- published: 15 Dec 2015
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Civilian control of the military is a doctrine in military and political science that places ultimate responsibility for a country's strategic decision-making in the hands of the civilian political leadership, rather than professional military officers. The de facto opposite of having civilian control of the military is a military dictatorship. A lack of control over the military may result in a state within a state. One author, paraphrasing Samuel P. Huntington's writings in The Soldier and the State, has summarized the civilian control ideal as "the proper subordination of a competent, professional military to the ends of policy as determined by civilian authority".
Civilian control is often seen as a prerequisite feature of a stable, liberal democracy. Use of the term in scholarly analyses tends to take place in the context of a democracy governed by elected officials, though the subordination of the military to political control is not unique to these societies. One example is the People's Republic of China. Mao Zedong stated that "Our principle is that the Party commands the gun, and the gun must never be allowed to command the Party," reflecting the primacy of the Communist Party of China (and communist parties in general) as decision-makers in Marxist-Leninist and Maoist theories of democratic centralism.
The military, also called the armed forces, are forces authorized to use deadly force, and weapons, to support the interests of the state and some or all of its citizens. The task of the military is usually defined as defense of the state and its citizens, and the prosecution of war against another state. The military may also have additional sanctioned and non-sanctioned functions within a society, including, the promotion of a political agenda, protecting corporate economic interests, internal population control, construction, emergency services, social ceremonies, and guarding important areas. The military can also function as a discrete subculture within a larger civil society, through the development of separate infrastructures, which may include housing, schools, utilities, food production and banking.
The profession of soldiering as part of a military is older than recorded history itself. Some of the most enduring images of the classical antiquity portray the power and feats of its military leaders. The Battle of Kadesh in 1274 BC was one of the defining points of Pharaoh Ramesses II's reign and is celebrated in bas-relief on his monuments. A thousand years later the first emperor of unified China, Qin Shi Huang, was so determined to impress the gods with his military might that he was buried with an army of terracotta soldiers. The Romans were dedicated to military matters, leaving to posterity many treatises and writings as well as a large number of lavishly carved triumphal arches and victory columns.
In general, a civilian is "a person who is not a member of the military or of a police or firefighting force", as defined by Merriam Webster's Dictionary. The term also includes chaplains and medical personnel who are not part of the organizations mentioned in the preceding sentence, as well as those who are not perpetrators, in order to distinguish between those who are law-abiding people and those who are dedicated criminals. From the U.S. Department of Defense perspective, Chapter 18 of Title 10 United States Code refers to non-military law enforcement officers as civilians, since they are employees rather than enlisted personnel, and also in order to distinguish itself from military police.
Under the laws of war (also known as international humanitarian law), a civilian is one not being a member of the armed services and does not take a direct part of hostilities in times of armed conflict. The term "civilian" is slightly different from a non-combatant under the laws of war, because some non-combatants are not civilians (for example, military chaplains attached to the belligerent armed forces or neutral military personnel). Under international law, civilians in the territories of a Party to an armed conflict are entitled to certain privileges under the customary laws of war and international treaties such as the Fourth Geneva Convention. The privileges that they enjoy under international law depends on whether the conflict is an internal one (a civil war) or an international one.
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Retired Col. Lawrence Wilkerson explains that the fundamental principle of a civilian-run military answerable to the people – democratically elected president and Congress – is under threat, in this Burning Issues segment. Burning Issues features progressive experts on issues of global concern in the 2016 presidential campaign.
Civilian control of the military is a doctrine in military and political science that places ultimate responsibility for a country's strategic decision-making in the hands of the civilian political leadership, rather than professional military officers. The de facto opposite of having civilian control of the military is a military dictatorship. A lack of control over the military may result in a state within a state. One author, paraphrasing Samuel P. Huntington's writings in The Soldier and the State, has summarized the civilian control ideal as "the proper subordination of a competent, professional military to the ends of policy as determined by civilian authority".[1] Civilian control is often seen as a prerequisite feature of a stable, liberal democracy. Use of the term in scholarly an...
"Reconciling Civilian Control with Military Effectiveness: The Primacy of Military Professional Norms and Values" (via Skype) Dr. Richard Kohn, Chairman, Curriculum in Peace, War, and Defense and Professor of History, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Executive Secretary, Triangle Institute for Security Studies Feb 1-3, 2011 Naval War College Ethics Conference An important part of the resident Naval War College curriculum is an examination of aspects of the ethics of the military profession. College of Operational and Strategic Leadership faculty develop the annual leadership and ethics theme, and then execute the ethics conference and ongoing panels and speakers throughout the academic year. ***** Disclaimer: The views expressed are the speaker's own and may...
