Closing credits

Closing credits or end credits are added at the very ending of a motion picture, television program, or video game to list the cast and crew involved in the production. They usually appear as a list of names in small type, which either flip very quickly from page to page, or move smoothly across the background or a black screen. Credits may crawl either right-to-left (which is common in U.K. and some Latin American television programs) or bottom-to-top (which is common in films and U.S. television). The term credit roll comes from the early production days when the names were literally printed on a roll of paper and wound past the camera lens. Sometimes, post-credits scenes or bloopers are added to the end of films along with the closing credits.

History

The use of closing credits in film to list complete production crew and cast was not firmly established in American film until the 1970s. Before this decade, most movies were released with no closing credits at all. Films generally had opening credits only, which consisted of just major cast and crew, although sometimes the names of the cast and the characters they played would be shown at the end, as in The Wizard of Oz, Citizen Kane, Mary Poppins, Oliver! and the 1964 Fail Safe. Two of the first major films to contain extensive closing credits – but almost no opening credits – were the blockbusters Around the World in 80 Days (1956) and West Side Story (1961). West Side Story showed only the title at the beginning of the film, and Around the World in 80 Days, like many films today, had no opening credits at all.

End Credits

"End Credits" is the first single to be taken from Drum and Bass duo Chase & Status' second studio album, No More Idols. The single was co-written, co-produced and features vocals from Plan B, and was released on 29 October 2009, peaking at number nine on the UK Singles Chart.

Background

The song was used in a trailer for the video game F1 2010, and featured also in-game, as well as serving as the official theme from the Michael Caine film Harry Brown, in which Drew co-starred. The track has been covered by Jess Mills as a B-side for her 2011 single, "Live For What I'd Die For". The track also appeared in series 8, episode 2 of British comedy-drama Shameless in 2011. The main chord sequence of the song has been noted for its similarity to Radiohead's track, "Reckoner". The music video for "End Credits" was directed by Kim Gehrig, and features footage from Harry Brown. The promotional CD single features alternate artwork to the official release, and instead portrays Michael Caine pointing a gun (likely at Plan B). The VIP version of the track was released through Ram Records in the UK as a double AA-side of the VIP mix of "Is It Worth It", a track from the duo's debut album More Than Alot with vocals from Takura Tendayi.

Credit (creative arts)

In general, the term credit in the artistic or intellectual sense refers to an acknowledgement of those who contributed to a work, whether through ideas or in a more direct sense.

Credit in the arts

In the creative arts, credits are an acknowledgement of those who participated in the production. They are often shown at the end of movies and on CD jackets. In film, video, television, theater, etc., credits means the list of actors and behind-the-scenes staff who contributed to the production.

Credit in writing

Non-fiction

In non-fiction writing, especially academic works, it is generally considered important to give credit to sources of information and ideas. Failure to do so often gives rise to charges of plagiarism, and "piracy" of intellectual rights such as the right to receive a royalty for having written. In this sense the financial and individual meanings are linked.

Academic papers generally contain a lengthy section of footnotes or citations. Such detailed crediting of sources provides readers with an opportunity to discover more about the cited material. It also provides a check against misquotation, as it's easy for an attributed quote to be checked when the reference is available. All of this is thought to improve integrity of the instructional capital conveyed, which may be quite fragile, and easy to misinterpret or to misapply.

European Distance and E-learning Network

The European Distance and E-Learning Network, abbreviated EDEN and originally named the European Distance Education Network - established in 1991, is an international educational association open to institutions and individuals dealing with e-learning, Open education, and distance education. EDEN is a not-for-profit organisation, registered as a limited Company under English law.

Being a membership organisation with 200 institutions and 1200 individuals from different levels of education and training, EDEN assists a wide range of organisations, networks and experts to collaborate. We share knowledge, develop understanding amongst professionals in distance and e-learning and promote policies in Europe. EDEN is instrumental in the promotion of networking, international co-operation and professional development. EDEN organises annual European conferences, releases academic publications, offers information services and plays useful role in a wide range of European projects. Bi-annual Research Workshops and the Open Classroom Conferences increase the impact. From 1995, EDEN runs the European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning (EURODL). EDEN’s key asset has been the strong and active membership. By joining EDEN you become part of a developing innovative community of academics and practitioners, representing 58 countries and 420 institutions.

Chase & Status

Chase & Status are an English electronic music production duo composed of Saul Milton (Chase) and Will Kennard (Status). In addition, MC Rage & Andy Gangadeen also make up the live band. The duo are from London, and formed in 2003 after meeting at university in Manchester. The duo have since released three studio albums as well as collaborating with major artists such as Plan B, Cee Lo Green, Rihanna, Example and Tinie Tempah. They run the independent record label MTA Records.

History

2003–09: Beginnings and More Than Alot

Saul Milton (Chase) and Will Kennard (Status) originally met in London through a mutual friend although met up again whilst university students in Manchester. Will studied History of Art at the University of Manchester, while Saul studied English and Humanities at Manchester Metropolitan University. Will decided to drop out of university to pursue a music career although Saul did manage to achieve an honours in his studies despite spending most of his time on music.