely versatile focal length equivalent of 27-450mm. This version also offers optical image stabilization for reducing the effects of camera shake at longer focal lengths and slower shutter speeds. The lens also has a maximum aperture range of f/3.5-6.3 and benefits from the inclusion of one SLD and...
published: 26 Jul 2015 -
Shambhavi Kaul, Place for Landing (Excerpt)
16mm, color and b&w;, sound, India-USA, 2010, 6' Un paysage familier fait de miroirs. Un enfant et son reflet s’inscrivent dans un patchwork d’ombres lunaires. La caméra procède à sa poursuite optique: l’enfant disparaît et un oiseau émerge. Le miroir implose/explose à travers l’espace. Son verre marbré indique et devient par la même un espace d’atterrissage (A Place for Landing). Après une série de fausses directions engendrées par le miroir, tout est rétabli avec l’arrivée d’un fragment de chanson dans cette troublante illusion haptique. A household landscape of mirrors. A child and its reflection are inscribed in a shadowy lunar patchwork. The camera switches its optical pursuit: the child disappears and a bird emerges. The surveying mirror implodes or explodes into space. Its mottled...
published: 01 Apr 2014 -
Lucas Thanos ~ Elegeia
music by Lucas Thanos photographs by various artists location: The Grand Prismatic Spring in Yellowstone National Park, USA The Grand Prismatic Spring in Yellowstone National Park is the largest hot spring in the United States, and the third largest in the world, after Frying Pan Lake in New Zealand and Boiling Lake in Dominica. It is located in the Midway Geyser Basin. Grand Prismatic Spring was noted by geologists working in the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871, and named by them for its striking coloration. Its colors match the rainbow dispersion of white light by an optical prism: red, orange, yellow, green, and blue. Color The vivid colors in the spring are the result of pigmented bacteria in the microbial mats that grow around the edges of the mineral-rich water. The bacteria pro...
published: 15 Aug 2014 -
Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 Review
http://www.bestratedriflescopes.com/vortex-optics-viper-hs-2-5-10x44-riflescope-w-dead-hold-bdc-reticle-vhs-4303-review/ - Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 Review The Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 is Now on Sale - Click The Link Above For a Great Discount! The Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 offers hunters and shooters an array of features sure to be well received. The advanced optical system, highlighted with a 4x zoom range, provides magnification versatility. A forgiving eye box with increased eye relief gets shooters on target quickly and easily. Built on an ultra-strong 30mm one-piece machined aluminum tube, the Viper HS delivers increased win...
published: 10 Jan 2014 -
PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case by BigTProducts sale
http://bit.ly/1hxaCLS - PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case by BigTProducts Review The PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case by BigTProducts is Now on Sale - Click The Link Above For a Great Discount! The PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case features a 45-degree slanted lens barrel for comfortable viewing in just about any situation. This scope is designed for high-precision outdoor viewing, along with enhanced optical quality which provides truer color tones. With porro-prism optics and a 65mm objective lens with extra-low dispersion optical elements, it delivers sharp, high-contrast images. Viewing in inclement weather won’t be a problem as the PF-65ED-A II is waterproof and nitrogen filled (JIS Class 6). To Learn More About The PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case by BigTProducts Click Here ))) http://bit.ly/1hxaCLS
published: 07 Apr 2014 -
PCAT Organic Chemistry Review Study Guide
published: 09 Jul 2016 -
Slow Light - Mikio Kozuma, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Slow Light Mikio Kozuma, Tokyo Institute of Technology 1. Introduction While lights are the fastest and the most robust carriers of information, it is difficult to localize and store them. Recently, a novel scheme to store the photonic information in an atomic ensemble was proposed [1], which is based on the phenomenon of ultraslow light propagation [2]. Ultraslow light propagation is made possible by electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) [3], which is a technique for turning an opaque medium for a weak probe light into a transparent one with the help of anadditional control light. There is a steep dispersion within the transparency window, so that the speed of the probe light pulse is significantly reduced in the EIT medium. Eventually the probe pulse is completely localized ...
published: 06 Dec 2011
Dispersion in optical fibers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:33
- Updated: 05 Feb 2014
- views: 23741
This video explains the causes and effects of dispersion in optical fibers and the different types of dispersion along with some of the solutions proposed to de...
This video explains the causes and effects of dispersion in optical fibers and the different types of dispersion along with some of the solutions proposed to deal with it .
https://wn.com/Dispersion_In_Optical_Fibers
This video explains the causes and effects of dispersion in optical fibers and the different types of dispersion along with some of the solutions proposed to deal with it .
- published: 05 Feb 2014
- views: 23741
Dispersion | Geometric optics | Physics | Khan Academy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Updated: 22 Jan 2014
- views: 29172
The index of refraction in a material isn't always the same for every wavelength. This is how prisms split white light into so many colors. Created by David San...
The index of refraction in a material isn't always the same for every wavelength. This is how prisms split white light into so many colors. Created by David SantoPietro.
Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/mirrors-and-lenses/v/virtual-image?utm_source=YT&utm;_medium=Desc&utm;_campaign=physics
Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/reflection-refraction/v/total-internal-reflection?utm_source=YT&utm;_medium=Desc&utm;_campaign=physics
Physics on Khan Academy: Physics is the study of the basic principles that govern the physical world around us. We'll start by looking at motion itself. Then, we'll learn about forces, momentum, energy, and other concepts in lots of different physical situations. To get the most out of physics, you'll need a solid understanding of algebra and a basic understanding of trigonometry.
About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. We tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Our math missions guide learners from kindergarten to calculus using state-of-the-art, adaptive technology that identifies strengths and learning gaps. We've also partnered with institutions like NASA, The Museum of Modern Art, The California Academy of Sciences, and MIT to offer specialized content.
For free. For everyone. Forever. #YouCanLearnAnything
Subscribe to Khan Academy’s Physics channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0oGarQW2lE5PxhGoQAKV7Q?sub_confirmation=1
Subscribe to Khan Academy: https://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=khanacademy
https://wn.com/Dispersion_|_Geometric_Optics_|_Physics_|_Khan_Academy
The index of refraction in a material isn't always the same for every wavelength. This is how prisms split white light into so many colors. Created by David SantoPietro.
Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/mirrors-and-lenses/v/virtual-image?utm_source=YT&utm;_medium=Desc&utm;_campaign=physics
Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/reflection-refraction/v/total-internal-reflection?utm_source=YT&utm;_medium=Desc&utm;_campaign=physics
Physics on Khan Academy: Physics is the study of the basic principles that govern the physical world around us. We'll start by looking at motion itself. Then, we'll learn about forces, momentum, energy, and other concepts in lots of different physical situations. To get the most out of physics, you'll need a solid understanding of algebra and a basic understanding of trigonometry.
About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. We tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Our math missions guide learners from kindergarten to calculus using state-of-the-art, adaptive technology that identifies strengths and learning gaps. We've also partnered with institutions like NASA, The Museum of Modern Art, The California Academy of Sciences, and MIT to offer specialized content.
For free. For everyone. Forever. #YouCanLearnAnything
Subscribe to Khan Academy’s Physics channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0oGarQW2lE5PxhGoQAKV7Q?sub_confirmation=1
Subscribe to Khan Academy: https://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=khanacademy
- published: 22 Jan 2014
- views: 29172
What is Chromatic Dispersion in Optical Fibers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:38
- Updated: 13 Dec 2011
- views: 32828
In this video, I will explain what is Chromatic Dispersion.
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/wordpress/what-is-chromatic-dispersion-material-dispersion-and-wa...
In this video, I will explain what is Chromatic Dispersion.
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/wordpress/what-is-chromatic-dispersion-material-dispersion-and-waveguide-dispersion/
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/wordpress/
In an optical fiber, different colors of light travels at different speed. The blue light may run faster, and the red light may run slower. As represented by the blue color car and red color car in this picture. Even though they start at the same time in the beginning, they arrive at the destination at different times. This time delay is called chromatic dispersion. Here, "chromatic" stresses the fact that the time delay depends on the color difference, or wavelength difference between the lights.
So what effect does chromatic dispersion have on fiber optic communication systems?
The direct effect is light pulse broadening. A perfect pulse starts at the beginning. After it travels a length of fiber, may it be 100 meters, or 20000 meters, the light pulse becomes wider than the original signal. This is caused by chromatic dispersion. Because in the same pulse, the blue light travels faster, and the red light travels slower, so the total width of the pulse gets stretched wider.
Now let's look at the bottom part of the picture. Two perfect signals start at the beginning, but at the end, since both pulses get wider because of chromatic dispersion, they get overlapped to each other. If the overlap is too big, the detector may not be able to recognize these two signals and you get an error.
So chromatic dispersion causes pulse broadening and bit error.
Chromatic dispersion is actually the sum of two different dispersion types.
The first type is called material dispersion. This is because that the refractive index of silica, the material used to make optical fiber, is frequency dependent. So different frequency components, which means different wavelengths of light, travel at different speeds in silica. This is called material dispersion.
Material Dispersion depends on the material's built-in refractive index and we cannot change that.
The second type is called waveguide dispersion.
To understand waveguide dispersion, we need to know that light pulse travels partly in the core and partly in the cladding of the fiber. Light travels slower at the core, and faster at the cladding. The overall speed depends on the proportion of power that is distributed in the core and cladding.
However, the power distribution itself is a function of the wavelength. The longer the wavelength, the more power in the cladding. So different colors of light travels at different speed because of different power distribution in the core and cladding.
This phenomenon is called waveguide dispersion.
Since we can change the fiber's refractive index profile, we can engineer the waveguide dispersion to make specialty fibers.
The total chromatic dispersion is the sum of material dispersion and waveguide dispersion.
In this figure, we can see the dispersion versus wavelength curves of the material dispersion, shown as the red line, the waveguide dispersion, shown as the blue line, and the total chromatic dispersion, sown as the pink line.
Even though we cannot change material dispersion since it only depends on the optical fiber material itself, we can change the fiber's refractive index profile design to make the waveguide dispersion compensate for the material dispersion so we can get zero chromatic dispersion at a specific wavelength. As shown in this figure, the zero chromatic dispersion point is at 1300nm. This is the chromatic dispersion profile of a standard single mode fiber.
So there you have it. Please leave your comment below if you'd like to see other topics.
Don't forget to visit
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com
for more free fiber optic tutorials. I will see you in the next video!
Colin Yao
Sales Manager
Fiber Optics For Sale Co.
https://wn.com/What_Is_Chromatic_Dispersion_In_Optical_Fibers
In this video, I will explain what is Chromatic Dispersion.
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/wordpress/what-is-chromatic-dispersion-material-dispersion-and-waveguide-dispersion/
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/wordpress/
In an optical fiber, different colors of light travels at different speed. The blue light may run faster, and the red light may run slower. As represented by the blue color car and red color car in this picture. Even though they start at the same time in the beginning, they arrive at the destination at different times. This time delay is called chromatic dispersion. Here, "chromatic" stresses the fact that the time delay depends on the color difference, or wavelength difference between the lights.
So what effect does chromatic dispersion have on fiber optic communication systems?
