Inclusion

Inclusion may refer to:

Social inclusion of persons

Mathematics

Other uses

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Indium(III) chloride

Indium(III) chloride is the chemical compound with the formula InCl₃. This colorless salt finds some use in organic synthesis as a Lewis acid. It is also the most available soluble derivative of indium.

Synthesis and structure

Being a relatively electropositive metal, indium reacts quickly with chlorine to give the trichloride. Indium trichloride is very soluble and deliquescent. A synthesis has been reported using an electrochemical cell in a mixed methanol-benzene solution.

Like AlCl₃ and TlCl₃, InCl₃ crystallizes as a layered structure consisting of close-packed chloride arrangement containing layers of octahedrally coordinated In(III) centers. The motif is akin to that seen for YCl₃. In contrast, GaCl₃ crystallizes as dimers containing Ga₂Cl₆. Molten InCl₃ conducts electricity, whereas AlCl₃ does not as it converts to the molecular dimer, Al₂Cl₆.

Reactions

InCl₃ is a Lewis acid and forms complexes with donor ligands, L, InCl₃L, InCl₃L₂, InCl₃L₃. For example with chloride ion it forms tetrahedral, InCl₄⁻; trigonal bipyramidal, InCl₅²⁻ and octahedral InCl₆³⁻.

Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis

Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (INCL) or Santavuori disease is a form of NCL and inherited as a recessive autosomal genetic trait. The disorder is progressive, degenerative and fatal, extremely rare worldwide – with approximately 60 official cases reported by 1982, perhaps 100 sufferers in total today – but relatively common in Finland due to the local founder effect.

Causes

It has been associated with palmitoyl-protein thioesterase.

Presentation

The development of children born with INCL is normal for the first 8–18 months, but will then flounder and start to regress both physically and mentally. Motor skills and speech are lost, and optic atrophy causes blindness. A variety of neurological symptoms, such as epilepsy and myoclonic seizures, appear. The senses of hearing and touch remain unaffected. The average lifespan of an INCL child is 9–11 years.

Treatment

Treatment is limited. Drugs can alleviate the symptoms, such as sleep difficulties and epilepsy. Physiotherapy helps affected children retain the ability to remain upright for as long as possible, and prevents some of the pain.