"Sufi" redirects here. For other uses, see Sufi (disambiguation). Not to be confused with sophism. [hide]Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim Part of a series on Islam Sufism and Tariqat Shrine of Abdul Qadir Jilani in Baghdad, Iraq Ideas[hide] Abdal Al-Insān al-Kāmil Baqaa Dervish Dhawq Fakir Fanaa Haal Haqiqa Ihsan Irfan Ishq Keramat Kashf Lataif Manzil Marifa Nafs Nūr Qalandar Qutb Silsila Sufi cosmology Sufi metaphysics Sufi philosophy Sufi poetry Sufi psychology Salik Tazkiah Wali Yaqeen Practices[hide] Anasheed Dhikr Haḍra Muraqaba Qawwali Sama Whirling Ziyarat Sufi orders[hide] Akbarī Alevī Alians Ashrafia Azeemia Ba 'Alawī Bayramī Bektashī Burhāniyya Chishtī Galibī Gulshanī Haqqani Anjuman Ḥurūfī Idrīsī Issawiyya Jelvetī Jerrahī Khalidī İskenderpaşa İsmailağa Khalwatī Kubrāwī Madarī Malāmatī Mawlāwī Mourīdī Noorbakshia Nāqshbandī Nāqshbandī Haqqānī Nāqshbandī Uwaisī Nāsuhī Ni'matullāhī Nuqtawī Qadirī Qalāndārī Rifa'ī Safāvī Sarwārī Qadirī Shadhilī Shattārī Suhrawardī Sunbulī Sülaymānīyyā Tijanī Ussakī Uwaisī Zahedī Zikris List of sufis[hide] Notable early Notable modern Singers Topics in Sufism[hide] Tawhid Sharia Tariqa Haqiqa Marifa Art History Music Shrines Texts Portal Mosque02.svg Portal v t e Sufism or Tasawwuf[1] (Arabic: تصوف‎), is defined as the inner mystical dimension of Islam, yet many also contend that it preceded religion. Practitioners of Sufism (Tasawwuf), referred to as Sufis (ṣūfī) (/ˈsuːfi/; صُوفِيّ), often belong to different ṭuruq or "orders"—congregations formed around a grand master referred to as a Mawla who maintains a direct chain of teachers back to the Prophet Muhammad.[2] These orders meet for spiritual sessions (majalis) in meeting places known as zawiyahs, khanqahs, or tekke.[3] Sufis strive for ihsan (perfection of worship) as detailed in a hadith: "Ihsan is to worship Allah as if you see Him; if you can't see Him, surely He sees you."[4] Jalaluddin Rumi stated: "The Sufi is hanging on to Muhammad, like Abu Bakr."[5] Sufis regard Prophet Muhammad as the Al-Insān al-Kāmil, which is a concept that describes Muhammad as the primary perfect man who exemplifies the morality of God.[6] Sufis regard Prophet Muhammad as their leader and prime spiritual guide. Sufis also consider themselves to be the true proponents of this pure, original form of Islam. All Sufi orders trace many of their original precepts from the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his cousin and son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib, with the notable exception of the Sunni Naqshbandi order who claim to trace their origins through the first sunni Caliph, Abu Bakr.[7] Sufi orders are largely Sunni and follow one of the four schools of Sunni Islam and maintain a Sunni Aqidah or creed.[8] Over the years various Sufi orders have been influenced by and adopted into various Shi'ite movements, especially Ismailism, which led to the Safaviyya order's conversion to Shi'ite Islam and the spread of Twelver Shi'ism throughout Persia.[9] Sufi orders include Ba 'Alawiyya, Badawiyya, Bektashi, Burhaniya, Chishti, Khalwati, Mevlevi, Naqshbandi, Nimatullahi, Oveyssi, Qadiria Boutshishia, Qadiriyyah, Qalandariyya, Rifa'i, Sarwari Qadiri, Shadhiliyya, Suhrawardiyya, and many others.[10] Classical Sufi scholars have defined Sufism as "a science whose objective is the reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else but God".[11] Alternatively, in the words of the Darqawi Sufi teacher Ahmad ibn Ajiba, "a science through which one can know how to travel into the presence of the Divine, purify one's inner self from filth, and beautify it with a variety of praiseworthy traits".[12] Traditional Sufis, such as Bayazid Bastami, Jalaluddin Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, Junaid Baghdadi, and Al-Ghazali, define Sufism as purely based upon the tenets of Islam and the teachings of Muhammad.[13][14][15][16] Some scholars, however, have proposed a variety of diverse theories pertaining to the nature of Sufism, such as Sufism being influenced by Neoplatonism or as an Aryan historical reaction against Semite cultural influence.[16] Seyyed Hossein Nasr, states that the preceding theories are false according to the point of view of Sufism.[16] According to William Chittick, "In a broad sense, Sufism can be described as the interiorization and intensification of Islamic faith and practice."[17] Muslims and mainstream scholars of Islam define Sufism as simply the name for the inner or esoteric dimension of Islam[18] which is supported and complemented by outward or exoteric practices of Islam, such as Islamic law.[19] In this view, "it is absolutely necessary to be a Muslim" to be a true Sufi, because Sufism's "methods are inoperative without" Muslim "affiliation".[20] Orthodox views also maintain that Sufism is unique to Islam.[15][21] In contrast,

• published: 17 Jan 2016
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Belva Davis interview with Muhammad Ali, April 27, 1968 Ali discuss the Honorable Elijah Muhammad of the Nation of Islam and race relations. *Vintage clip restored by the San Francisco Bay Area Television Archive and they preserve the mastfootage and original er 16mm newsfilm.

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