The direct effect is light pulse broadening. A perfect pulse starts at the beginning. After it travels a length of fiber, may it be 100 meters, or 20000 meters, the light pulse becomes wider than the original signal. This is caused by chromatic dispersion. Because in the same pulse, the blue light travels faster, and the red light travels slower, so the total width of the pulse gets stretched wider.
Now let's look at the bottom part of the picture. Two perfect signals start at the beginning, but at the end, since both pulses get wider because of chromatic dispersion, they get overlapped to each other. If the overlap is too big, the detector may not be able to recognize these two signals and you get an error.
So chromatic dispersion causes pulse broadening and bit error.
Chromatic dispersion is actually the sum of two different dispersion types.
The first type is called material dispersion. This is because that the refractive index of silica, the material used to make optical fiber, is frequency dependent. So different frequency components, which means different wavelengths of light, travel at different speeds in silica. This is called material dispersion.
Material Dispersion depends on the material's built-in refractive index and we cannot change that.
The second type is called waveguide dispersion.
To understand waveguide dispersion, we need to know that light pulse travels partly in the core and partly in the cladding of the fiber. Light travels slower at the core, and faster at the cladding. The overall speed depends on the proportion of power that is distributed in the core and cladding.
However, the power distribution itself is a function of the wavelength. The longer the wavelength, the more power in the cladding. So different colors of light travels at different speed because of different power distribution in the core and cladding.
This phenomenon is called waveguide dispersion.
Since we can change the fiber's refractive index profile, we can engineer the waveguide dispersion to make specialty fibers.
The total chromatic dispersion is the sum of material dispersion and waveguide dispersion.
In this figure, we can see the dispersion versus wavelength curves of the material dispersion, shown as the red line, the waveguide dispersion, shown as the blue line, and the total chromatic dispersion, sown as the pink line.
Even though we cannot change material dispersion since it only depends on the optical fiber material itself, we can change the fiber's refractive index profile design to make the waveguide dispersion compensate for the material dispersion so we can get zero chromatic dispersion at a specific wavelength. As shown in this figure, the zero chromatic dispersion point is at 1300nm. This is the chromatic dispersion profile of a standard single mode fiber.
So there you have it. Please leave your comment below if you'd like to see other topics.
Don't forget to visit
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com
for more free fiber optic tutorials. I will see you in the next video!
Colin Yao
Sales Manager
Fiber Optics For Sale Co.
- published: 13 Dec 2011
- views: 32828
Chromatic Dispersion - EXFO animated glossary of Fiber Optics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:52
- Updated: 17 Jun 2011
- views: 12206
For more glossary:http://www.exfo.com/Support-and-Services/Be-an-Expert-Training-Program/Animated-Optical-Glossary/
A variation in the phase velocity of ligh...
For more glossary:http://www.exfo.com/Support-and-Services/Be-an-Expert-Training-Program/Animated-Optical-Glossary/
A variation in the phase velocity of light according to wavelength, which in turn causes laser signals to broaden when traveling through an optical fiber; resulting in pulse overlapping and ultimately bit errors.
EXFO's Be-an-Expert Program has produced the world's first animated glossary of fiber optic terms. Including concise definitions and animated sequences, this tool provides a great reference for anyone that wishes to understand fiber terminology.
https://wn.com/Chromatic_Dispersion_Exfo_Animated_Glossary_Of_Fiber_Optics
For more glossary:http://www.exfo.com/Support-and-Services/Be-an-Expert-Training-Program/Animated-Optical-Glossary/
A variation in the phase velocity of light according to wavelength, which in turn causes laser signals to broaden when traveling through an optical fiber; resulting in pulse overlapping and ultimately bit errors.
EXFO's Be-an-Expert Program has produced the world's first animated glossary of fiber optic terms. Including concise definitions and animated sequences, this tool provides a great reference for anyone that wishes to understand fiber terminology.
- published: 17 Jun 2011
- views: 12206
Chromatic Dispersion in Prisms
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:55
- Updated: 17 Jan 2014
- views: 3137
Donate here: http://www.aklectures.com/donate.php
Website video link: http://www.aklectures.com/lecture/chromatic-dispersion-in-prisms
Facebook link: https://ww...
Donate here: http://www.aklectures.com/donate.php
Website video link: http://www.aklectures.com/lecture/chromatic-dispersion-in-prisms
Facebook link: https://www.facebook.com/aklectures
Website link: http://www.aklectures.com
https://wn.com/Chromatic_Dispersion_In_Prisms
Donate here: http://www.aklectures.com/donate.php
Website video link: http://www.aklectures.com/lecture/chromatic-dispersion-in-prisms
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Website link: http://www.aklectures.com
- published: 17 Jan 2014
- views: 3137
Dispersion (optics)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:35
- Updated: 03 Oct 2014
- views: 560
In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency, or equivalently when the group velocity depends on the f...
In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency, or equivalently when the group velocity depends on the frequency. Media having such a property are termed dispersive media. Dispersion is sometimes called chromatic dispersion to emphasize its wavelength-dependent nature, or group-velocity dispersion (GVD) to emphasize the role of the group velocity. Dispersion is most often described for light waves, but it may occur for any kind of wave that interacts with a medium or passes through an inhomogeneous geometry (e.g., a waveguide), such as sound waves. A material's dispersion for optical wavelengths is measured by its Abbe number, V, with low Abbe numbers corresponding to strong dispersion.
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video
https://wn.com/Dispersion_(Optics)
In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency, or equivalently when the group velocity depends on the frequency. Media having such a property are termed dispersive media. Dispersion is sometimes called chromatic dispersion to emphasize its wavelength-dependent nature, or group-velocity dispersion (GVD) to emphasize the role of the group velocity. Dispersion is most often described for light waves, but it may occur for any kind of wave that interacts with a medium or passes through an inhomogeneous geometry (e.g., a waveguide), such as sound waves. A material's dispersion for optical wavelengths is measured by its Abbe number, V, with low Abbe numbers corresponding to strong dispersion.
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video
- published: 03 Oct 2014
- views: 560
Dispersion by a prism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:36
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
- views: 57554
For more information:
http://www.7activestudio.com
info@7activestudio.com
http://www.7activemedical.com/
info@7activemedical.com
http://www.sciencetuts.com/
...
For more information:
http://www.7activestudio.com
info@7activestudio.com
http://www.7activemedical.com/
info@7activemedical.com
http://www.sciencetuts.com/
7activestudio@gmail.com
Contact: +91- 9700061777,
040-64501777 / 65864777
7 Active Technology Solutions Pvt.Ltd. is an educational 3D digital content provider for K-12. We also customise the content as per your requirement for companies platform providers colleges etc . 7 Active driving force "The Joy of Happy Learning" -- is what makes difference from other digital content providers. We consider Student needs, Lecturer needs and College needs in designing the 3D & 2D Animated Video Lectures. We are carrying a huge 3D Digital Library ready to use.
Dispersion by a Prism: If a prism is placed in a room and a narrow beam of white light is allowed to fall on one of its refracting faces, it is found that light coming out from the other face of the prism is split in to seven colors i.e violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. This phenomenon is called dispersion at light. The phenomenon of splitting of white light into its seven constituent colors is called dispersion of light.
Dispersion power: The dispersive power ω of a prism is the ratio of angular dispersion to the deviation of the mean ray u yellow color i.e,
Dispersive power ωat prism depends only on the nature of the material of the prism. However, angular dispersion and mean deviation both depend on nature of prism material and the angle at prism.
https://wn.com/Dispersion_By_A_Prism
For more information:
http://www.7activestudio.com
info@7activestudio.com
http://www.7activemedical.com/
info@7activemedical.com
http://www.sciencetuts.com/
7activestudio@gmail.com
Contact: +91- 9700061777,
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7 Active Technology Solutions Pvt.Ltd. is an educational 3D digital content provider for K-12. We also customise the content as per your requirement for companies platform providers colleges etc . 7 Active driving force "The Joy of Happy Learning" -- is what makes difference from other digital content providers. We consider Student needs, Lecturer needs and College needs in designing the 3D & 2D Animated Video Lectures. We are carrying a huge 3D Digital Library ready to use.
Dispersion by a Prism: If a prism is placed in a room and a narrow beam of white light is allowed to fall on one of its refracting faces, it is found that light coming out from the other face of the prism is split in to seven colors i.e violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. This phenomenon is called dispersion at light. The phenomenon of splitting of white light into its seven constituent colors is called dispersion of light.
Dispersion power: The dispersive power ω of a prism is the ratio of angular dispersion to the deviation of the mean ray u yellow color i.e,
Dispersive power ωat prism depends only on the nature of the material of the prism. However, angular dispersion and mean deviation both depend on nature of prism material and the angle at prism.
- published: 30 Oct 2012
- views: 57554
Internal Reflection and Dispersion.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:00
- Updated: 23 Mar 2014
- views: 5581
Total internal reflection, fiber optics, dispersion, and rainbows: how wonderful light can be!
Table of Contents:
00:00 - Total Internal Reflection and Disper...
Total internal reflection, fiber optics, dispersion, and rainbows: how wonderful light can be!
Table of Contents:
00:00 - Total Internal Reflection and Dispersion
06:18 - Fiber Optics
08:03 - Dispersion
09:05 - Dispersion
09:07 - Raindrop
10:31 - Rainbow
13:10 - Rainbow
13:24 - Secondary Rainbow
14:05 - Secondary Rainbow
14:23 - Secondary Rainbow
14:44 - You should take some time to meditate about what you just learned... you can totally, internally reflect!
https://wn.com/Internal_Reflection_And_Dispersion.Mp4
Total internal reflection, fiber optics, dispersion, and rainbows: how wonderful light can be!
Table of Contents:
00:00 - Total Internal Reflection and Dispersion
06:18 - Fiber Optics
08:03 - Dispersion
09:05 - Dispersion
09:07 - Raindrop
10:31 - Rainbow
13:10 - Rainbow
13:24 - Secondary Rainbow
14:05 - Secondary Rainbow
14:23 - Secondary Rainbow
14:44 - You should take some time to meditate about what you just learned... you can totally, internally reflect!
- published: 23 Mar 2014
- views: 5581
What is Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (DSF)? - FO4SALE.COM
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:16
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
- views: 10132
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/p/Corning-250um-Bare-Fiber/SMFLF.html
In order to understand dispersion shifted fiber, we have to know what is chromatic disper...
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/p/Corning-250um-Bare-Fiber/SMFLF.html
In order to understand dispersion shifted fiber, we have to know what is chromatic dispersion. Let's look at this graph first. Most glass optical fibers are made of fused silica and this graph shows that the refractive index of silica changes as a function of wavelength, which means that different wavelengths travel at different speeds in silica.
Because of this speed difference, in a light pulse, some light colors travel faster, and some light colors travel slower, this makes the pulse to spread out in time, which is called pulse spreading.
Chromatic dispersion measures this pulse spreading at difference wavelengths, as you can see the second curve on this graph. Chromatic dispersion has a unit of ps/nm-km. So the number +20 at 1.6um means that a light pulse which has a wavelength range of 1600nm to 1601nm will be 20 ps wider in time after traveling 1km of fiber.