Follow us on TWITTER: http://twitter.com/cnforbiddennews Like us on FACEBOOK: http://www.facebook.com/chinaforbiddennews Before August 1, Liang Guanglie, Chinese Minister of Defense, emphasized again that "it should be a fundamental principle and rule that the Party should absolutely control the military". On the same day, an official from the general office of the General Political Department spoke in a press conference. They stated that the Military firmly opposed "civilian control of the military". Commentators believed that it shows public grievances are very large. The military is hard to control. The Chinese Communist Party worries that the military will turn to control it. On the last day of July, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organized many meetings in Beijing. One was a pres...
Civilian control of the military is a doctrine in military and political science that places ultimate responsibility for a country's strategic decision-making in the hands of the civilian political leadership, rather than professional military officers.The de facto opposite of having civilian control of the military is a military dictatorship.A lack of control over the military may result in a state within a state.One author, paraphrasing Samuel P. ---Image-Copyright-and-Permission--- About the author(s): U.S. Navy photo by Photographer’s Mate Airman Jonathan Hutto License: Public domain ---Image-Copyright-and-Permission--- This channel is dedicated to make Wikipedia, one of the biggest knowledge databases in the world available to people with limited vision. Article available under a C...
Full video from Government Executive available at: http://fora.tv/2013/11/14/Rear_Adm_John_Kirby_in_Conversation Rear Admiral John Kirby discusses the need to bridge the civilian-military divide. "I think it is important that those of us in uniform stay apolitical -- certainly politically aloof," Kirby said. "But I also think it is critical that we stay politically astute."
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Retired Col. Lawrence Wilkerson explains that the fundamental principle of a civilian-run military answerable to the people – democratically elected president and Congress – is under threat, in this Burning Issues segment. Burning Issues features progressive experts on issues of global concern in the 2016 presidential campaign.
Civilian control of the military is a doctrine in military and political science that places ultimate responsibility for a country's strategic decision-making in the hands of the civilian political leadership, rather than professional military officers. The de facto opposite of having civilian control of the military is a military dictatorship. A lack of control over the military may result in a state within a state. One author, paraphrasing Samuel P. Huntington's writings in The Soldier and the State, has summarized the civilian control ideal as "the proper subordination of a competent, professional military to the ends of policy as determined by civilian authority".[1] Civilian control is often seen as a prerequisite feature of a stable, liberal democracy. Use of the term in scholarly an...
"Reconciling Civilian Control with Military Effectiveness: The Primacy of Military Professional Norms and Values" (via Skype) Dr. Richard Kohn, Chairman, Curriculum in Peace, War, and Defense and Professor of History, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Executive Secretary, Triangle Institute for Security Studies Feb 1-3, 2011 Naval War College Ethics Conference An important part of the resident Naval War College curriculum is an examination of aspects of the ethics of the military profession. College of Operational and Strategic Leadership faculty develop the annual leadership and ethics theme, and then execute the ethics conference and ongoing panels and speakers throughout the academic year. ***** Disclaimer: The views expressed are the speaker's own and may...
Follow us on TWITTER: http://twitter.com/cnforbiddennews Like us on FACEBOOK: http://www.facebook.com/chinaforbiddennews Before August 1, Liang Guanglie, Chinese Minister of Defense, emphasized again that "it should be a fundamental principle and rule that the Party should absolutely control the military". On the same day, an official from the general office of the General Political Department spoke in a press conference. They stated that the Military firmly opposed "civilian control of the military". Commentators believed that it shows public grievances are very large. The military is hard to control. The Chinese Communist Party worries that the military will turn to control it. On the last day of July, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organized many meetings in Beijing. One was a pres...
Civilian control of the military is a doctrine in military and political science that places ultimate responsibility for a country's strategic decision-making in the hands of the civilian political leadership, rather than professional military officers.The de facto opposite of having civilian control of the military is a military dictatorship.A lack of control over the military may result in a state within a state.One author, paraphrasing Samuel P. ---Image-Copyright-and-Permission--- About the author(s): U.S. Navy photo by Photographer’s Mate Airman Jonathan Hutto License: Public domain ---Image-Copyright-and-Permission--- This channel is dedicated to make Wikipedia, one of the biggest knowledge databases in the world available to people with limited vision. Article available under a C...