However, the total chromatic dispersion is actually the sum of two dispersions, the material dispersion as we saw in the previous graph, and the wavelength dispersion.
As we learned from the last graph, material dispersion is determined by the material, and it can not be modified by fiber designs unless you change the material.
However, the second dispersion, waveguide dispersion is caused by the distribution of light between core and cladding and it can be modified by using different fiber designs, such as changing the refractive index profiles and dimensions etc. This means we can use waveguide dispersion to offset material dispersion.
This graph shows the material dispersion, waveguide dispersion and the total chromatic dispersion of a standard step-index single mode fiber, which is also called ITU-T G.652 fiber. SMF-28e+ fiber from Corning is one such fiber.
After the offset, the total dispersion is 0 at 1310nm wavelength. This means a light pulse at 1310nm will have no pulse spreading problem.
Standard step-index single mode fibers has 0 dispersion at 1310nm, but 1310nm is not the lowest loss point. Instead, the lowest attenuation point is at 1550nm and 1550nm has been widely used for long distance telecom networks.
So in order to match this lowest attenuation point at 1550nm, engineers invented zero dispersion-shifted fibers in mid-1980s. They moved the waveguide dispersion even further down so the total chromatic dispersion is 0 at 1550nm.
This fiber was first simply called dispersion-shifted fiber, but after the invention of non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber, which I will discuss in the next slide, these fibers are now called zero dispersion-shifted fibers. Zero means their dispersion is zero in the middle of the erbium-doped fiber amplifier band.
Although this design worked well for single-channel systems, it proved unsuitable for WDM. When multiple optical channels pass through the same fiber at wavelengths where dispersion is very close to zero, they suffer from a type of crosstalk called four-wave mixing. The degradation is so severe that zero dispersion-shifted fiber cannot be used for dense-WDM systems.
Zero dispersion-shifted fibers were installed in some systems, but never came into wide use and are no longer manufactured.
And that is why engineers invented non-zero dispersion shifted fibers.
The way to avoid four-wave mixing is to move the zero-dispersion wavelength outside of the wavelength band used for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. The name Non-Zero comes from the fact that their dispersion is shifted to a value that is low -- but not zero -- in the 1550nm band of erbium-fiber amplifiers.
This small dispersion is enough to keep signals at closely spaced wavelengths from staying in phase over long distances and causing serious crosstalk.
This small dispersion can be provided by moving the zero-dispersion wavelength either shorter or longer than the erbium-fiber 1550nm band, as shown in this figure.
For dense-WDM applications using erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, the current favorite is a zero-dispersion point at a wavelength of 1500nm or less.
Dispersion-shifted fibers do this by using different refractive index profile designs. So they can adjust the amount of waveguide dispersion differently. These pictures show refractive index profile example of one zero dispersion-shifted fiber and one non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber.
So there you have it. Please don't forget to visit http://www.fo4sale.com for more free fiber optic tutorials.
https://wn.com/What_Is_Dispersion_Shifted_Fiber_(Dsf)_Fo4Sale.Com
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/p/Corning-250um-Bare-Fiber/SMFLF.html
In order to understand dispersion shifted fiber, we have to know what is chromatic dispersion. Let's look at this graph first. Most glass optical fibers are made of fused silica and this graph shows that the refractive index of silica changes as a function of wavelength, which means that different wavelengths travel at different speeds in silica.
Because of this speed difference, in a light pulse, some light colors travel faster, and some light colors travel slower, this makes the pulse to spread out in time, which is called pulse spreading.
Chromatic dispersion measures this pulse spreading at difference wavelengths, as you can see the second curve on this graph. Chromatic dispersion has a unit of ps/nm-km. So the number +20 at 1.6um means that a light pulse which has a wavelength range of 1600nm to 1601nm will be 20 ps wider in time after traveling 1km of fiber.
However, the total chromatic dispersion is actually the sum of two dispersions, the material dispersion as we saw in the previous graph, and the wavelength dispersion.
As we learned from the last graph, material dispersion is determined by the material, and it can not be modified by fiber designs unless you change the material.
However, the second dispersion, waveguide dispersion is caused by the distribution of light between core and cladding and it can be modified by using different fiber designs, such as changing the refractive index profiles and dimensions etc. This means we can use waveguide dispersion to offset material dispersion.
This graph shows the material dispersion, waveguide dispersion and the total chromatic dispersion of a standard step-index single mode fiber, which is also called ITU-T G.652 fiber. SMF-28e+ fiber from Corning is one such fiber.
After the offset, the total dispersion is 0 at 1310nm wavelength. This means a light pulse at 1310nm will have no pulse spreading problem.
Standard step-index single mode fibers has 0 dispersion at 1310nm, but 1310nm is not the lowest loss point. Instead, the lowest attenuation point is at 1550nm and 1550nm has been widely used for long distance telecom networks.
So in order to match this lowest attenuation point at 1550nm, engineers invented zero dispersion-shifted fibers in mid-1980s. They moved the waveguide dispersion even further down so the total chromatic dispersion is 0 at 1550nm.
This fiber was first simply called dispersion-shifted fiber, but after the invention of non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber, which I will discuss in the next slide, these fibers are now called zero dispersion-shifted fibers. Zero means their dispersion is zero in the middle of the erbium-doped fiber amplifier band.
Although this design worked well for single-channel systems, it proved unsuitable for WDM. When multiple optical channels pass through the same fiber at wavelengths where dispersion is very close to zero, they suffer from a type of crosstalk called four-wave mixing. The degradation is so severe that zero dispersion-shifted fiber cannot be used for dense-WDM systems.
Zero dispersion-shifted fibers were installed in some systems, but never came into wide use and are no longer manufactured.
And that is why engineers invented non-zero dispersion shifted fibers.
The way to avoid four-wave mixing is to move the zero-dispersion wavelength outside of the wavelength band used for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. The name Non-Zero comes from the fact that their dispersion is shifted to a value that is low -- but not zero -- in the 1550nm band of erbium-fiber amplifiers.
This small dispersion is enough to keep signals at closely spaced wavelengths from staying in phase over long distances and causing serious crosstalk.
This small dispersion can be provided by moving the zero-dispersion wavelength either shorter or longer than the erbium-fiber 1550nm band, as shown in this figure.
For dense-WDM applications using erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, the current favorite is a zero-dispersion point at a wavelength of 1500nm or less.
Dispersion-shifted fibers do this by using different refractive index profile designs. So they can adjust the amount of waveguide dispersion differently. These pictures show refractive index profile example of one zero dispersion-shifted fiber and one non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber.
So there you have it. Please don't forget to visit http://www.fo4sale.com for more free fiber optic tutorials.
- published: 07 Dec 2012
- views: 10132
Dispersion Of White Light
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:58
- Updated: 30 Apr 2010
- views: 196397
Follow us at: https://twitter.com/TutorVista
Check us out at http://www.tutorvista.com/physics/dispersion-of-white-light
Dispersion Of White Light
In optics...
Follow us at: https://twitter.com/TutorVista
Check us out at http://www.tutorvista.com/physics/dispersion-of-white-light
Dispersion Of White Light
In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency, or alternatively when the group velocity depends on the frequency. Media having such a property are termed dispersive media. Dispersion is sometimes called chromatic dispersion to emphasize its wavelength-dependent nature, or group-velocity dispersion (GVD) to emphasize the role of the group velocity.
The most familiar example of dispersion is probably a rainbow, in which dispersion causes the spatial separation of a white light into components of different wavelengths (different colors). However, dispersion also has an effect in many other circumstances: for example, GVD causes pulses to spread in optical fibers, degrading signals over long distances; also, a cancellation between group-velocity dispersion and nonlinear effects leads to soliton waves. Dispersion is most often described for light waves, but it may occur for any kind of wave that interacts with a medium or passes through an inhomogeneous geometry (e.g. a waveguide), such as sound waves.
There are generally two sources of dispersion: material dispersion and waveguide dispersion. Material dispersion comes from a frequency-dependent response of a material to waves. For example, material dispersion leads to undesired chromatic aberration in a lens or the separation of colors in a prism. Waveguide dispersion occurs when the speed of a wave in a waveguide (such as an optical fiber) depends on its frequency for geometric reasons, independent of any frequency dependence of the materials from which it is constructed. More generally, "waveguide" dispersion can occur for waves propagating through any inhomogeneous structure (e.g. a photonic crystal), whether or not the waves are confined to some region. In general, both types of dispersion may be present, although they are not strictly additive. Their combination leads to signal degradation in optical fibers for telecommunications, because the varying delay in arrival time between different components of a signal "smears out" the signal in time.
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https://wn.com/Dispersion_Of_White_Light
Follow us at: https://twitter.com/TutorVista
Check us out at http://www.tutorvista.com/physics/dispersion-of-white-light
Dispersion Of White Light
In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency, or alternatively when the group velocity depends on the frequency. Media having such a property are termed dispersive media. Dispersion is sometimes called chromatic dispersion to emphasize its wavelength-dependent nature, or group-velocity dispersion (GVD) to emphasize the role of the group velocity.
The most familiar example of dispersion is probably a rainbow, in which dispersion causes the spatial separation of a white light into components of different wavelengths (different colors). However, dispersion also has an effect in many other circumstances: for example, GVD causes pulses to spread in optical fibers, degrading signals over long distances; also, a cancellation between group-velocity dispersion and nonlinear effects leads to soliton waves. Dispersion is most often described for light waves, but it may occur for any kind of wave that interacts with a medium or passes through an inhomogeneous geometry (e.g. a waveguide), such as sound waves.
There are generally two sources of dispersion: material dispersion and waveguide dispersion. Material dispersion comes from a frequency-dependent response of a material to waves. For example, material dispersion leads to undesired chromatic aberration in a lens or the separation of colors in a prism. Waveguide dispersion occurs when the speed of a wave in a waveguide (such as an optical fiber) depends on its frequency for geometric reasons, independent of any frequency dependence of the materials from which it is constructed. More generally, "waveguide" dispersion can occur for waves propagating through any inhomogeneous structure (e.g. a photonic crystal), whether or not the waves are confined to some region. In general, both types of dispersion may be present, although they are not strictly additive. Their combination leads to signal degradation in optical fibers for telecommunications, because the varying delay in arrival time between different components of a signal "smears out" the signal in time.
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- published: 30 Apr 2010
- views: 196397
Procedural Disintegration (QubaHQ Tutorial)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:09:34
- Updated: 30 Apr 2017
- views: 0
In this long-delayed tutorial I will show you an efficient method for disintegrating/dispersing a 3D layer into particles. The method shown here has been optimi...
In this long-delayed tutorial I will show you an efficient method for disintegrating/dispersing a 3D layer into particles. The method shown here has been optimized to produce maximum amount of particles at lowest computing cost (more stuff flying around, faster renders).
Originally planned to be released in June 2010, this tutorial concludes the four-part series including: 100% Accurate Reflections, Automated Light Rig and Light Wall.
Running time: 70min
Difficulty: Medium
Required tools: After Effects, Trapcode Particular
Optional plug-ins: VC Optical Flares (or similar)
Original post at QubaHQ site:
http://qubahq.com/2011/01/tutorial-procedural-disintegration/
https://wn.com/Procedural_Disintegration_(Qubahq_Tutorial)
In this long-delayed tutorial I will show you an efficient method for disintegrating/dispersing a 3D layer into particles. The method shown here has been optimized to produce maximum amount of particles at lowest computing cost (more stuff flying around, faster renders).
Originally planned to be released in June 2010, this tutorial concludes the four-part series including: 100% Accurate Reflections, Automated Light Rig and Light Wall.
Running time: 70min
Difficulty: Medium
Required tools: After Effects, Trapcode Particular
Optional plug-ins: VC Optical Flares (or similar)
Original post at QubaHQ site:
http://qubahq.com/2011/01/tutorial-procedural-disintegration/
- published: 08 Jan 2011
- views: 0
STELLAR Console Table by Jake Phipps
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:00
- Updated: 30 Apr 2017
- views: 9574
The STELLAR Console takes inspiration from the natural
attributes of amethyst geodes. The large expansive surfaces of
the console are in stark contrast to the t...
The STELLAR Console takes inspiration from the natural
attributes of amethyst geodes. The large expansive surfaces of
the console are in stark contrast to the turbulent seam
of 900 individually sized and angled mirrored sections
running through it. This change in surface creates an optical
dispersion that breaks down the light and the surrounding
environment, delivering it to the eye as one sparkling entity.
https://wn.com/Stellar_Console_Table_By_Jake_Phipps
The STELLAR Console takes inspiration from the natural
attributes of amethyst geodes. The large expansive surfaces of
the console are in stark contrast to the turbulent seam
of 900 individually sized and angled mirrored sections
running through it. This change in surface creates an optical
dispersion that breaks down the light and the surrounding
environment, delivering it to the eye as one sparkling entity.
- published: 03 Jul 2012
- views: 9574
Fakhruddin Holdings corporate video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:20
- Updated: 30 Apr 2017
- views: 20706
3D crystals and text incorporated into live footage.
This animation is part of a larger video production, promoting Fakhruddin Holdings (whose logo is formed a...
3D crystals and text incorporated into live footage.
This animation is part of a larger video production, promoting Fakhruddin Holdings (whose logo is formed at the end).
The client was inspired by an existing animation and the brief was asking for an interpretation of it within graded real world video footage. There were particular requirements with regard to the look of the shards throughout the piece.
Elyarch’s main contribution comprises all aspects of the creation, rendering and incorporation of the shard elements into the footage (as well as recreating various buildings from the footage in 3D to catch the optical effects).
The sound used here is for showcasing purposes.
Animation of the growing building (towards the end of this video) was made by a different company. Elyarch was responsible for the lighting, materials and rendering of this element.
The projections from the shards are the logos of the main sub companies of Fakhruddin holdings. The use of these logo projections and the accompanying dispersion effect were Elyarch's ideas.
Special thanks to our producers: Air3 (air3.tv) and Run productions (runproductions.tv)
Music by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
https://wn.com/Fakhruddin_Holdings_Corporate_Video
3D crystals and text incorporated into live footage.
This animation is part of a larger video production, promoting Fakhruddin Holdings (whose logo is formed at the end).
The client was inspired by an existing animation and the brief was asking for an interpretation of it within graded real world video footage. There were particular requirements with regard to the look of the shards throughout the piece.
Elyarch’s main contribution comprises all aspects of the creation, rendering and incorporation of the shard elements into the footage (as well as recreating various buildings from the footage in 3D to catch the optical effects).
The sound used here is for showcasing purposes.
Animation of the growing building (towards the end of this video) was made by a different company. Elyarch was responsible for the lighting, materials and rendering of this element.
The projections from the shards are the logos of the main sub companies of Fakhruddin holdings. The use of these logo projections and the accompanying dispersion effect were Elyarch's ideas.
Special thanks to our producers: Air3 (air3.tv) and Run productions (runproductions.tv)
Music by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
- published: 07 Mar 2012
- views: 20706
Simga 18-300mm lens Review on GH4.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 25 Apr 2017
- views: 884
A quick review of the Sigma 18-300 F3.5-6.3 attached to the Metabones Speedbooster BMPCC version. Making the lens become what I believe a 24-400 f2.0 - f3.4*. ...
A quick review of the Sigma 18-300 F3.5-6.3 attached to the Metabones Speedbooster BMPCC version. Making the lens become what I believe a 24-400 f2.0 - f3.4*. Great for run and gun broll gathering for events, weddings, music videos and other corporate things.
https://secure.bhphotovideo.com/c/search?N=11082146&InitialSearch;=yes&sts;=pi
An all-in-one zoom for APS-C cameras, the 18-300mm f/3.5-6.3 DC MACRO OS HSM Contemporary Lens from Sigma provides users of Nikon F-mount cameras with an extremely versatile focal length equivalent of 27-450mm. This version also offers optical image stabilization for reducing the effects of camera shake at longer focal lengths and slower shutter speeds. The lens also has a maximum aperture range of f/3.5-6.3 and benefits from the inclusion of one SLD and four FLD elements. Additionally, a Super Multi-Layer coating on the elements results in less flare and improved contrast.
Utilizing a Hyper Sonic Motor for autofocus ensures quick, quiet, and accurate focusing, all the way to the lens' minimum focus distance of just 15". A lens hood is included with the lens and it is compatible with Sigma's USB Dock for installing firmware updates and adjusting focus.
Lens construction with 17 elements in 13 groups
Super Multi-Layer Coating reduces flare and ghosting for higher contrast images
"F" Low Dispersion, or FLD, glass is designed with performance similar to flourite elements with a low refractive index and low dispersion for minimizing chromatic aberration as well as clearer and sharper imagery
Special Low Dispersion, or SLD, glass elements assist in providing greater clarity and contrast to an image
Maximum magnification ratio of 1:3 or 1:2 with optional AML72-01 close-up lens
Features a front 72mm filter thread
Eligible for Sigma's Mount Conversion Service
*(Based on numbers from Metabones. I have no way of testing them for accuracy.)
https://wn.com/Simga_18_300Mm_Lens_Review_On_Gh4.
A quick review of the Sigma 18-300 F3.5-6.3 attached to the Metabones Speedbooster BMPCC version. Making the lens become what I believe a 24-400 f2.0 - f3.4*. Great for run and gun broll gathering for events, weddings, music videos and other corporate things.
https://secure.bhphotovideo.com/c/search?N=11082146&InitialSearch;=yes&sts;=pi
An all-in-one zoom for APS-C cameras, the 18-300mm f/3.5-6.3 DC MACRO OS HSM Contemporary Lens from Sigma provides users of Nikon F-mount cameras with an extremely versatile focal length equivalent of 27-450mm. This version also offers optical image stabilization for reducing the effects of camera shake at longer focal lengths and slower shutter speeds. The lens also has a maximum aperture range of f/3.5-6.3 and benefits from the inclusion of one SLD and four FLD elements. Additionally, a Super Multi-Layer coating on the elements results in less flare and improved contrast.
Utilizing a Hyper Sonic Motor for autofocus ensures quick, quiet, and accurate focusing, all the way to the lens' minimum focus distance of just 15". A lens hood is included with the lens and it is compatible with Sigma's USB Dock for installing firmware updates and adjusting focus.
Lens construction with 17 elements in 13 groups
Super Multi-Layer Coating reduces flare and ghosting for higher contrast images
"F" Low Dispersion, or FLD, glass is designed with performance similar to flourite elements with a low refractive index and low dispersion for minimizing chromatic aberration as well as clearer and sharper imagery
Special Low Dispersion, or SLD, glass elements assist in providing greater clarity and contrast to an image
Maximum magnification ratio of 1:3 or 1:2 with optional AML72-01 close-up lens
Features a front 72mm filter thread
Eligible for Sigma's Mount Conversion Service
*(Based on numbers from Metabones. I have no way of testing them for accuracy.)
- published: 26 Jul 2015
- views: 884
Shambhavi Kaul, Place for Landing (Excerpt)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:09
- Updated: 30 Apr 2017
- views: 406
16mm, color and b&w;, sound, India-USA, 2010, 6'
Un paysage familier fait de miroirs. Un enfant et son reflet s’inscrivent dans un patchwork d’ombres lunaires....
16mm, color and b&w;, sound, India-USA, 2010, 6'
Un paysage familier fait de miroirs. Un enfant et son reflet s’inscrivent dans un patchwork d’ombres lunaires. La caméra procède à sa poursuite optique: l’enfant disparaît et un oiseau émerge. Le miroir implose/explose à travers l’espace. Son verre marbré indique et devient par la même un espace d’atterrissage (A Place for Landing). Après une série de fausses directions engendrées par le miroir, tout est rétabli avec l’arrivée d’un fragment de chanson dans cette troublante illusion haptique.
A household landscape of mirrors. A child and its reflection are inscribed in a shadowy lunar patchwork. The camera switches its optical pursuit: the child disappears and a bird emerges. The surveying mirror implodes or explodes into space. Its mottled hallway glass both indicates and becomes a Place For Landing. After a series of clever misdirections by the mirror, all is redeemed by a fragment of song in this unsettling haptic illusion.
Le travail filmique de Shambhavi Kaul évoque les caractères surnaturel et science-fictionnel des non-lieux. Décrit comme la création de "zones de compression et de dispersion", son travail use des techniques de montage et de recyclage, invitant à une réaction affective tout en créant une distanciation.
Son oeuvre a été diffusée à travers le monde (Festival International du film de Toronto, Festival du film de New-York, Festival international du film de Rotterdam, Festival international du film d'Edinburgh, Festival international du court-métrage d'Oberhausen parmi d'autres).
Elle est née à Jodhpur en Inde et travaille actuellement entre l'Inde et les Etats-Unis.
Shambhavi Kaul's cinematic constructions conjure uncanny, science-fictive non-places. Described as creating “zones of compression and dispersion,” her work utilizes strategies of montage and recirculation, inviting an affective response while simultaneously measuring our capacity to know what we encounter. She has exhibited her work worldwide at venues such as the Toronto International Film Festival, The New York Film Festival, the International Film Festival Rotterdam, The Edinburgh International Film Festival, Internationale Kurzfilmtage Oberhausen, the Ann Arbor Film Festival and Experimenta India among others. Shambhavi Kaul was born in Jodhpur, India and currently lives in India and the United States.
https://wn.com/Shambhavi_Kaul,_Place_For_Landing_(Excerpt)
16mm, color and b&w;, sound, India-USA, 2010, 6'
Un paysage familier fait de miroirs. Un enfant et son reflet s’inscrivent dans un patchwork d’ombres lunaires. La caméra procède à sa poursuite optique: l’enfant disparaît et un oiseau émerge. Le miroir implose/explose à travers l’espace. Son verre marbré indique et devient par la même un espace d’atterrissage (A Place for Landing). Après une série de fausses directions engendrées par le miroir, tout est rétabli avec l’arrivée d’un fragment de chanson dans cette troublante illusion haptique.
A household landscape of mirrors. A child and its reflection are inscribed in a shadowy lunar patchwork. The camera switches its optical pursuit: the child disappears and a bird emerges. The surveying mirror implodes or explodes into space. Its mottled hallway glass both indicates and becomes a Place For Landing. After a series of clever misdirections by the mirror, all is redeemed by a fragment of song in this unsettling haptic illusion.