Full video from Government Executive available at: http://fora.tv/2013/11/14/Rear_Adm_John_Kirby_in_Conversation Rear Admiral John Kirby discusses the need to bridge the civilian-military divide. "I think it is important that those of us in uniform stay apolitical -- certainly politically aloof," Kirby said. "But I also think it is critical that we stay politically astute."
Gen. James Mattis Senate confirmation hearing for Secretary of Defense. Jan. 12. 2017. Trump's Defense Secretary Nominee James Mattis Affirms Civilian Control of Military.
The United States Armed Forces[1] are the federal military forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard.[7] The United States has a strong tradition of civilian control of the military. The President of the United States is the military's overall head, and helps form military policy with the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), a federal executive department, acting as the principal organ by which military policy is carried out. The DoD is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and Cabinet member.
The United States Armed Forces[1] are the federal military forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard.[7] The United States has a strong tradition of civilian control of the military. The President of the United States is the military's overall head, and helps form military policy with the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), a federal executive department, acting as the principal organ by which military policy is carried out. The DoD is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and Cabinet member.
The United States Armed Forces[1] are the federal military forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard.[7] The United States has a strong tradition of civilian control of the military. The President of the United States is the military's overall head, and helps form military policy with the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), a federal executive department, acting as the principal organ by which military policy is carried out. The DoD is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and Cabinet member.
The United States Armed Forces[1] are the federal military forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard.[7] The United States has a strong tradition of civilian control of the military. The President of the United States is the military's overall head, and helps form military policy with the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), a federal executive department, acting as the principal organ by which military policy is carried out. The DoD is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and Cabinet member.
Thursday, 1:50 PM, Pentagon Briefing Room, Regular Scheduled Press Briefing. Footage shows press briefing conducted by Mr. Kenneth H. Bacon, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Public Affairs. One announcement: Tomorrow there will be a briefing on Secretary of Defense, William S. Cohen`s trip to Europe, where he will meet with German leaders, then go to the Marshall Center at Garmisch to meet with and give a graduation speech to people who have come from former Soviet countries, both civilian and military, who are at the Marshall Center learning about civilian control of the military. He will then go to Brussels for a North American Treaty Organization (NATO) defense ministerial meeting. Note: Copy of transcript available in Archivist Section and in the ASRS folder. [75614400_xxx_fc.mov]
George Washington Biography - The American Revolution - Documentary In June 1775, Congress ordered General George Washington to take command of the Continental Army besieging the British in Boston. Despite having little practical experience in managing large, conventional armies, Washington proved to be a capable and resilient leader of the American military forces during the war. While he lost more battles than he won, George Washington employed a winning strategy that included signal victories at the Battle of Trenton in 1776 and Yorktown in 1781. Washington’s greatest wartime legacy was his decision to surrender his commission to Congress, affirming the principle of civilian control of the military in the new United States.
George Washington Biography - The American Revolution - Documentary In June 1775, Congress ordered General George Washington to take command of the Continental Army besieging the British in Boston. Despite having little practical experience in managing large, conventional armies, Washington proved to be a capable and resilient leader of the American military forces during the war. While he lost more battles than he won, George Washington employed a winning strategy that included signal victories at the Battle of Trenton in 1776 and Yorktown in 1781. Washington’s greatest wartime legacy was his decision to surrender his commission to Congress, affirming the principle of civilian control of the military in the new United States.
Dr. Andrew Bacevich, Professor Emeritus of History, Boston College, discusses history as a profession, and its role in forming thought concerning military civil relations. Starting with a quote from Henry Stimson, Secretary of War during WWII, Dr. Bacevich discusses a gap between standard accounts of that relation, which serve a purpose of securing perception that the constitutional order is stable, and actual facts, which often belie the benign interpretation at heart of that standard account. Dr. Bacevich argues that the true state of affairs for some time has been that a civilian and military national security elite works closely together to steer foreign policy and exercise of military force, and are not open to democratic input from what they consider to be an uninformed public. Yet t...
“The very word "secrecy" is repugnant in a free and open society; and we are as a people inherently and historically opposed to secret societies, to secret oaths and to secret proceedings. We decided long ago that the dangers of excessive and unwarranted concealment of pertinent facts far outweighed the dangers which are cited to justify it. Even today, there is little value in opposing the threat of a closed society by imitating its arbitrary restrictions. Even today, there is little value in insuring the survival of our nation if our traditions do not survive with it. And there is very grave danger that an announced need for increased security will be seized upon by those anxious to expand its meaning to the very limits of official censorship and concealment. That I do not intend to perm...