Le travail filmique de Shambhavi Kaul évoque les caractères surnaturel et science-fictionnel des non-lieux. Décrit comme la création de "zones de compression et de dispersion", son travail use des techniques de montage et de recyclage, invitant à une réaction affective tout en créant une distanciation.
Son oeuvre a été diffusée à travers le monde (Festival International du film de Toronto, Festival du film de New-York, Festival international du film de Rotterdam, Festival international du film d'Edinburgh, Festival international du court-métrage d'Oberhausen parmi d'autres).
Elle est née à Jodhpur en Inde et travaille actuellement entre l'Inde et les Etats-Unis.
Shambhavi Kaul's cinematic constructions conjure uncanny, science-fictive non-places. Described as creating “zones of compression and dispersion,” her work utilizes strategies of montage and recirculation, inviting an affective response while simultaneously measuring our capacity to know what we encounter. She has exhibited her work worldwide at venues such as the Toronto International Film Festival, The New York Film Festival, the International Film Festival Rotterdam, The Edinburgh International Film Festival, Internationale Kurzfilmtage Oberhausen, the Ann Arbor Film Festival and Experimenta India among others. Shambhavi Kaul was born in Jodhpur, India and currently lives in India and the United States.
- published: 01 Apr 2014
- views: 406
Lucas Thanos ~ Elegeia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:23
- Updated: 01 May 2017
- views: 0
music by Lucas Thanos
photographs by various artists
location: The Grand Prismatic Spring in Yellowstone National Park, USA
The Grand Prismatic Spring in Yello...
music by Lucas Thanos
photographs by various artists
location: The Grand Prismatic Spring in Yellowstone National Park, USA
The Grand Prismatic Spring in Yellowstone National Park is the largest hot spring in the United States, and the third largest in the world, after Frying Pan Lake in New Zealand and Boiling Lake in Dominica. It is located in the Midway Geyser Basin.
Grand Prismatic Spring was noted by geologists working in the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871, and named by them for its striking coloration. Its colors match the rainbow dispersion of white light by an optical prism: red, orange, yellow, green, and blue.
Color
The vivid colors in the spring are the result of pigmented bacteria in the microbial mats that grow around the edges of the mineral-rich water. The bacteria produce colors ranging from green to red; the amount of color in the microbial mats depends on the ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoids and on the temperature of the water which favors one bacterium over another. In the summer, the mats tend to be orange and red, whereas in the winter the mats are usually dark green. The center of the pool is sterile due to extreme heat.
The deep blue color of the water in the center of the pool results from the intrinsic blue color of water, itself the result of water's selective absorption of red wavelengths of visible light. Though this effect is responsible for making all large bodies of water blue, it is particularly intense in Grand Prismatic Spring because of the high purity and depth of the water in the middle of the spring.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prismatic_Spring
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music by Lucas Thanos
photographs by various artists
location: The Grand Prismatic Spring in Yellowstone National Park, USA
The Grand Prismatic Spring in Yellowstone National Park is the largest hot spring in the United States, and the third largest in the world, after Frying Pan Lake in New Zealand and Boiling Lake in Dominica. It is located in the Midway Geyser Basin.
Grand Prismatic Spring was noted by geologists working in the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871, and named by them for its striking coloration. Its colors match the rainbow dispersion of white light by an optical prism: red, orange, yellow, green, and blue.
Color
The vivid colors in the spring are the result of pigmented bacteria in the microbial mats that grow around the edges of the mineral-rich water. The bacteria produce colors ranging from green to red; the amount of color in the microbial mats depends on the ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoids and on the temperature of the water which favors one bacterium over another. In the summer, the mats tend to be orange and red, whereas in the winter the mats are usually dark green. The center of the pool is sterile due to extreme heat.
The deep blue color of the water in the center of the pool results from the intrinsic blue color of water, itself the result of water's selective absorption of red wavelengths of visible light. Though this effect is responsible for making all large bodies of water blue, it is particularly intense in Grand Prismatic Spring because of the high purity and depth of the water in the middle of the spring.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prismatic_Spring
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- published: 15 Aug 2014
- views: 0
Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 Review
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Updated: 29 Apr 2017
- views: 256
http://www.bestratedriflescopes.com/vortex-optics-viper-hs-2-5-10x44-riflescope-w-dead-hold-bdc-reticle-vhs-4303-review/ - Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Rifl...
http://www.bestratedriflescopes.com/vortex-optics-viper-hs-2-5-10x44-riflescope-w-dead-hold-bdc-reticle-vhs-4303-review/ - Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 Review
The Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 is Now on Sale - Click The Link Above For a Great Discount!
The Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 offers hunters and shooters an array of features sure to be well received. The advanced optical system, highlighted with a 4x zoom range, provides magnification versatility. A forgiving eye box with increased eye relief gets shooters on target quickly and easily. Built on an ultra-strong 30mm one-piece machined aluminum tube, the Viper HS delivers increased windage and elevation travel for optimal adjustment. Optical Features XD Lens Elements Extra-low dispersion (XD) glass increases resolution and color fidelity, resulting in crisp, sharp images. XR Lens Coatings Vortex proprietary XR fully multi-coated lens coatings increase light transmission for maximum brightness.
To Learn More About The Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 Click Here ))) http://www.bestratedriflescopes.com/vortex-optics-viper-hs-2-5-10x44-riflescope-w-dead-hold-bdc-reticle-vhs-4303-review/
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http://www.bestratedriflescopes.com/vortex-optics-viper-hs-2-5-10x44-riflescope-w-dead-hold-bdc-reticle-vhs-4303-review/ - Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 Review
The Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 is Now on Sale - Click The Link Above For a Great Discount!
The Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 offers hunters and shooters an array of features sure to be well received. The advanced optical system, highlighted with a 4x zoom range, provides magnification versatility. A forgiving eye box with increased eye relief gets shooters on target quickly and easily. Built on an ultra-strong 30mm one-piece machined aluminum tube, the Viper HS delivers increased windage and elevation travel for optimal adjustment. Optical Features XD Lens Elements Extra-low dispersion (XD) glass increases resolution and color fidelity, resulting in crisp, sharp images. XR Lens Coatings Vortex proprietary XR fully multi-coated lens coatings increase light transmission for maximum brightness.
To Learn More About The Vortex Optics Viper HS 2.5-10×44 Riflescope w/ Dead-Hold BDC Reticle VHS-4303 Click Here ))) http://www.bestratedriflescopes.com/vortex-optics-viper-hs-2-5-10x44-riflescope-w-dead-hold-bdc-reticle-vhs-4303-review/
- published: 10 Jan 2014
- views: 256
PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case by BigTProducts sale
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:57
- Updated: 08 Sep 2016
- views: 2
http://bit.ly/1hxaCLS - PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case by BigTProducts Review
The PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case by BigTProducts is Now on Sale - Click The Link Above F...
http://bit.ly/1hxaCLS - PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case by BigTProducts Review
The PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case by BigTProducts is Now on Sale - Click The Link Above For a Great Discount!
The PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case features a 45-degree slanted lens barrel for comfortable viewing in just about any situation. This scope is designed for high-precision outdoor viewing, along with enhanced optical quality which provides truer color tones. With porro-prism optics and a 65mm objective lens with extra-low dispersion optical elements, it delivers sharp, high-contrast images. Viewing in inclement weather won’t be a problem as the PF-65ED-A II is waterproof and nitrogen filled (JIS Class 6).
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http://bit.ly/1hxaCLS - PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case by BigTProducts Review
The PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case by BigTProducts is Now on Sale - Click The Link Above For a Great Discount!
The PF-65ED-A II w/Field Case features a 45-degree slanted lens barrel for comfortable viewing in just about any situation. This scope is designed for high-precision outdoor viewing, along with enhanced optical quality which provides truer color tones. With porro-prism optics and a 65mm objective lens with extra-low dispersion optical elements, it delivers sharp, high-contrast images. Viewing in inclement weather won’t be a problem as the PF-65ED-A II is waterproof and nitrogen filled (JIS Class 6).
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- published: 07 Apr 2014
- views: 2
PCAT Organic Chemistry Review Study Guide
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:57:15
- Updated: 02 Jan 2017
- views: 39
- published: 09 Jul 2016
- views: 39
Slow Light - Mikio Kozuma, Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 27:05
- Updated: 27 Apr 2017
- views: 220
Slow Light
Mikio Kozuma, Tokyo Institute of Technology
1. Introduction
While lights are the fastest and the most robust carriers of information, it is diffi...
Slow Light
Mikio Kozuma, Tokyo Institute of Technology
1. Introduction
While lights are the fastest and the most robust carriers of information, it is difficult to localize and store them. Recently, a novel scheme to store the photonic information in an atomic ensemble was proposed [1], which is based on the phenomenon of ultraslow light propagation [2]. Ultraslow light propagation is made possible by electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) [3], which is a technique for turning an opaque medium for a weak probe light into a transparent one with the help of anadditional control light. There is a steep dispersion within the transparency window, so that the speed of the probe light pulse is significantly reduced in the EIT medium. Eventually the probe pulse is completely localized in the atomic medium. Cutting off the control light enables us to map the photonic information on the atomic spin information.
2. How to realize quantum memory
Proof-of-principle experiments were simultaneously performed by two groups [4,5], where a weak laser pulse was stored in an atomic ensemble and after a while the light pulse whose temporal waveform was similar to the original one was retrieved. These great demonstrations triggered the research to realize the quantum memory. In order to demonstrate the quantum memory, what kind of thing should we perform? Classical electromagnetism says the light is an oscillating electromagnetic field and itis thus represented as a dot in a plane where the transverse and the longitudinal axes are sinω t and cosω t , respectively. However, quantum mechanics says these two components behave as a position and a momentum of a particle, which means the light can not be represented as a dot due to the uncertainty principle. In other words, quantum property of the light field exists in its fluctuation. In order to demonstrate quantum memory, we have to store such a quantum fluctuation of the light field in the atomic medium.
3. Our experimental challenge
The uncertainty principle allows us to generate very special light field, i.e., the squeezed vacuum state, where the fluctuation of X is squeezed and that of P is enhanced. Since the squeezed vacuum is the field whose quantum fluctuation is manipulated, storing such a state should be the best demonstration of the quantum memory. EIT was successfully observed for the squeezed vacuum state [6] and very recently ultraslow propagation of the squeezed vacuum was also realized [7,8]. Now the final success is very close.
References
[1] “Quantum memory for photons: Dark-state polaritons”, M. Fleischhauer and M. D. Lukin, Physical Review A 65, 022314 (2002).
[2] “Light speed reduction to 17 meters per second in an ultracold atomic gas”, L. V. Hau, S. E. Harris, Z. Dutton, and C. H. Behroozi, Nature 397, 594 (1999).
[3] “Electromagnetically induced transparency”, S. E. Harris, Physics Today 50, 36 (1997).
[4] “Observation of coherent optical information storage in an atomic medium using halted light pulses”, C. Liu, Z. Dutton, C. H. Behroozi, and L .V. Hau, Nature 409, 490 (2001).
[5] “Storage of light in atomic vapor”, D. F. Phillips, A. Fleischhauer, A. Mair, R. L. Walsworth, and M. D. Lukin, Physical Review Letters 86, 783 (2001).
[6] “Electromagnetically induced transparency with squeezed vacuum”, D. Akamatsu,
K. Akiba, and M. Kozuma, Physical Review Letters 92, 203602 (2004).
[7] “Generation of a squeezed vacuum resonant on a rubidium D1 line with periodically poled KTiOPO4”, T. Tanimura, D. Akamatsu, Y. Yokoi, A. Furusawa and M. Kozuma, Optics Letters 31, 2344 (2006).
[8] “Ultraslow propagation of a squeezed vacuum with electromagnetically induced transparency”, D. Akamatsu, Y. Yokoi, T. Tanimura, A. Furusawa, and M. Kozuma, arXiv.org e-print archive, quant-ph/0611097.
https://wn.com/Slow_Light_Mikio_Kozuma,_Tokyo_Institute_Of_Technology
Slow Light
Mikio Kozuma, Tokyo Institute of Technology
1. Introduction
While lights are the fastest and the most robust carriers of information, it is difficult to localize and store them. Recently, a novel scheme to store the photonic information in an atomic ensemble was proposed [1], which is based on the phenomenon of ultraslow light propagation [2]. Ultraslow light propagation is made possible by electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) [3], which is a technique for turning an opaque medium for a weak probe light into a transparent one with the help of anadditional control light. There is a steep dispersion within the transparency window, so that the speed of the probe light pulse is significantly reduced in the EIT medium. Eventually the probe pulse is completely localized in the atomic medium. Cutting off the control light enables us to map the photonic information on the atomic spin information.
2. How to realize quantum memory
Proof-of-principle experiments were simultaneously performed by two groups [4,5], where a weak laser pulse was stored in an atomic ensemble and after a while the light pulse whose temporal waveform was similar to the original one was retrieved. These great demonstrations triggered the research to realize the quantum memory. In order to demonstrate the quantum memory, what kind of thing should we perform? Classical electromagnetism says the light is an oscillating electromagnetic field and itis thus represented as a dot in a plane where the transverse and the longitudinal axes are sinω t and cosω t , respectively. However, quantum mechanics says these two components behave as a position and a momentum of a particle, which means the light can not be represented as a dot due to the uncertainty principle. In other words, quantum property of the light field exists in its fluctuation. In order to demonstrate quantum memory, we have to store such a quantum fluctuation of the light field in the atomic medium.
3. Our experimental challenge
The uncertainty principle allows us to generate very special light field, i.e., the squeezed vacuum state, where the fluctuation of X is squeezed and that of P is enhanced. Since the squeezed vacuum is the field whose quantum fluctuation is manipulated, storing such a state should be the best demonstration of the quantum memory. EIT was successfully observed for the squeezed vacuum state [6] and very recently ultraslow propagation of the squeezed vacuum was also realized [7,8]. Now the final success is very close.
References
[1] “Quantum memory for photons: Dark-state polaritons”, M. Fleischhauer and M. D. Lukin, Physical Review A 65, 022314 (2002).
[2] “Light speed reduction to 17 meters per second in an ultracold atomic gas”, L. V. Hau, S. E. Harris, Z. Dutton, and C. H. Behroozi, Nature 397, 594 (1999).
[3] “Electromagnetically induced transparency”, S. E. Harris, Physics Today 50, 36 (1997).
[4] “Observation of coherent optical information storage in an atomic medium using halted light pulses”, C. Liu, Z. Dutton, C. H. Behroozi, and L .V. Hau, Nature 409, 490 (2001).
[5] “Storage of light in atomic vapor”, D. F. Phillips, A. Fleischhauer, A. Mair, R. L. Walsworth, and M. D. Lukin, Physical Review Letters 86, 783 (2001).
[6] “Electromagnetically induced transparency with squeezed vacuum”, D. Akamatsu,
K. Akiba, and M. Kozuma, Physical Review Letters 92, 203602 (2004).
[7] “Generation of a squeezed vacuum resonant on a rubidium D1 line with periodically poled KTiOPO4”, T. Tanimura, D. Akamatsu, Y. Yokoi, A. Furusawa and M. Kozuma, Optics Letters 31, 2344 (2006).
[8] “Ultraslow propagation of a squeezed vacuum with electromagnetically induced transparency”, D. Akamatsu, Y. Yokoi, T. Tanimura, A. Furusawa, and M. Kozuma, arXiv.org e-print archive, quant-ph/0611097.
- published: 06 Dec 2011
- views: 220
-
-
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Ray Optics Dispersion of Light Basics
This Video Covers all the Basic Details about Dispersion of Light through a Glass Prism, Expression for Deviation of Light ray on Passing through a Glass Prism and Conditions for Minimum Deviation.
published: 11 Jan 2017 -
XII-9-12 Dispersion of light (2016) Pradeep Kshetrapal Physics channel
Physics, Class:XII Chapter:Ray optics Topic: Dispersion of light Classroom lecture by Pradeep Kshetrapal. Language : English mixed with Hindi.
published: 29 Aug 2016 -
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2557 8 Optical Comm Pulse in Dispersive media
Optical Communications course for KMITL Telecommunication Engineering, Thailand
published: 27 Jan 2015 -
Diamond Mining - How are diamonds mined and formed? Documentary Film
Diamond Mining - How are diamonds mined and formed? Documentary Film In mineralogy, diamond is a metastable allotrope of carbon, where the carbon atoms are organized in a variation of the face-centered cubic crystal structure called a diamond lattice. Ruby is less secure than graphite, yet the conversion rate from ruby to graphite is negligible at typical problems. Diamond is renowned as a material with outstanding physical high qualities, the majority of which stem from the strong covalent bonding between its atoms. Specifically, ruby has the highest solidity and thermal conductivity of any type of mass material. Those properties figure out the major industrial application of diamond in cutting and polishing tools and the scientific applications in diamond blades and ruby anvil cells. A...
published: 02 Mar 2015 -
MOS Patrick Vaccaro 2015 05 05 part1
Modern Optics & Spectroscopy Seminar, Spring 2015 Optical Rotatory Dispersion: New Twist on the Old Topic. Patrick H. Vaccaro, Yale University
published: 14 Mar 2016 -
MOS Patrick Vaccaro 2015 05 05 part2
Modern Optics & Spectroscopy Seminar, Spring 2015 Optical Rotatory Dispersion: New Twist on the Old Topic. Patrick H. Vaccaro, Yale University
published: 14 Mar 2016 -
Ray Optics Dispersion of Light Lecture 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 36:28
- Updated: 12 Jan 2017
- views: 27
Ray Optics- Dispersion of Light
Ray Optics- Dispersion of Light
https://wn.com/Ray_Optics_Dispersion_Of_Light_Lecture_2
XII_57.Ray Optics, Dispersion (2013)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:22:20
- Updated: 08 Sep 2013
- views: 3718
Physics, Class XII Chapter: Ray Optics Topic: dispersion of colours Classroom lecture by Pradeep Kshetrapal. Language : English mixed with Hindi.
Physics, Class XII Chapter: Ray Optics Topic: dispersion of colours Classroom lecture by Pradeep Kshetrapal. Language : English mixed with Hindi.
https://wn.com/Xii_57.Ray_Optics,_Dispersion_(2013)
Ray Optics Dispersion of Light Basics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 57:46
- Updated: 11 Jan 2017
- views: 101
This Video Covers all the Basic Details about Dispersion of Light through a Glass Prism, Expression for Deviation of Light ray on Passing through a Glass Prism ...
This Video Covers all the Basic Details about Dispersion of Light through a Glass Prism, Expression for Deviation of Light ray on Passing through a Glass Prism and Conditions for Minimum Deviation.
https://wn.com/Ray_Optics_Dispersion_Of_Light_Basics
This Video Covers all the Basic Details about Dispersion of Light through a Glass Prism, Expression for Deviation of Light ray on Passing through a Glass Prism and Conditions for Minimum Deviation.
- published: 11 Jan 2017
- views: 101
XII-9-12 Dispersion of light (2016) Pradeep Kshetrapal Physics channel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 49:36
- Updated: 29 Aug 2016
- views: 7104
Physics, Class:XII Chapter:Ray optics Topic: Dispersion of light Classroom lecture by Pradeep Kshetrapal. Language : English mixed with Hindi.
Physics, Class:XII Chapter:Ray optics Topic: Dispersion of light Classroom lecture by Pradeep Kshetrapal. Language : English mixed with Hindi.
https://wn.com/Xii_9_12_Dispersion_Of_Light_(2016)_Pradeep_Kshetrapal_Physics_Channel
Physics, Class:XII Chapter:Ray optics Topic: Dispersion of light Classroom lecture by Pradeep Kshetrapal. Language : English mixed with Hindi.
- published: 29 Aug 2016
- views: 7104
XII-9-9 Dispersion of light (2015) Pradeep Kshetrapal Physics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:14:49
- Updated: 05 Oct 2015
- views: 7297
Physics, Class XII Chapter: Ray Optics Topic: Dispersion of light Classroom lecture by Pradeep Kshetrapal. Language : English mixed with Hindi.
Physics, Class XII Chapter: Ray Optics Topic: Dispersion of light Classroom lecture by Pradeep Kshetrapal. Language : English mixed with Hindi.
https://wn.com/Xii_9_9_Dispersion_Of_Light_(2015)_Pradeep_Kshetrapal_Physics
2557 8 Optical Comm Pulse in Dispersive media
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:04:15
- Updated: 27 Jan 2015
- views: 691
Optical Communications course for KMITL Telecommunication Engineering, Thailand
- published: 27 Jan 2015
- views: 691
Diamond Mining - How are diamonds mined and formed? Documentary Film
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:49
- Updated: 02 Mar 2015
- views: 551067
Diamond Mining - How are diamonds mined and formed? Documentary Film
In mineralogy, diamond is a metastable allotrope of carbon, where the carbon atoms are org...
Diamond Mining - How are diamonds mined and formed? Documentary Film
In mineralogy, diamond is a metastable allotrope of carbon, where the carbon atoms are organized in a variation of the face-centered cubic crystal structure called a diamond lattice. Ruby is less secure than graphite, yet the conversion rate from ruby to graphite is negligible at typical problems. Diamond is renowned as a material with outstanding physical high qualities, the majority of which stem from the strong covalent bonding between its atoms. Specifically, ruby has the highest solidity and thermal conductivity of any type of mass material. Those properties figure out the major industrial application of diamond in cutting and polishing tools and the scientific applications in diamond blades and ruby anvil cells.
As a result of its exceptionally stiff lattice, it could be polluted by really few kinds of contaminations, such as boron and nitrogen. Percentages of defects or impurities (concerning one per million of lattice atoms) shade ruby blue (boron), yellow (nitrogen), brownish (lattice problems), environment-friendly (radiation direct exposure), purple, pink, red or orange. Diamond also has reasonably high optical dispersion (ability to disperse light of various colors).
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Diamond Mining - How are diamonds mined and formed? Documentary Film
In mineralogy, diamond is a metastable allotrope of carbon, where the carbon atoms are organized in a variation of the face-centered cubic crystal structure called a diamond lattice. Ruby is less secure than graphite, yet the conversion rate from ruby to graphite is negligible at typical problems. Diamond is renowned as a material with outstanding physical high qualities, the majority of which stem from the strong covalent bonding between its atoms. Specifically, ruby has the highest solidity and thermal conductivity of any type of mass material. Those properties figure out the major industrial application of diamond in cutting and polishing tools and the scientific applications in diamond blades and ruby anvil cells.
As a result of its exceptionally stiff lattice, it could be polluted by really few kinds of contaminations, such as boron and nitrogen. Percentages of defects or impurities (concerning one per million of lattice atoms) shade ruby blue (boron), yellow (nitrogen), brownish (lattice problems), environment-friendly (radiation direct exposure), purple, pink, red or orange. Diamond also has reasonably high optical dispersion (ability to disperse light of various colors).
WILD LIFE DOCUMENTARIES - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL89NZer-bHII0dQDT30T4lN6qGy8f3Ndm
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- published: 02 Mar 2015
- views: 551067
MOS Patrick Vaccaro 2015 05 05 part1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:13
- Updated: 14 Mar 2016
- views: 18
Modern Optics & Spectroscopy Seminar, Spring 2015
Optical Rotatory Dispersion: New Twist on the Old Topic.
Patrick H. Vaccaro, Yale University
Modern Optics & Spectroscopy Seminar, Spring 2015
Optical Rotatory Dispersion: New Twist on the Old Topic.
Patrick H. Vaccaro, Yale University
https://wn.com/Mos_Patrick_Vaccaro_2015_05_05_Part1
Modern Optics & Spectroscopy Seminar, Spring 2015
Optical Rotatory Dispersion: New Twist on the Old Topic.
Patrick H. Vaccaro, Yale University
- published: 14 Mar 2016
- views: 18
MOS Patrick Vaccaro 2015 05 05 part2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:07
- Updated: 14 Mar 2016
- views: 15
Modern Optics & Spectroscopy Seminar, Spring 2015
Optical Rotatory Dispersion: New Twist on the Old Topic.
Patrick H. Vaccaro, Yale University
Modern Optics & Spectroscopy Seminar, Spring 2015
Optical Rotatory Dispersion: New Twist on the Old Topic.
Patrick H. Vaccaro, Yale University
https://wn.com/Mos_Patrick_Vaccaro_2015_05_05_Part2
Modern Optics & Spectroscopy Seminar, Spring 2015
Optical Rotatory Dispersion: New Twist on the Old Topic.
Patrick H. Vaccaro, Yale University
- published: 14 Mar 2016
- views: 15
XII_71A.Dispersion of light
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:02:12
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
- views: 13783
Physics, Class XII Chapter : Ray Optics Topic :Dispersion of light Classroom lecture by Pradeep Kshetrapal. Language : English mixed with Hindi.
Physics, Class XII Chapter : Ray Optics Topic :Dispersion of light Classroom lecture by Pradeep Kshetrapal. Language : English mixed with Hindi.
https://wn.com/Xii_71A.Dispersion_Of_Light
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6:33
Dispersion in optical fibers
This video explains the causes and effects of dispersion in optical fibers and the differe...
published: 05 Feb 2014
Dispersion in optical fibers
Dispersion in optical fibers
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- published: 05 Feb 2014
- views: 23741
2:15
Dispersion | Geometric optics | Physics | Khan Academy
The index of refraction in a material isn't always the same for every wavelength. This is ...
published: 22 Jan 2014
Dispersion | Geometric optics | Physics | Khan Academy
Dispersion | Geometric optics | Physics | Khan Academy
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- published: 22 Jan 2014
- views: 29172
4:38
What is Chromatic Dispersion in Optical Fibers
In this video, I will explain what is Chromatic Dispersion.
http://www.fiberoptics4sale...
published: 13 Dec 2011
What is Chromatic Dispersion in Optical Fibers
What is Chromatic Dispersion in Optical Fibers
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- published: 13 Dec 2011
- views: 32828
1:52
Chromatic Dispersion - EXFO animated glossary of Fiber Optics
For more glossary:http://www.exfo.com/Support-and-Services/Be-an-Expert-Training-Program/A...
published: 17 Jun 2011
Chromatic Dispersion - EXFO animated glossary of Fiber Optics
Chromatic Dispersion - EXFO animated glossary of Fiber Optics
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- published: 17 Jun 2011
- views: 12206
7:55
Chromatic Dispersion in Prisms
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published: 17 Jan 2014
Chromatic Dispersion in Prisms
Chromatic Dispersion in Prisms
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- published: 17 Jan 2014
- views: 3137
15:35
Dispersion (optics)
In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on i...
published: 03 Oct 2014
Dispersion (optics)
Dispersion (optics)
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- published: 03 Oct 2014
- views: 560
6:36
Dispersion by a prism
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published: 30 Oct 2012
Dispersion by a prism
Dispersion by a prism
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- published: 30 Oct 2012
- views: 57554
15:00
Internal Reflection and Dispersion.mp4
Total internal reflection, fiber optics, dispersion, and rainbows: how wonderful light can...
published: 23 Mar 2014
Internal Reflection and Dispersion.mp4
Internal Reflection and Dispersion.mp4
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- published: 23 Mar 2014
- views: 5581
5:16
What is Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (DSF)? - FO4SALE.COM
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/p/Corning-250um-Bare-Fiber/SMFLF.html
In order to underst...
published: 07 Dec 2012
What is Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (DSF)? - FO4SALE.COM
What is Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (DSF)? - FO4SALE.COM
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- published: 07 Dec 2012
- views: 10132
1:58
Dispersion Of White Light
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published: 30 Apr 2010
Dispersion Of White Light
Dispersion Of White Light
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- published: 30 Apr 2010
- views: 196397
1:09:34
Procedural Disintegration (QubaHQ Tutorial)
In this long-delayed tutorial I will show you an efficient method for disintegrating/dispe...
published: 08 Jan 2011
Procedural Disintegration (QubaHQ Tutorial)
Procedural Disintegration (QubaHQ Tutorial)
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- published: 08 Jan 2011
- views: 0
1:00
STELLAR Console Table by Jake Phipps
The STELLAR Console takes inspiration from the natural
attributes of amethyst geodes. The ...
published: 03 Jul 2012
STELLAR Console Table by Jake Phipps
STELLAR Console Table by Jake Phipps
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- published: 03 Jul 2012
- views: 9574
1:20
Fakhruddin Holdings corporate video
3D crystals and text incorporated into live footage.
This animation is part of a larger v...
published: 07 Mar 2012
Fakhruddin Holdings corporate video
Fakhruddin Holdings corporate video
- Report rights infringement
- published: 07 Mar 2012
- views: 20706
2:31
Simga 18-300mm lens Review on GH4.
A quick review of the Sigma 18-300 F3.5-6.3 attached to the Metabones Speedbooster BMPCC v...
published: 26 Jul 2015
Simga 18-300mm lens Review on GH4.
Simga 18-300mm lens Review on GH4.
- Report rights infringement
- published: 26 Jul 2015
- views: 884
- Playlist
- Chat
6:33
Dispersion in optical fibers
This video explains the causes and effects of dispersion in optical fibers and the differe...
published: 05 Feb 2014
Dispersion in optical fibers
Dispersion in optical fibers
- Report rights infringement
- published: 05 Feb 2014
- views: 23741
2:15
Dispersion | Geometric optics | Physics | Khan Academy
The index of refraction in a material isn't always the same for every wavelength. This is ...
published: 22 Jan 2014
Dispersion | Geometric optics | Physics | Khan Academy
Dispersion | Geometric optics | Physics | Khan Academy
- Report rights infringement
- published: 22 Jan 2014
- views: 29172
4:38
What is Chromatic Dispersion in Optical Fibers
In this video, I will explain what is Chromatic Dispersion.
http://www.fiberoptics4sale...
published: 13 Dec 2011
What is Chromatic Dispersion in Optical Fibers
What is Chromatic Dispersion in Optical Fibers
- Report rights infringement
- published: 13 Dec 2011
- views: 32828
1:52
Chromatic Dispersion - EXFO animated glossary of Fiber Optics
For more glossary:http://www.exfo.com/Support-and-Services/Be-an-Expert-Training-Program/A...
published: 17 Jun 2011
Chromatic Dispersion - EXFO animated glossary of Fiber Optics
Chromatic Dispersion - EXFO animated glossary of Fiber Optics
- Report rights infringement
- published: 17 Jun 2011
- views: 12206
7:55
Chromatic Dispersion in Prisms
Donate here: http://www.aklectures.com/donate.php
Website video link: http://www.aklecture...
published: 17 Jan 2014
Chromatic Dispersion in Prisms
Chromatic Dispersion in Prisms
- Report rights infringement
- published: 17 Jan 2014
- views: 3137
15:35
Dispersion (optics)
In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on i...
published: 03 Oct 2014
Dispersion (optics)
Dispersion (optics)
- Report rights infringement
- published: 03 Oct 2014
- views: 560
6:36
Dispersion by a prism
For more information:
http://www.7activestudio.com
info@7activestudio.com
http://www.7ac...
published: 30 Oct 2012
Dispersion by a prism
Dispersion by a prism
- Report rights infringement
- published: 30 Oct 2012
- views: 57554
15:00
Internal Reflection and Dispersion.mp4
Total internal reflection, fiber optics, dispersion, and rainbows: how wonderful light can...
published: 23 Mar 2014
Internal Reflection and Dispersion.mp4
Internal Reflection and Dispersion.mp4
- Report rights infringement
- published: 23 Mar 2014
- views: 5581
5:16
What is Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (DSF)? - FO4SALE.COM
http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/p/Corning-250um-Bare-Fiber/SMFLF.html
In order to underst...
published: 07 Dec 2012
What is Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (DSF)? - FO4SALE.COM
What is Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (DSF)? - FO4SALE.COM
- Report rights infringement
- published: 07 Dec 2012
- views: 10132
1:58
Dispersion Of White Light
Follow us at: https://twitter.com/TutorVista
Check us out at http://www.tutorvista.com/p...
published: 30 Apr 2010
Dispersion Of White Light
Dispersion Of White Light
- Report rights infringement
- published: 30 Apr 2010
- views: 196397
1:09:34
Procedural Disintegration (QubaHQ Tutorial)
In this long-delayed tutorial I will show you an efficient method for disintegrating/dispe...
published: 08 Jan 2011
Procedural Disintegration (QubaHQ Tutorial)
Procedural Disintegration (QubaHQ Tutorial)
- Report rights infringement
- published: 08 Jan 2011
- views: 0
1:00
STELLAR Console Table by Jake Phipps
The STELLAR Console takes inspiration from the natural
attributes of amethyst geodes. The ...
published: 03 Jul 2012
STELLAR Console Table by Jake Phipps
STELLAR Console Table by Jake Phipps
- Report rights infringement
- published: 03 Jul 2012
- views: 9574
1:20
Fakhruddin Holdings corporate video
3D crystals and text incorporated into live footage.
This animation is part of a larger v...
published: 07 Mar 2012
Fakhruddin Holdings corporate video
Fakhruddin Holdings corporate video
- Report rights infringement
- published: 07 Mar 2012
- views: 20706
2:31
Simga 18-300mm lens Review on GH4.
A quick review of the Sigma 18-300 F3.5-6.3 attached to the Metabones Speedbooster BMPCC v...
published: 26 Jul 2015
Simga 18-300mm lens Review on GH4.
Simga 18-300mm lens Review on GH4.
- Report rights infringement
- published: 26 Jul 2015
- views: 884
- Playlist
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36:28
Ray Optics Dispersion of Light Lecture 2
Ray Optics- Dispersion of Light
published: 12 Jan 2017
Ray Optics Dispersion of Light Lecture 2
Ray Optics Dispersion of Light Lecture 2
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- published: 12 Jan 2017
- views: 27
1:22:20
XII_57.Ray Optics, Dispersion (2013)
Physics, Class XII Chapter: Ray Optics Topic: dispersion of colours Classroom lectu...
published: 08 Sep 2013
XII_57.Ray Optics, Dispersion (2013)
57:46
Ray Optics Dispersion of Light Basics
This Video Covers all the Basic Details about Dispersion of Light through a Glass Prism, E...
published: 11 Jan 2017
Ray Optics Dispersion of Light Basics
Ray Optics Dispersion of Light Basics
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- published: 11 Jan 2017
- views: 101
49:36
XII-9-12 Dispersion of light (2016) Pradeep Kshetrapal Physics channel
Physics, Class:XII Chapter:Ray optics Topic: Dispersion of light Classroom lectur...
published: 29 Aug 2016
XII-9-12 Dispersion of light (2016) Pradeep Kshetrapal Physics channel
XII-9-12 Dispersion of light (2016) Pradeep Kshetrapal Physics channel
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- published: 29 Aug 2016
- views: 7104
1:14:49
XII-9-9 Dispersion of light (2015) Pradeep Kshetrapal Physics
Physics, Class XII Chapter: Ray Optics Topic: Dispersion of light Classroom lecture b...
published: 05 Oct 2015
XII-9-9 Dispersion of light (2015) Pradeep Kshetrapal Physics
XII-9-9 Dispersion of light (2015) Pradeep Kshetrapal Physics
- Report rights infringement
- published: 05 Oct 2015
- views: 7297
1:04:15
2557 8 Optical Comm Pulse in Dispersive media
Optical Communications course for KMITL Telecommunication Engineering, Thailand
published: 27 Jan 2015
2557 8 Optical Comm Pulse in Dispersive media
2557 8 Optical Comm Pulse in Dispersive media
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- published: 27 Jan 2015
- views: 691
44:49
Diamond Mining - How are diamonds mined and formed? Documentary Film
Diamond Mining - How are diamonds mined and formed? Documentary Film
In mineralogy, diamo...
published: 02 Mar 2015
Diamond Mining - How are diamonds mined and formed? Documentary Film
Diamond Mining - How are diamonds mined and formed? Documentary Film
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- published: 02 Mar 2015
- views: 551067
30:13
MOS Patrick Vaccaro 2015 05 05 part1
Modern Optics & Spectroscopy Seminar, Spring 2015
Optical Rotatory Dispersion: New Twist o...
published: 14 Mar 2016
MOS Patrick Vaccaro 2015 05 05 part1
MOS Patrick Vaccaro 2015 05 05 part1
- Report rights infringement
- published: 14 Mar 2016
- views: 18
30:07
MOS Patrick Vaccaro 2015 05 05 part2
Modern Optics & Spectroscopy Seminar, Spring 2015
Optical Rotatory Dispersion: New Twist o...
published: 14 Mar 2016
MOS Patrick Vaccaro 2015 05 05 part2
MOS Patrick Vaccaro 2015 05 05 part2
- Report rights infringement
- published: 14 Mar 2016
- views: 15
1:02:12
XII_71A.Dispersion of light
Physics, Class XII Chapter : Ray Optics Topic :Dispersion of light Classroom lecture...
published: 12 Jan 2013
XII_71A.Dispersion of light
XII_71A.Dispersion of light
- Report rights infringement
- published: 12 Jan 2013
- views: 13783
Ray Optics Dispersion of Light Lecture 2...
XII_57.Ray Optics, Dispersion (2013)...
Ray Optics Dispersion of Light Basics...
XII-9-12 Dispersion of light (2016) Pradeep Kshetr...
XII-9-9 Dispersion of light (2015) Pradeep Kshetra...
2557 8 Optical Comm Pulse in Dispersive media...
Diamond Mining - How are diamonds mined and formed...
MOS Patrick Vaccaro 2015 05 05 part1...
MOS Patrick Vaccaro 2015 05 05 part2...
XII_71A.Dispersion of light...
See more photos of optical dispersion
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Striking North Korea first could be 'catastrophic'
Edit Longview News Journal 07 Jul 2017
WASHINGTON (AP) — A pre-emptive military strike may be among the "pretty severe things" President Donald Trump says he is considering for North Korea, but it's a step so fraught with risk it ranks as among the unlikeliest options ... An all-out conflict could then ensue. And while Trump's Pentagon chief, Jim Mattis, says the U.S. would prevail, he believes it would be "a catastrophic war." ... "That doesn't mean we're going to do them." ... soil ... ....
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Tensions Rise As China Claims India Is Militarizing Their Border
Edit WorldNews.com 07 Jul 2017
China said that the excuse of Chinese road-building as an incentive for India to cross over their border was absurd on Thursday, accusing India of trying to militarize their side of the border in Sikkim, according to Reuters ... Many parts of the exact border are disputed by the two countries ... This also gives China access to the so-called Chicken's Neck, the thin strip of land that links India to their more remote northeastern regions ... ... ....
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Puppy Abandoned In Airport With Heartbreaking Letter Detailing Domestic Abuse
Edit WorldNews.com 07 Jul 2017
A Chihuahua-mix puppy was found in a Las Vegas airport bathroom with a handwritten note detailing that the dog's owner was fleeing from domestic violence and had run out of options, according to CBS News. The dog was found last weekend in the airport bathroom with an anonymous note that read,"My owner was in an abusive relationship and couldn't afford me to get on the flight." ... He probably needs a vet ... Abusers — they have no limits."....
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Anti-Qatar bloc threatens further steps against Gulf state
Edit Times Free Press 07 Jul 2017
DUBAI, United Arab Emirates (AP) - Four Arab countries isolating Qatar vowed Friday to take additional steps against the energy rich Gulf state after it refused to accept their demands over allegations that it supports extremist ideology ... They vowed to "take all necessary political, economic and legal measures" against Qatar in a "timely manner." ... Qatar has strenuously denied that it supports extremist groups ... The U.S ... ___ ... ....
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CNN’s Lemon: Trump Is ‘the Biggest Purveyor of Fake News’ in U.S. — ‘CNN Is ...
Edit Breitbart 07 Jul 2017
On Thursday’s “CNN Tonight,” anchor Don Lemon argued that President Donald Trump was the United States’ biggest purveyor of fake news and that CNN was “just fine.” Lemon said, after playing a clip of Trump criticizing CNN in Poland earlier in the day, “[T]he biggest purveyor of fake news is the president, in this country, because he does it a lot. Number two, CNN is just fine ... ....
The Latest: Police use water cannon to disperse protesters
Edit Sacramento Bee 07 Jul 2017
The Latest on the Group of 20 summit in Germany (all times local).. 9.45 a.m ... ....
Williams: No easy answers on public housing, and here's why
Edit Richmond Times Dispatch 07 Jul 2017
Raze the projects ... The Preservation vs ... The study concludes that "after two decades of a clear bias in both academia and policy toward poverty dispersal, the pendulum has moved today to attempt to balance the approaches" of dispersal and strategies that seek to help the poor in their current neighborhoods ... And dispersing poverty into affluent communities won't happen because, frankly, few people of means desire to live next to the poor....
Beneath Dramatic G20 Clashes, a Deep Demand for a Better World
Edit Common Dreams 07 Jul 2017
Jessica Corbett, staff writer With the focus on dramatic images of German riot police using tear gas and high-powered water cannons to disperse G20 protesters in Hamburg on Thursday, the message from those demonstrating in the streets was clear for those willing to listen. a better world is possible ... ....
Protests turn violent for Trump’s maiden G20
Edit Inquirer 07 Jul 2017
HAMBURG, Germany---Demonstrations turned violent late Thursday ahead of a tricky first G20 summit for US President Donald Trump, as German police clashed with a hard core of masked anti-capitalist activists hurling bottles and stones. What should have been a peaceful march by around 12,000 people in Hamburg protesting against globalization was halted as police used water cannon and tear gas to disperse around 1,000 far-left militants....
German police clash with protesters before G20 summit
Edit CTV 07 Jul 2017
German police clashed with violent protesters Thursday in Hamburg a day ahead of the Group of 20 summit, using water cannons, pepper spray and batons to disperse marchers after some attacked them with bottles and other objects ... ....
Police clash with protesters before summit
Edit Atlantic City 07 Jul 2017
HAMBURG, Germany — German police clashed with violent protesters Thursday in Hamburg a day ahead of the Group of 20 summit, using water cannons, pepper spray and batons to disperse marchers after some attacked them with bottles and other objects ... ....
Video: German police use water cannons on G20 protest
Edit Belfast Telegraph 07 Jul 2017
German police have used water ......
[WATCH] Protestors, police clash ahead of G20 summit in Germany
Edit Eye Witness News 07 Jul 2017
German police used water cannon to disperse around 500 anti-capitalist protesters in Hamburg where Chancellor Angela Merkel will host leaders of the world's leading economies at the G20 Summit ... ....
Goalpara firing: AHRC seeks magisterial probe
Edit The Times of India 07 Jul 2017
GUWAHATI ... Ali allegedly died from injuries to his head from a stray bullet after police started firing in the air to disperse the group of protesters who had staged a road blockade on NH-37 at Naranarayan Setu point on June 30 ... Following the incident, Goalpara police had said police had to fire in the air to disperse the mob of around 300-400 protesters who were allegedly pelting stones on the security personnel ... RELATED ... BOLLYWOODUNION....
Hamburg Sees Violent Anti-capitalism Protests Hours Before G20 Summit
Edit News18 07 Jul 2017
Police used water cannon and pepper spray to disperse protesters as they moved with the “Welcome to Hell” march against capitalism ......
Police, protesters clash in Hamburg: G20 protests
Edit Suryaa 07 Jul 2017
The "Welcome to Hell" rally kicked off on Thursday afternoon, Xinhua news agency reported. Police had to use water cannon, pepper sprays and batons to disperse the demonstrators. ... ....
G20 summit: Day 2 sees unrest, protests continue
Edit WPTV 07 Jul 2017
HAMBURG, Germany (CNN) -- German police are attempting to prevent small groups of protesters from disrupting the G20 summit in Hamburg, hours before world leaders are set to meet ... The latest round of demonstrations, though unruly, are smaller and more dispersed than Thursday night's violence, during which dozens of police officers were hurt and water cannons deployed ... They were dispersed by midnight, according to police ... ....
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